BÖLÜM


DOI :10.26650/B/AA9PS34.2024.006.014   IUP :10.26650/B/AA9PS34.2024.006.014    Tam Metin (PDF)

Evaluation of Detachment Between Layers of Ancient Plaster Renderings: Comparison Between the Traditional Technique and a New and Innovative Automated Procedure Called Picus

Francesca MarianiGiosué CalianoFilomena Di StasioPaola Pogliani

During a diagnostic campaign, most cultural heritage properties can be considered structurally as a multilayered system. The causes and phenomenology of degradation may involve the surface alone or the entire section of an ancient artifact. This includes the support, one or more preparatory layer, and the surface. An important section of diagnostics is dedicated to assessing the presence, position, and extension of separation between these layers. The results of these examinations are translated into graphic documentation of discontinuities to achieve conservative diagnosis and outline a project of maintenance/intervention. From 2018 to the present, research has been underway for the development of an acoustic–electronic procedure for the qualitative analysis of the presence of detachment and debonding in ancient artifacts. This procedure and the probe that was expressly developed in this regard are called the “PICUS” (the Latin word for “woodpecker”) system. PICUS is an automatic system for detecting and measuring detachments and nonvisible defects in general. The experimental apparatus consists of a probe made of an electromechanical percussion element that gently taps the surface producing a sound, a force sensor purposely developed to measure the impact force, and a microphone, all connected to an Arduino‐like low-cost board, to record and elaborate sounds and the force sensor signal. The probe XY position on the scene is recognized using an infrared camera system. The PICUS system has been validated by traditional vibro-acoustic measures. So far, it has been tested on various models and materials and ancient techniques, from glazed tile covers to mosaics to wood panels.This chapter is divided into four paragraphs. First, we describe the phenomenon of detachment of ancient renderings according to the lexicon in the field of conservation, normalized to define the forms of alteration. Here, we narrow the field to the detachments that occur between different layers in rendering plasters or mosaic bedding that employ lime as a binder. Then, we describe, from an acoustic point of view, the nondestructive testing (NDT) procedure in use by conservators and restorers for detachment diagnosis, according to the well-established procedure of tapping and listening. Other NDT techniques that can be successfully conducted in situ are briefly exposed. The complete PICUS system, hardware, software, and models for qualitative analysis of in situ detachments are then presented. Finally, we compare the results of two diagnostic techniques: the tapping technique traditionally used by conservators and restorers and the PICUS cross-correlation data processing algorithm. The maps obtained are compared, providing information on the effectiveness of the treatment and confirming the validity of the proposed method.


