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DOI :10.26650/B/SS19.2024.001.01   IUP :10.26650/B/SS19.2024.001.01    Tam Metin (PDF)

Where is the Anthropocene?

Michael E. Meadows

A contested and even controversial term, ‘Anthropocene’ is increasingly used to symbolise the degree to which our species has impacted a whole range of Earth system processes. With more than seven million people, human activities have tested the so-called planetary boundaries to the extent of threatening our own futures. This chapter introduces the concept and reviews the debate as to whether the Anthropocene warrants formal division as a unit of geological time. What might seem like a purely academic argument as to the integrity of the Anthropocene, nevertheless exposes gaps in our appreciation and understanding of the complex history of human-environmental interactions. Accepting responsibility for the nature and extent of our human footprint is important, and this chapter presents a series of brief portraits that highlight current levels of understanding relating to a range of key global anthropogenic impacts, including climate and climate change, landforms, coastal environments, and biodiversity and ecosystems. In conclusion, the potential role of geographers and the International Geographical Union in promoting the kind of research and teaching that will foster deeper insights into the nature of the Anthropocene and its trajectory is considered. 



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  • SpencerT, Schuerch M, Nicholls RJ, et al. 2016: Global coastal wetland change under sea level rise and related stresses: the DIVA wetland change model. Global and Planetary Change 139: 15-30. google scholar
  • Steffen W, Broadgate W, Deutsch, L et al. 2015: The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration. The Anthropocene Review 2(1): 81-98. google scholar
  • Steffen W, Rockström J, Richardson K, et al. 2018: Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene. PNAS 115(33): 8252-8259. google scholar
  • Subramanian M 2019: Anthropocene now: influential panel votes to recognize Earth’s new epoch. Nature 21st May 2019. google scholar
  • Swindles EW, Watson E, Turner E, et al., 2015: Spheroidal carbonaceous fly ash particles are a defining stratigraphic marker for the Anthropocene. Scientific Reports 5: 10264. google scholar
  • Syvitski J and Kettner A 2011: Sediment flux and the Anthropocene. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: 369: 957-975. google scholar
  • Thushari GGN and Senevirathna JDM 2020: Plastic pollution in the marine environment. Heliyon 6: e04709. google scholar
  • Venter O, Sanderson EW, Magrach A, et al. 2016a: Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation. Nature Communications 7: 12558. google scholar
  • Venter O, Sanderson EW, Magrach A, et al. 2016: Global terrestrial Human Footprint maps for 1993 and 2009. Scientific Data 3: 160067. google scholar
  • Vita-Finzi C 1973: Recent Earth History. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 138 pp. google scholar
  • Wagreich M, Draganits E 2018: Early mining and smelting lead anomalies in geological archives as potential stratigraphic markers for the base of an early Anthropocene. Anthropocene Reviews 5: 177-201 google scholar
  • Wang Z, Turner J, Wu Y and Liu C 2019: Rapid decline of total Antarctic seaice extent during 2014-16 controlled by wind-driven sea ice drift. Journal of Climate 32: 5381-5395. google scholar
  • Wang H, Saito Y, Zhang Y, et al. 2011: Recent changes of sediment flux to the western Pacific Ocean from major rivers in East and Southeast Asia. Earth-Science Reviews 108(1-2): 80-100. google scholar
  • Waters CN, Syvitski JPM, Gatuszka A, et al. 2015: Can nuclear weapons fallout mark the beginning of the Anthropocene epoch? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 71(3): 46-57. google scholar
  • Werlen B (ed.) 2015: Global Sustainability: Cultural Perspectives and Challenges for Transdisciplinary Integrated Research. Dordrecht: Springer 316 pp. google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Williams M, Waters CN, et al. 2014: The technofossil record of humans. Anthropocene Review 1: 34-43 google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Williams M, et al. 2015: When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal. Quaternary International 383: 196-203. google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Ivar do Sul J, et al. 2016: The geological cycle of plastics and their use as a stratigraphic indicator of the Anthropocene. Anthropocene 13: 4-17. google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Summerhayes CP, et al. 2017: The Working Group on the Anthropocene: Summary of evidence and interim recommendations. Anthropocene 19: 55-60. google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Head MJ, et al. 2019: A formal Anthropocene is compatible with but distinct from its diachronous anthropogenic counterparts: A response to WF Ruddiman’s ‘three flaws in defining a formal Anthropocene’. Progress in Physical Geography 43(3): 319-333. google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Ellis EC, et al. 2021. The Anthropocene: comparing its meaning in geology (chronostratigraphy) with conceptual approaches arising in other disciplines. Earths Future 9: e2020EF001896 google scholar


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