BÖLÜM


DOI :10.26650/B/LSB21LSB37.2024.023.012   IUP :10.26650/B/LSB21LSB37.2024.023.012    Tam Metin (PDF)

Determination of the Distribution of Dinoflagellate Cysts in Recent Marine Sediments of the Golden Horn Estuary Ecosystem and Their Effects on Eutrophication

Turgay DurmuşNeslihan Balkıs Özdelice

This study was carried out at five stations during two seasons (February and October 2016) to detect dinoflagellate cysts found on the surface sediment of the Golden Horn Estuary (GHE) ecosystem and their possible effects on eutrophication. Samples were taken with Van-Veen grab from sediment, and only the recent sediment (0–2 cm was taken with PVC cores) was used for analysis. In addition, the mud percentage of the sediment was investigated, and sediment grain size was measured via sieve analysis. Also, physicochemical variables such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH, and the concentrations of nutrients (NO2 +NO3-N, PO4-P and NH4-N) were determined. In this study, 19 dinoflagellate species’ cysts were identified. Only Heterocapsa rotundata was incubated and produced motile cells in culture. Besides, in February, the cyst abundance was detected highest at the H1 station, which is close to Istanbul Strait. The lowest was determined at the H5 station in both sampling periods, where streams flow through in GHE with dense pollution and shallow depth. According to frequency, Alexandrium minutum, Lingulodinium polyedra and Scrippsiella acuminata were the most common species’ cysts (≥ 70%). Also, A. minutum was the most abundant species with 680 cysts g-1 dry weights. Moreover, it was detected that the cysts of autotrophic species are more dominant compared to heterotrophic species. Also, it was noticed that more dinoflagellate cysts are found on the sediment with the lowest mud percentage. In this study, the distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in the GHE ecosystem, where pollution was intense in the past, eutrophication was observed from time to time, and the water quality began to change with the rehabilitation studies carried out in recent years, were determined. Also, this distribution was evaluated with the main physicochemical variables of the environment, and the changes in the ecosystem were tried to be monitored. In addition, possible effects of algal blooms that may occur in the future by potentially harmful species’ (HABs) cysts and preventive activities have been tried to be revealed.



Referanslar

  • Anderson, D. M., Chisholm, S. W., Watras, C. J. (1983). Importance of life cycle events in population dynamics of Gonyaulax tamarensis. Marine Biology, 76, 179-189. google scholar
  • Anderson, D. M., Fukuyo, Y., Matsuoka, K. (1995). Cyst methodologies. In: Manual on harmful marine microalgae, ed: Hallegraeff, G. M., Anderson, D. M., Cembella, A. D. IOC Manuals and Guides, UNESCO, no 33. google scholar
  • Anderson, D.M., Burkholder, J.M., Cochlan, W.P., Gilbert, P.M., Gobler, C.J., Heil, ... Vargo, G.A. (2008). Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Examining linkages from selected coastal regions in the United States. Harmful Algae, 8(1), 39-53. google scholar
  • Artüz, İ., Korkmaz, K. (1976). Haliç’in kirlenmesinde su hareketlerinin rolü. İstanbul Haliç sorunları ve çözüm yolları Ulusal Sempozyumu. 11-13 February 1976, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, 75-96. google scholar
  • Aydın, H., Uzar, S. (2012). Aliağa Körfezi yüzey sedimentinde dinoflagellat kist topluluğu ve bolluğu. 21.Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 03-07 September 2012, Ege University, İzmir, Türkiye, p. 238. google scholar
  • Aydın, H., Uzar, S. (2013). Some potentially toxic dinoflagellate cysts in recent sediments from İzmir Bay. Ege University Journal of Fisheries andAquatic Sciences, 30(3), 109-114. google scholar
  • Aydın, H., Uzar, S. (2014). Distribution and abundance of modern dinoflagellate cysts from Marmara, Aegean and Eastern Seas of Turkey. Journal Environmental Biology, 35, 413-419. google scholar
  • Aydın, H., Matsuoka, K., Minareci, E. (2011). Distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in recent sediments from Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea, Eastern Mediterranean). Marine Micropaleontology, 80, 44-52. google scholar