Anahtar Kelimeler: Automated proceduresdetachmentsmodelsNDEPICUS

Referanslar

  • Marco Vitruvio Pollione, published by Carlo Amati (1829), vol. 1, Dell’architettura, Book II, Italian ed. Books I-XII.www.archive.org. google scholar
  • Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis, transl. Eichholz D.E. (1949-54), Harvard University Press http://www.masseiana.org/pliny.htm google scholar
  • Pappalardo U. (2008), The Splendor of Roman Wall Painting, J. Paul Getty Museum google scholar
  • Jackson M., Deocampo D., Marra F., Scheetz B. (2010), Mid-Pleistocene Pozzolanic Volcanic Ash in Ancient Roman Concretes, in “Geoarchaeology. An International Journal”, Vol. 25, Issue 1 google scholar
  • Malathy R., (2023), Lime based concrete and mortar enhanced with pozzolanic materials -State of art, in “Cons-truction and Building Materials”, Vol. 390 google scholar
  • Petretto M. A., (2007), Le indagini endoscopiche: contributo agli studi sulla cupola e sulle strutture murarie della chiesa, p.199-208; in “La Fabrica di San Carlino alle Quattro Fontane: gli anni del restauro”, Volume speciale, Bollettino d’Arte, Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato. google scholar
  • Mora L., Mora P., Zander G., 1986, Coloriture e intonaci nel mondo antico, pp. 11-16; in “Intonaci colore e coloriture nell’edilizia storica, conference proceedings”, Roma google scholar
  • Capponi G., D’Angelo C., Sabatelli M., 1999, I recenti interventi, restauri e manutenzioni, pp. 85-110; in “Res-tauri al Quirinale”, Volume speciale, Bollettino d’Arte, Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato google scholar
  • Mora P., Mora L., Philippot P. (1983), Conservation of Wall Paintings, Bologna, Ed. Compositori UNI 11182 (2006) - Cultural heritage, Natural and artificial stone materials. Description of the form of alteration - Terms and definitions. google scholar
  • Quagliarini E., Lenci S., Seri E. (2012), On the damage of frescoes and stuccoes on the lower surface of historical flat suspended light vaults, Journal of Cultural Heritage 13, 293-303. Http://doi.org 10.1016/j. culher.2011.11.008 google scholar
  • Alberti L., Bourguignon E., Carbonara E., Roby T., Escobar J.S., (2013). Illustrated Glossary: Technician Tra-ining for the Maintenance of In Situ Mosaics. Los Angeles; Tunis: Getty Conservation Institute; Institut National du Patrimoine de Tunisie. http://hdl.handle.net/10020/gci_pubs/glossaire_english google scholar
  • Giuliani, Cairoli F. (1990), Edilizia nell’antichita, Roma INS Hinsch K., Zehnder K., Joost H., Gülker G., (2009), Monitoring detaching murals in the Convent of Müstair (Switzerland) by optical metrology, Journal of Cultural Heritage 10, 94e105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2008.06.011 google scholar
  • Mariani F., Savoia A.S., Caliano G. (2020), An innovative method for in situ monitoring of the detachments in architectural coverings of ancient structures, J. Cult. Herit., n. 42, pp. 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. culher.2019.07.013 google scholar
  • Caliano G., Mariani F., Calicchia P. (2021), PICUS: A Pocket-Sized System for Simple and Fast Nondestru-ctive Evaluation of the Detachments in Ancient Artifacts, Appl. Sci., 11, 3382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ app11083382 google scholar
  • Caliano G., Mariani F., Vitali F., Pogliani P. (2022), The PICUS system in the detection of defects on panel paintings and wooden boards, presented in 2022 IEEE IUS Intern. Ultrasonic Symp., Venice, IT, Oct. 10-13, https://epapers.org/ius2022/ESR/paper_details.php?PHPSESSID=q6ips8hvj6qkr6im82t3jq4ub3&-paper_id=2037. google scholar
  • NORMAL 23/86. Technical Terminology: Definition and Description of Mortars. Describes mortars used for decoration; offers definitions of mortars based on features, functions and properties. The scope of the booklet is to unify the technical terminology of mortars for decorations. Techniques for carrying out and applying the mortars are also discussed. google scholar
  • NORMAL 23/87 Technical Terminology: Definition and Description of Mortars. Contains definitions related to Decorative Mortars. The two documents address the subject of mortars, from the purely terminological aspect (definition of the term mortar, differentiation of mortars according to their function, nature of the binder, and the setting process). Now replaced in UNI Recommendation 10924:2001. google scholar
  • DIMOS Corso sulla manutenzione di dipinti murali, mosaici, stucchi. Tecniche di esecuzione e materiali costitu-tivi, parte 1 - modulo 1. http://www.iscr.beniculturali.it/documenti/allegati/DIMOS_parte_I-modulo_1.pdf google scholar
  • Biscontin, G. (1985). L’intonaco: Storia, cultura e tecnologia. Atti del convegno di studi, Bressanone. Padova, Libreria Progetto editore. google scholar
  • Allag, C., & Barbet, A. (1972). Techniques de preparation des parois dans la peinture murale romaine. Melanges de l’Ecole Francaise de Rome, 84(2), 935-1070. google scholar
  • Hansen E. F., van Balen K., Rodriguez-Navarro C. (2005) Variations in High-Calcium Lime Putty and Mortar Properties Resulting from the Use of Freshly-Slaked Quicklime and Commercial Dry Hydrated Lime, in the Proceedings of the International Building Lime Symposium, Orlando Florida, National Lime Association This work was carried out at the Getty Conservation Institute google scholar


PAYLAŞ




İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, uluslararası yayıncılık standartları ve etiğine uygun olarak, yüksek kalitede bilimsel dergi ve kitapların yayınlanmasıyla giderek artan bilimsel bilginin yayılmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları açık erişimli, ticari olmayan, bilimsel yayıncılığı takip etmektedir.