Ecological Changes in the Sea of Marmara

EnglishTürkçe

BÖLÜM


DOI :10.26650/B/LSB21LSB37.2024.023.003   IUP :10.26650/B/LSB21LSB37.2024.023.003    Tam Metin (PDF)

Changes in Nutrients and Eutrophication in The Sea of Marmara

Hakan Atabay, İbrahim Tan, Sabri Mutlu, Alper Evcen, Gulsima Dilek Usluer, Fatma Bayram Partal, Aslı Dönertaş

This study deals with changes in nutrients and eutrophication in the Sea of Marmara. During a relatively long term pollution monitoring study, twelve stations were selected to represent various terrestrial pressure areas. Selected stations were sampled during the research cruises performed with R/V TÜBİTAK Marmara between 2016 and 2022. According to the results of the study, Bandırma (BK1) and Izmit Bay (IZ30) were found to have the highest inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations. In these two most productive areas, average chlorophyll-a concentrations of 3.35 µg/L and 5.35 µg/L were found, respectively. The Marmara Sea receives high nutrient inputs primarily from point sources located in the northern region, while the southern region contributes with the diffuse sources of these essential nutrients. The eutrophication risk of surface waters increased as a result of the enrichment of nutrients and organic matter in the Marmara Sea via land-based inputs and Black Sea surface water inputs. The Sea of Marmara, particularly in the summer and autumn seasons, displays oxygen-depleted conditions (in the intermediate and lower layers). In addition, natural and anthropogenic nutrient inputs create a favourable environment for phytoplankton development in the Marmara Sea’s coastal waters. The results of the study, that present using the methods of TRIX, nutrient, DO, and Chl-a analyses, indicate that the coastal regions surrounding the Bay, particularly Izmit, Bandırma, and Gemlik, as well as the Susurluk River regions, are susceptible to eutrophication as a result of human-induced effects. Land-based sources have been found to have a large impact on coastal and marine ecosystems and cause widespread ecosystem degradation in many coastal locations. For the long-term management and preservation of the coastal areas, it is crucial to pinpoint the origins of pollution immediately. 