  • Aydın, H., Erdem-Yürür E., Uzar, S. (2014). Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in surface sediments from Homa Lagoon (İzmir Bay, Eastern Aegean Sea, The Mediterranean). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 23(8), 1795-1801. google scholar
  • Aydın, H., Balcı, M., Uzar, S., Balkis, N. (2015a). Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in surface sediments of Southwestern Black Sea and Çanakkale Strait (Dardanelles). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 24(12c), 4789-4798. google scholar
  • Aydin, H., Yürür, E.E., Uzar, S., Küçüksezgin, F. (2015b). Impact of industrial pollution on recent dinoflagellate cysts in Izmir Bay (Eastern Aegean). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 94, 144-152. google scholar
  • Bağatur, B., Aydin, H. (2019). Investigation of dinoflagellate cyst community structure in North Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea. Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research, 3(2),121-134. google scholar
  • Balci, M., Balkis, N. (2017). Assessment of phytoplankton and environmental variables for water quality and trophic state classification in the Gemlik Gulf, Marmara Sea (Turkey). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 115(1-2), 172-189. google scholar
  • Balkis, N. (2003). Seasonal variations in the phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics in the neritic water of Büyükçekmece Bay, Sea of Marmara. Journal ofPlankton Research, 25(7), 703-717. google scholar
  • Balkis, N., Taş, S. (2016). Phytoplankton of the Sea of Marmara: A review. In: The Sea of Marmara: Marine Biodiversity, fisheries, conservation and governance, eds: Özsoy E., Çağatay M.N., Balkıs N., Balkıs N., Öztürk B. Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV), İstanbul, 326-343. google scholar
  • Balkis, N., Atabay, H., Turetgen, I., Albayrak, S., Balkıs, H., Tüfekçi, V. (2011). Role of single-celled organisms in mucilage formation on the shores of Buyukada Island (the Sea of Marmara). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91, 771-781. google scholar
  • Balkis, N., Balcı, M., Giannakourou, A., Venetsanopoulou, A., Mudie, P. (2016). Dinoflagellate resting cysts in recent marine sediments fro the Gulf of Gemlik (Marmara Sea, Turkey) and seasonal harmful algal blooms. Phycologia, 55(2), 187-209. google scholar
  • Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Durmus, T. (2022). Distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in recent marine sediments in the Golden Horn ecosystem and their ecological risks. 74th Geological Congress of Turkey with international participation, April 11-15, 2022, Ankara, Türkiye. google scholar
  • Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Durmus, T., Toklu-Alicli, B., Balci, B. (2020). Phytoplankton composition related to the environmental conditions in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Erdek. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 49(9),1545-1559. google scholar
  • Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Durmus, T., Balci, M. (2021). A preliminary study on the intense pelagic and benthic mucilage phenomenon observed in the Sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(4), 414-422. google scholar
  • Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Tas, S., Bayram-Partal, F., Balci, M., Toklu-Alicli, B., Dalyan, C., Toklu, A., Durmus, T. (2022). Revealing the relationship between phytoplanktonic organisms causing mucilage and species producing toxins threatening public health with environmental factors and determining their effect on food web. TUBITAK Project Report, No: 121G116. google scholar
  • Baştürk, A., Öztürk, M., Erden, Ş., Dinçer, İ. (2001). Haliç’te rehabilitasyon projesi. Haliç 2001 Symposium, 3-4 May 2001, İstanbul, 1-20. google scholar
  • Belmonte, G., Castello, P., Piccinni, M.R., Quarta, S., Rubino, F., Boero, F., Geraci, S. (1995). Resting stages in marine sediments off the Italian coasts. In: Biology and Ecology of shallow coastal waters, eds: Eleftheriou, A., Ansell, A. D., Smith, C. J. Olsen and Olsen, Fredenborg, pp. 53-58. google scholar
  • Bishop, M.J., Powers, S.P., Porter, H.J., Peterson, C.H. (2006). Benthic biological effects of seasonal hypoxia in a eutrophic estuary predate rapid coastal development. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 70(3), 415-422. google scholar