Anahtar Kelimeler: Nutrients, Marmara Sea, Pressure-Impact, Land-Based Sources

Referanslar

  • Aktan, Y., Dede, A., Ciftci, P.S., 2008. Mucilage event associated with diatom and dinoflagellates in Sea of Marmara, Turkey. p. 1-3. In: Harmful Algae News. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, No. 36, 20pp google scholar
  • Andersen, J. J. & E. C. Carmark, 1974. Observations of chemical and physical fine-structure in a strong pycnoc-line, Sea of Marmara. Deep-Sea Res. 21: 877-886. google scholar
  • Andersen, J. H., Murray, C., Larsen, M. M., Green, N., H0gâsen, T., Dahlgren, E., Garnaga-Budre, G., Gustav-son, K., Haarich, M., Kallenbach, E.M.F., Mannio, J., Strand, J., & Korpinen, S. 2016. Development and testing of a prototype tool for integrated assessment of chemical status in marine environments. Environ-mental monitoring and assessment, 188(2), 1-13. google scholar
  • Andersen, J. H., Carstensen, J., Conley, D. J., Dromph, K., Fleming-Lehtinen, V., Gustafsson, B. G., Josefson, A.B., Norkko, A., Villnas, A., & Murray, C. 2017. Long-term temporal and spatial trends in eutrophication status of the Baltic Sea. Biological Reviews, 92(1), 135-149. google scholar
  • Balkis, N., Atabay, H., Türetgen, I., Albayrak, S., Balkis, H., et al. 2011. Role of single-celled organisms in mucilage formation on the shores of Büyükada Island the Marmara Sea). Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91, 771-781 google scholar
  • Beşiktepe, ŞT., Sur, H.L., Önzoy, E., Latif, A.A., Oğuz, T., 1994. The circulation and hydrography of the Marmara Sea. Sea. Prog. Oceanog 34:285-334. google scholar
  • Bengil, F., & Mavruk, S. (2018). Warming in Turkish seas: comparative multidecadal assessment. Turkish Jour-nal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 19(1), 51-57. google scholar
  • Breitburg, D. L., & Riedel, G. F. (2005). Multiple stressors in marine systems. Marine conservation biology: the science of maintaining the sea’s biodiversity. google scholar
  • Bricker, S. B., Ferreira, J. G., & Simas, T. 2003. An integrated methodology for assessment of estuarine trophic status. Ecological modelling, 169(1), 39-60. google scholar
  • Borja, A., Elliott, M., Andersen, J.H., Berg, T., Carstensen, J., Halpern, B.S., Heiskanen, A.S., Korpinen, S., Stewart Lowndes, J.S., Martin, G., Rodriguez-Ezpeleta, N., 2016. Overview of integrative assessment of marine systems: The ecosystem approach in practice. Front. Mar. Sci. 3, 1-20. google scholar
  • Dabanli, I., Şişman, E., Güçlü, Y.S. et al., 2021. Climate change impacts on sea surface temperature (SST) trend around Turkey seashores. Acta Geophys. 69, 295-305. google scholar
  • Ediger, D. & A. Yilmaz, 1996. Variability of light transparency in physically and biochemically different water masses: Turkish Seas. Fresenis envir. Bull. 5: 133-140. google scholar
  • Ediger, D., Hüsrevoğlu, S., Tüfekçi, V., Tolun, L., Atabay, H.and B. Sözer 2013. Monitoring of Water Quality and Territorial Inputs in the İzmit Bay. Final Report. TÜBİTAK MRC, Report No. 13.158. Gebze-Kocaeli (in Turkish). google scholar
  • Ediger, D., Beken Ç., Yüksek A., Tugrul S. 2016. Eutrophication in the Sea of Marmara. In: The Sea of Marmara; Marine Biodiversity, Fisheries, Conservation and Governance (eds., Özsoy, E., Çağatay, M.N., Balkıs, N., Balkıs, N., Öztürk, B.) Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV) Istanbul, Turkey, Publication No.42, pp 723. google scholar
  • Friederich, G. E., L. A. Codispoti & C. M. Sakamoto, 1990. Bottle and pumpcast data from the 1988 Black Sea expedition. Moneterey Bay Aquarium Res. Inst., Tech. rep. No. 90-3. google scholar
  • Kömüşçü, A. Ü., Aksoy, M., & Dogan, O. H. 2022. An analysis of meteorological conditions in relation to occur-rence of the mucilage outbreaks in Sea of Marmara, March-June 2021. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 9(3), 126-145. google scholar
  • Miller, A. R., P. Tcheria & H. Charnock, 1970. Medireranean Sea Atlas of Temperatute, Salinity, Oxygen Profiles and Data from the R/V Atlantis and R/V Chain with distribution of Nutrient Chemical Properties google scholar
  • Nygârd, H., van Beest, F. M., Bergqvist, L., Carstensen, J., Gustafsson, B. G., Hasler, B., Schumacher, J., Scher-newski, G., Sokolov, A., Zandersen, M., & Fleming, V. 2020. Decision-support tools used in the Baltic Sea area: performance and end-user preferences. Environmental management, 66, 1024-1038. google scholar
  • Orr, J. A., Vinebrooke, R. D., Jackson, M. C., Kroeker, K. J., Kordas, R. L., Mantyka-Pringle, C., Van den Brink, P.J., De Laender, F., Stoks, R., Holmstrup, M., Matthaei, C.D., Monk, W.A., Penk, M.R., Leuzinger, S., Schafer, R.B., & Piggott, J. J. 2020. Towards a unified study of multiple stressors: divisions and common goals across research disciplines. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 287(1926), 20200421. google scholar
  • Öztürk B., Öztürk A.A. 1996. On the biology of the Turkish Strait Systems. In Briand F. (Ed.) Dynamics of Mediterranean straits and channels. CIESM Science Series No. 2. Bulletin de F'Institut Oce'anographique, Monaco, No. Special 17: 205-217. google scholar