  • Boero, F., Belmonte, G., Fanelli, G., Piraino, S., Rubino, F. (1996). The continuity of living matter and the discontinuities of its constituents; do plankton and benthos really exist? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 11, 177-180. google scholar
  • Dale, B. (1976). Cyst formation, sedimentation and preservation: Factors affecting dinoflagellate assemblages in recent sediments from Trondheimsfjord, Norway. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 22, 39-60. google scholar
  • Dale, B. (1983). Dinoflagellate resting cysts: ‘benthic plankton’. In: Survival strategies of the algae, ed: Fryxell, G. A. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 69-136. google scholar
  • Dale, B. (2001a). Marine dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of eutrophication and pollution: a discussion. Science of the Total Environment, 264, 235-240. google scholar
  • Dale, B. (2001b). The sedimentary record of dinoflagellate cysts: Looking back into the future of phytoplankton blooms. Scientia Marina, 65 (2), 257-272. google scholar
  • Dale, B., Fjellsâ, A. (1994). Dinoflagellate cysts as productivity indicators: state of the art, potential and limits. In: Carbon cycling in the glacial ocean, constraints in the ocean’s role in global change, ed: Zahn, R. Springer, Berlin, pp. 521-537. google scholar
  • Dale, B., Thorsen, T. A., Fjellsâ, A. (1999). Dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of cultural eutrophication in the Oslofjord, Norway. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 49, 371-382. google scholar
  • Demirtutan, T. (2023). Identification of dinoflagellate resting cysts by microscopic and molecular methods in Gemlik Bay surface sediment. MSc thesis, Istanbul University, Institute of Science. google scholar
  • Ehrenberg, K. (1938). Bauten von Decapoden (Callianassa sp.) aus dem Miozaen (Burdigal) von Burgschleinitz bei Eggenburg in Gau Nieder-Donau (Niederoesterreich). Palaeontologische Zeitschrift, 20, 263-384. google scholar
  • Ergul, H., Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Koral, M., Aksan, S., Durmus, T., Kaya, M. ... Oltan, C. The early stage of mucilage formation in the Marmara Sea during spring 2021. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27(2), 232-257. google scholar
  • Folk, L. R. (1974). Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Hemphill Publishing Company, Austin, Texas. 182 pp. google scholar
  • Galehouse, J. S. (1971). Sedimentation analysis. In: Procedures in sedimentary petrology, ed. Carver, R:E. Wiley, New York, pp. 69-95. google scholar
  • Giannakourou, A., Orlova, T. Y., Assimakoupoulou, G., Pagou, K. (2005). Dinoflagellate cysts in recent marine sediments from Thermaikos Gulf, Greece: Effects of resuspension events on vertical cyst distribution. Continental Shelf Research, 25, 2585-2596. google scholar
  • Gomez, F., Boicenco, L. (2004). An annotated checklist of dinoflagellates in the Black Sea. Hydrobiologia, 517, 43-59. google scholar
  • Hallegraeff, G. M. (1993). A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase. Phycologia, 32(2), 79-99. google scholar
  • Hallegraeff, G. M. (2003). Harmful Algal Blooms: A global overview. In: Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae - Monographs on oceanographic methodology, eds: Hallegraeff, G. M., Anderson, D. M., Cembella, A. D., UNESCO, Paris, p. 25-50. google scholar
  • Halpern, B. S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K. A., Kappel, C. V., Micheli, F., D’Agrosa, C.... Fox, H. E. 2008. A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science, 319, 948-952. google scholar
  • Hamasaki, K., Horie, M., Tokimitsu, A., Toda, A., Taguchi, S. (2001). Variability in toxicity of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense isolated from Hiroshima Bay, western Japan, as a reflection of changing environmental conditions. Journal of Plankton Research, 23, 271-278. google scholar
  • Harwood, J. E., Kuhn, A. L. (1970). A colorimetric method for ammonia in natural waters. Water Research, 4, 805-811. google scholar
  • Head, M. J. (1996). Modern dinoflagellate cysts and their biological affinities. In: Palynology: Principles and applications. American association of stratigraphic palynologists foundation, 3, 1197-1248. google scholar
  • Heiskanen, A. S. (1993). Mass encystment and sinking of dinoflagellates during a spring bloom. Marine Biology, 116, 161-167. google scholar
  • Ignatiades, L., Gotsis-Skretas, O., Metaxatos, A. (2007). Field and culture studies on the ecophysiology of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum (Halim) present in Greek coastal waters. Harmful Algae, 6, 153-165. google scholar
  • Isinibilir-Okyar, M. (2023). Changes in zooplankton populations after mucilage events in the northeastern Marmara Sea. In: Mucilage Problem in the Sea of Marmara, ed: Albay, M., IU Press, Istanbul, pp. 165-175. google scholar
  • Kaga, S., Sekiguchi, K., Yoshida, M., Ogata, T. (2006). Occurrence and toxin production of Alexandrium spp. (Dinophyceae) in coastal waters of Iwate Prefecture, Japan. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 72, 1068-1076. google scholar
  • Kayadelen, Y., Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Durmus, T., (2022). Determination of seasonal changes in phytoplankton community of the coastal waters of Burgaz Island (the Sea of Marmara). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 102(3-4), 214-226. google scholar
  • Koray, T. (1984). The occurrence of red-tides and causative organisms in İzmir Bay. Ege University Faculty of Science Journal Serie B, 7, 75-83. google scholar
  • Koray, T., Büyükışık, B., Parlak, H., Gökpınar, Ş. (1992). İzmir Körfezi’nde deniz suyu kalitesini etkileyen tek hücreli organizmalar: Red-tide ve diğer aşırı üreme olayları. Turkish Journal of Biology, 16, 135-157. google scholar
  • Koutsodendris, A., Brauer, A., Zacharias, I., Putyrskaya, V., Klemt, E., Sangiorgi, F., Pross, J. (2015). Ecosystem response to human- and climate-induced environmental stress on an anoxic coastal lagoon (Etoliko, Greece) since 1930 AD. Journal of Paleolimnology, 53, 255-270. google scholar
  • Lewis, J. (1991). Cyst-theca relationships in Scrippsiella (Dinophyceae) and related Orthoperidinioid genera. Botanica Marina, 34, 91-106. google scholar
  • Lewis, A.M., Coates, L.N., Turner, A.D., Percy, L., Lewis, J. (2018). A review of the global distribution of Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae) and comments on ecology and associated paralytic shellfish toxin profiles, with a focus on Northern Europe. Journal of Phycology, 54, 581-598. google scholar
  • Li, X.Y., Yu, R.C., Geng, H.X., Li, Y.F. (2021). Increasing dominance of dinoflagellate red tides in the coastal waters of Yellow Sea, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 168, 112439. google scholar
  • Londeix, L., Herreyre, Y., Turon J. L., Fletcher, W. (2009). Last glacial to holocene hydrology of the Marmara Sea inferred from a dinoflagellate cyst record. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 158, 52-71. google scholar
  • Lopes, V. M., Court, M., Seco, M. C., Borges, F. O., Vicente, B., Lage, S., ..., Rosa, R. (2023). Gymnodinium catenatum Paralytic shellfish toxin production and photobiological responses under marine heat waves. Toxins, 15, 157. google scholar
  • Marret, F., Zonneveld, K. A. F. (2003). Atlas of organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst distribution. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 125, 1-200. google scholar
  • Marret, F., Kim, S. Y. (2009). Operculodinium aguinawense sp. nov., a dinoflagellate cyst from the late Pleistocene and recent sediments of the East Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Palynology, 33, 125-139. google scholar
  • Marret, F., Mudie, P., Aksu, A., Richard, N., Hiscott, A. (2009). Holocene dinocyst record of a two-step transformation of the Neoeuxinian brackish water lake into the Black Sea. Quaternary International, 197(1-2), 72-86. google scholar
  • Marzetz, V., Spijkerman, E., Striebel, M., Wacker, A. (2020). Phytoplankton community responses to ınteractions between light intensity, light variations, and phosphorus supply. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 8, 539733. google scholar
  • Matsuoka, K. (1999). Eutrophication process recorded in dinoflagellate cyst assemblages-a case of Yokohama Port, Tokyo Bay, Japan. Science of the Total Environment, 231, 17-35. google scholar
  • Matsuoka, K., Fukuyo, Y. (1995). Manual for modern dinoflagellate cyst study, 2nd edition. IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, Botanical Institute, 31 July-11 August. google scholar
  • Matsuoka, K., Fukuyo Y. (2000). Technical guide for modern dinoflagellate cyst study. WESTPAC-HAB/ WESTPAC/IOC, 29. google scholar
  • Matsuoka, K., Joyce, L. B., Kotani, Y., Matsuyama, Y. (2003). Modern dinoflagellate cysts in hypertrophic coastal waters of Tokyo Bay, Japan. Journal of Plankton Research, 25, 1461-1470. google scholar