  • Öztürk B. 2002. The Marmara Sea, a link between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. In Leppekoski E., Gollasch S. and Olenin S. (Eds.) Invasive aquatic species of Europe: distribution, impact and management. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers., Netherlands: 337-340. google scholar
  • Ünlülata, Ü., Oğuz, T., Latif, M. A., & Özsoy, E. 1990. On the physical oceanography of the Turkish Straits. The physical oceanography of sea straits, 25-60. google scholar
  • Polat, S. Ç., & Tugrul, S. 1995. Nutrient and organic carbon exchanges between the Black and Marmara Seas through the Bosphorus Strait. Continental Shelf Research, 15(9), 1115-1132. google scholar
  • Polat, S. C., Tuğrul, S., Çoban, Y. E. Ş. İ. M., Basturk, O., & Salihoglu, I. 1997. Elemental composition of seston and nutrient dynamics in the Sea of Marmara. Hydrobiologia, 363(1-3), 157-167. google scholar
  • Polat Beken, Ç., S. Tuğrul, Z. Uysal, A. Yüksek, S. Taş, F. Şahin, M. Fevzioğlu, D. diger, Tüfekçi, B. and V. Sözer 2014. Marine and Coastal Waters Quality Determination and Classification Project (DeKoS), GES Descriptor 5: Eutrophication Evaluation TUBITAK-MRC and MoEU-GDEM, ECPI 5118703, Report No. 13.155 (Final Report), Gebze-Kocaeli. google scholar
  • Polat-Beken, Ç.; Ediger, D.; Sezgin, M.; Taşkın, E. et al. 2015. Integrated Pollution Monitoring (2014-2016): The Sea of Marmara, ÇŞB-ÇEDİDGM / MAM-ÇTÜE 5148704, Report No. ÇTÜE.14.202 (Final Report), April 2015, Gebze-Kocaeli (in Turkish). google scholar
  • Sen Gupta, R., 1971. Oceanography of the Black Sea: Inorganic nitrogen compounds. Deep-Sea Res. 18: 457475. google scholar
  • Sözen, S., Orhon, D., Kirca, V. S. O., & Sumer, B. M. 2023. Impact of mixing on water quality in the Bosphorus-Implications on sustainable management of wastewater marine discharges. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 189, 114799. google scholar
  • Tan, I., Polat Beken, Ç. S., & Öncel, S. 2017. Pressure-impact analysis of the coastal waters of Marmara Sea. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26(4), 2689-2699. google scholar
  • Tan, İ. 2021. Marmara denizi körfezlerinin baskı-etki durumu ve ötrofikasyon açısından değerlendirilmesi. Aquatic Research, 4(2), 169-180. google scholar
  • Taş, S., Ergül, H.A., Balkıs, N. 2016. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and mucilage formations in the Sea of Marmara. In: The Sea of Marmara, Marine Biodiversity, Fisheries, Conservation and Governance (eds., Özsoy, E., Çağatay, M. N., Balkıs, N., Balkıs, N., Öztürk, B.), Turkish Marine Research Foundation, Publication No: 42, İstanbul, Turkey, pp. 768-786. google scholar
  • Taş S., Kuş D.,Yılmaz İ. N. 2020 Temporal variations in phytoplankton composition in the north-eastern Sea of Marmara: potentially toxic species and mucilage event. Mediterranean Marine Science, cilt.21, sa.3, ss.668-683 google scholar
  • Tett, P., Hydes, D., & Sanders, R. 2020. Influence of nutrient biogeochemistry on the ecology of northwest European shelf seas. In Biogeochemistry of marine systems (pp. 293-363). Blackwell. google scholar
  • Tuğrul S. 1993 Comparison of TOC concentrations by persulphate-UV and HTCO techniques in the Marmara and Black Seas. Marine Chemistry, 41,265-270. google scholar
  • Tuğrul, S., Beşiktepe, Ş.T., Salihoğlu, I., 2002. Nutrient exchange fluxes between the Aegean and Black Seas through the Marmara Sea. Mediterr. Mar. Sci. 3 (1):33-42. google scholar
  • Tutak, B., Ediger D., Polat Beken Ç., Tüfekçi V., et al. 2011. Integrated monitoring of Marmara Sea and Turkish Straits. Final Report, 337 pp. TÜBİTAK-MRC and MoEU google scholar
  • Tüfekçi, V., Balkıs, N., Beken, Ç. P., Ediger, D., Mantıkcı, M. 2010 Phytoplankton composition and environ-mental conditions of a mucilage event in the Sea of Marmara. Turkish Journal of Biology 34: 199-210 google scholar
  • Tuzcu Kokal, A., Ismailoglu, I., Musaoglu, N., & Tanik, A. 2023. Detection of surface temperature anomaly of the Sea of Marmara. Advances in Space Research, 71(7), 2996-3004. google scholar
  • Vollenweider, R. A., Giovanardi, F., Montanari, G., & Rinaldi, A. 1998. Characterization of the trophic condi-tions of marine coastal waters with special reference to the NW Adriatic Sea: proposal for a trophic scale, turbidity and generalized water quality index. Environmetrics: The official journal of the International Environmetrics Society, 9(3), google scholar
  • Yalçın, B., Artüz, M. L., Pavlidou, A., Çubuk, S., & Dassenakis, M. 2017. Nutrient dynamics and eutrophication in the Sea of Marmara: Data from recent oceanographic research. Science of The Total Environment, 601, 405-424. google scholar


PAYLAŞ




İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, uluslararası yayıncılık standartları ve etiğine uygun olarak, yüksek kalitede bilimsel dergi ve kitapların yayınlanmasıyla giderek artan bilimsel bilginin yayılmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları açık erişimli, ticari olmayan, bilimsel yayıncılığı takip etmektedir.