  • McManus, J. (1988). Grain size determination and interpretation. In: Techniques in sedimentology. Ed: M.E. Tucker. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 63-85. google scholar
  • Mertens, K.N., Ribeiro, S., Bouimetarhan, I., Caner, H., Combourieu-Nebout, N., Dale, B. ... Louwye, S. (2009). Process length variation in cysts of a dinoflagellate, Lingulodinium machaerophorum, in surface sediments: investigating its potential as salinity proxy. Marine Micropaleontology, 70, 54-69. google scholar
  • Moestrup, 0.,Akselmann, R., Fraga, S., Hoppenrath, M., Iwataki, M., Komarek, J. ... Zingone, A. (2009). Onwards. IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae. http://www.marinespecies. org/hab (Access Date: 14.04.2023). google scholar
  • Mohamed, Z. A., Al-Shehri, A. M. (2011). Occurrence and germination of dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments from the Red Sea off the coasts of Saudi Arabia. Oceanologia, 53, 121-136. google scholar
  • Montresor, M., Zingone, A., Sarno, D. (1998). Dinoflagellate cyst production at a coastal Mediterranean site. Journal ofPlankton Research, 20, 2291-2312. google scholar
  • Mudie, P. J., Aksu, A. E., Yaşar, D. (2001). Late quaternary dinoflagellate cysts from the Black, Marmara and Aegean seas: variations in assemblages, morphology and paleosalinity. Marine Micropaleontology, 43, 155-178. google scholar
  • Mudie, P. J., Rochon, A., Aksu, A. E., Gillespie, H. (2002a). Dinoflagellate cysts, freshwater algae and fungal spores as salinity indicators in Late Quaternary cores from Marmara and Black seas. Marine Geology, 190, 203-231. google scholar
  • Mudie, P. J., Rochon, A., Aksu, A. E. (2002b). Pollen stratigraphy of Late Quaternary cores from Marmara Sea: Land-sea correlation and paleoclimatic history. Marine Geology, 190, 233-260. google scholar
  • Mudie, P. J., Rochon A., Aksu A. E., Gillespie, H. (2004). Late glacial, Halocene and modern dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in the Aegean-Marmara-Black Sea corridor: Statistical analysis and re-interpretation of the early Holocene Noah’s Flood hypothesis. Review ofPalaeobotany and Palynology, 128, 143-167. google scholar
  • Mudie, P. J., Marret, F., Aksu, A. E., Hiscott, R. N., Gillespie, H. (2007). Palynological evidence for climatic change, anthropogenic activity and outflow of Black Sea water during the late Pleistocene and Holocene: Centennial to decadal-scale records from the Black and Marmara Seas. Quaternary International, 167-168, 73-90. google scholar
  • Mudie, P.J., Marret, F., Rochon, A., Aksu, A. E. (2010). Non-pollen palynomorphs in the Black Sea corridor. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 19, 531-544. google scholar
  • Nehring, S. (1993). Mechanisms for recurrent nuisance algal blooms in coastal zones: resting cyst formation as life-strategy of dinoflagellates. In: Proceedings of the International Coastal Congress on Interdisciplinary Discussion of Coastal Research and Coastal Management Issues and Problems, eds: H. Sterr, J. Hofstade and H.P. Plag, Kiel, Lang, Frankfurt, pp. 454-467. google scholar
  • Nogueira, E., Bravo, I., Montero, P., D^az-Tapia, P., Calvo, S., Ben-Gigirey, B., ... Rodriguez, F. (2022). HABs in coastal upwelling systems: Insights from an exceptional red tide of the toxigenic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Ecological Indicators, 137, 108790. google scholar
  • Olli, K., Trunov, K. (2010). Abundance and distribution of vernal bloom dinoflagellate cysts in the Gulf of Finland and Gulf of Riga (the Baltic Sea). Deep-Sea Research, 57(2), 235-242. google scholar
  • Orlova, T. Y., Morozova, T. V., Gribble, K. E., Kulis, D. M., Anderson, D. M. (2004). Dinoflagellate cysts in recent marine sediments from the east coast of Russia. Botanica Marina, 47, 184-201. google scholar
  • Oshima, Y., Bolch, C. J., Hallegraeff, G. M., (1992). Toxin composition of resting cysts of Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyceae). Toxicon, 30, 1539-1544. google scholar
  • Ozalp, H. B. (2021). First massive mucilage event observed in deep waters of Çanakkale Strait (Dardanelles), Turkey. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27(1), 49-66. google scholar
  • Parsons, T. R., Maita, Y., Lalli, C. M. (1984). A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis. Pergamon Press, U. K. google scholar
  • Peter, C., Krock, B., Cembella, A. (2018). Effects of salinity variation on growth and yessotoxin composition in the marine dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra from a Skagerrak fjord system (western Sweden). Harmful Algae, 78, 9-17. google scholar
  • Pitcher, G.C., Probyn, T.A. (2016). Suffocating phytoplankton, suffocating waters-red tides and anoxia. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, 186. google scholar
  • Pospelova, V., Chmura, G. L., Boothman, W. S., Latimer, J. S. (2002). Dinoflagellate cyst records and human disturbance in two neighboring estuaries, New Bedford Harbor and Apponagansett Bay, Massachusetts (USA). Science of the Total Environment, 298, 81-102. google scholar
  • Pospelova, V., Chmura, G. L., Boothman, W. S., Latimer, J. S. (2005). Spatial distribution of modern dinoflagellate cysts in polluted estuarine sediments from Buzzards Bay (Massachusetts, USA) embayments. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 292, 23-40. google scholar
  • Price, A., Baustian, M.M., Turner, R.E., Rabalais, N.N., Chmura, G.L. (2018). Dinoflagellate cysts track eutrophication in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Estuaries and Coasts, 41, 1322-1336. google scholar
  • Reddy, M. R. K., Mastan, S. A. (2011). Algal toxins and their impact on human health. Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, 4(1), 129-134. google scholar
  • Rhodes, L., McNabb, P., de Salas, M., Briggs, L., Beuzenberg, V., Gladstone, M. (2006) Yessotoxin production by Gonyaulax spinifera. Harmful Algae, 5, 148-155. google scholar
  • Röder, K., Hantzsche, F. M., Gebühr, C., Miene,C., Helbig, T., Krock, B. ... Gerdts, G. (2012). Effects of salinity, temperature and nutrients on growth, cellular characteristics and yessotoxin production of Protoceratium reticulatum. Harmful Algae, 15, 59-70. google scholar
  • Sangiorgi, F., Dongers, T. H. (2004). Reconstructing 150 years of eutrophication in the north-western Adriatic Sea (Italy) using dinoflagellate cysts, pollen and spores. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 60, 69-79. google scholar
  • Semin, S., Taş, S., Dursun, F. (2023). Spatial-temporal variability of phytoplankton community and potentially harmful species in the Golden Horn Estuary (Sea of Marmara, Türkiye). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 103(e56), 1-14. google scholar
  • Sidabutar, T., Cappenberg, H., Srimariana, E. S., Muawanah, A., Wouthuyzen, S. (2021). Harmful algal blooms and their impact on fish mortalities in Lampung Bay: An overview. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 944, 012027. google scholar
  • Siegel, S. (1956). Non-parametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. McGraw-Hill, New York. google scholar
  • Sildever, S., Kremp, A., Enke, A., Buschmann, F., Maljutenko, I., Lips, I. (2017). Spring bloom dinoflagellate cyst dynamics in three eastern sub-basins of the Baltic Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 137(1), 46-55. google scholar
  • Shumilovskikh, L. S., Marret, F., Fleitmann, D., Arz, H. W., Nowaczyk, N., Behling, H. (2013). Eemian and Holocene sea-surface conditions in the southern Black Sea: Organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst record from core 22-GC3. Marine Micropaleontology, 101, 146-160. google scholar
  • Sonak, S:, Patil, K., Devi, P., D’Souza, L. (2018). Causes, human health impacts and control of harmful algal blooms: A comprehensive review. Environmental Pollution and Protection, 3(1), 40-55. google scholar
  • Sprangers, M, Dammers N., Brinkhuis H., Van Weering T.C.E., Lotter A.F. (2004). Modern organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst distribution offshore NW Iberia; Tracing the upwelling system. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 128, 97-106. google scholar
  • Sur, H.İ., Okuş, E., Altıok, H., Müftüoğlu, A.E. (2001). Haliç’in fiziksel oşinografisi ve ıslah çalışmalarının etkisi. Haliç 2001 Symposium, 3-4 May 2001, İstanbul, 131-144. google scholar
  • Taş, S. (2020). Changes in phytoplankton composition of the Golden Horn Estuary (Sea of Marmara) following remediation. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UnitedKingdom, 100(7), 1053-1062. google scholar
  • Taş, S., Okus, E. (2003). The effects of pollution on the distribution of phytoplankton in the surface water of the Golden Horn. Turkish Journal ofMarine Sciences. 9, 163-176. google scholar
  • Taş, S., Yilmaz, I.N. (2015). Potentially harmful microalgae and algal blooms in a eutrophic estuary in the Sea of Marmara (Turkey). Mediterranean Marine Science. 16, 432-443. google scholar
  • Taş, S., Yilmaz, N., Okus, E. (2009). Phytoplankton as an indicator of improving water quality in the Golden Horn estuary. Estuaries and Coasts. 32, 1205-1224. google scholar
  • Taş, S., Ergül H.A., Balkis N. (2016). Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and mucilage formations in the Sea of Marmara. In: The Sea of Marmara: Marine Biodiversity, fisheries, conservation and governance, Eds.: Özsoy E., Çağatay M.N., Balkıs N., Balkıs N., Öztürk B., Eds. Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV), İstanbul, 768-786. google scholar
  • Taş, S., Kuş, D., Yılmaz, I. N. (2020). Temporal variations in phytoplankton composition in the north-eastern Sea of Marmara: Potentially toxic species and mucilage event. Mediterranean Marine Science, 21(3), 668-683. google scholar
  • Terenko, L. (2005). New dinoflagellate (Dinoflagellata) species from the Odessa Bay of the Black Sea. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, 34(3), 205-216. google scholar
  • Toklu-Alicli, B., Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Durmus, T., Balci, M. (2021). Relationship between environmental factors and zooplankton diversity in the Gulf of Bandırma (the Sea of Marmara). Biologia, 76, 1727-1736. google scholar
  • Turkoglu, M. (2013). Red tides of the dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans associated with eutrophication in the Sea of Marmara (the Dardanelles, Turkey). Oceanologia, 55(3), 709-732. google scholar
  • Turner, R.E., Rabalais, N.N. (1994). Coastal eutrophication near the Mississippi River delta. Nature, 368, 619621. google scholar
  • Zmerli-Triki H, Laabir M, Moeller P, Chomerat N, Kefi Daly-Yahia O. (2016). First report of goniodomin A production by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax developing in southern Mediterranean (Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia). Toxicon, 111, 91-99. google scholar
  • Tufekci, V., Balkis, N., Polat-Beken, Ç., Ediger, D., Mantıkçı, M. (2010). Phytoplankton composition and environmental conditions of the mucilage event in the Sea of Marmara. Turkish Journal of Biology, 34, 199-210. google scholar
  • Uzar, S., Aydın, H. (2019). Dinoflagellate cysts relationship with sea surface water hydrographic conditions and their use as indicator. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 15(1), 99-107. google scholar
  • Uzar, S., Aydın, H., Minareci, E. (2010). Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in the surface sediments from Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea, Eastern Mediterranean. Scientific Research and Essays, 5, 285-295. google scholar
  • Verleye, T.J., Mertens, K.N., Louwye, S. 2009. Holocene salinity changes in the southwestern Black Sea: A reconstruction based on dinoflagellate cysts. Palynology, 33(1), 77-100. google scholar
  • Versteegh, G. J. M. (1994). Recognition of cyclic and non-cyclic changes in the Mediterranean Pliocene - a palynological approach. Marine Micropaleontology, 14, 265-304. google scholar
  • Wasmund, N., Kownacka, J., Göbel, J., Jaanus, A., Johansen, M., Jurgensone, I., Lehtinen, S., Powilleit, M. (2017). The Diatom/Dinoflagellate index as an indicator of ecosystem changes in the Baltic Sea 1: Principle and Handling Instruction. Frontiers in Marine Sciences, 4, 22. google scholar
  • Yin, K., Song, X. X., Liu, S., Kan, J., Qian, P. Y. (2008). Is inorganic nutrient enrichment a driving force for the formation of red tides? A case study of the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea in an embayment. Harmful Algae, 8(1), 54-59. google scholar
  • Zingone, A., Enevoldsen, H.O. (2000). The diversity of harmful algal blooms: a challenge for science and management. Ocean and Coastal Management, 43, 725-748. google scholar


PAYLAŞ




İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, uluslararası yayıncılık standartları ve etiğine uygun olarak, yüksek kalitede bilimsel dergi ve kitapların yayınlanmasıyla giderek artan bilimsel bilginin yayılmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları açık erişimli, ticari olmayan, bilimsel yayıncılığı takip etmektedir.