Geography and the Anthropocene

EnglishTürkçe

BÖLÜM


DOI :10.26650/B/SS19.2024.001.01   IUP :10.26650/B/SS19.2024.001.01    Tam Metin (PDF)

Where is the Anthropocene?

Michael E. Meadows

A contested and even controversial term, ‘Anthropocene’ is increasingly used to symbolise the degree to which our species has impacted a whole range of Earth system processes. With more than seven million people, human activities have tested the so-called planetary boundaries to the extent of threatening our own futures. This chapter introduces the concept and reviews the debate as to whether the Anthropocene warrants formal division as a unit of geological time. What might seem like a purely academic argument as to the integrity of the Anthropocene, nevertheless exposes gaps in our appreciation and understanding of the complex history of human-environmental interactions. Accepting responsibility for the nature and extent of our human footprint is important, and this chapter presents a series of brief portraits that highlight current levels of understanding relating to a range of key global anthropogenic impacts, including climate and climate change, landforms, coastal environments, and biodiversity and ecosystems. In conclusion, the potential role of geographers and the International Geographical Union in promoting the kind of research and teaching that will foster deeper insights into the nature of the Anthropocene and its trajectory is considered. 


Anahtar Kelimeler: Human Impact, Stratigraphy, Climate Change, Sea Level Rise, Anthropogeomorphology, Coastal Dynamics, Biodiversity

Referanslar

  • Goudie AS and Viles HA 2016: Geomorphology in the Anthropocene. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 324pp. google scholar
  • Goudie AS 2017: The integration of human and physical geography revisited. Canadian Geographer 61(1): 19-27 google scholar
  • Goudie AS 2018: Human Impact on the Natural Environment. 8th ed. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, 472pp. google scholar
  • Gowlett JAJ 2016: The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 371: 20150164. google scholar
  • Guo C, Jin Z, Guo L, et al. 2020: On the cumulative dam impact in the upper Changjiang River: Streamflow and sediment load changes. Catena 184: 104250. google scholar
  • Guo L, Su N, Zhu C and He Q 2018: How have the river discharges and sediment loads changed in the Changjiang River basin downstream of the Three Gorges Dam? Journal of Hydrology 560: 259-274. google scholar
  • Hausfather Z and Peters GP 2020: Emissions: the ‘business as usual’ story is misleading. Nature 29th January 2020. google scholar
  • Head L 2017: Cultural Landscapes and Environmental Change. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 208pp. google scholar
  • Heikkurinen P, Ruuska T, Wilen K and Ulvila M 2019: The Anthropocene exit: Reconciling discursive tensions on the new geological epoch. Ecological Economics 164: 106369. google scholar
  • Hilker T, Natsagdori E, Waring RH, et al. 2014: Satellite observed widespread decline in Mongolian grasslands largely due to overgrazing. Global Change Biology 20: 418-428. google scholar
  • Holland PR, Bracegirdle TJ, Dutrieux P, et al. 2019: West Antarctic ice loss influenced by internal climate variability and anthropogenic forcing. Nature Geoscience, 12: 718-724. google scholar
  • Hu M-Y, Ge Z-J, Li Y-L et al. 2019: Do short-term increases in river and sediment discharge determine the dynamics of coastal mudflat and vegetation in the Yangtze Estuary? Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science 220: 176-184. google scholar
  • IPBES 2019; The Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Summary for Policy Makers. Bonn: IPBES Secretariat, 56pp. google scholar
  • IPCC 2021: Climate Change: 2021: The Physical Science Basis (Summary for Policy Makers). https://www.ipcc. ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf (accessed 9th November 2022). google scholar
  • Jenny J-P, Koirala S, Gregory-Eaves I, et al. 2019: Human and climate global-scale imprint on sediment transfer during the Holocene. PNAS 116 (46) 22972-22976. google scholar
  • Kaplan JO, Krumhardt KM, Ellis EC, Ruddiman WF, Lemmen and C Goldewijk KK, 2011: Holocene carbon emissions as a result of anthropogenic land cover change. The Holocene 21(5): 775-791. google scholar
  • Kidder TR and Zhuang Y 2015: Anthropocene archaeology of the Yellow River, China, 5000-2000 BP. The Holocene 25(10): 1627-1639 google scholar
  • Koch PL and Barnosky AD 2006: Late Quaternary extinctions: state of the debate. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 37:215-250. google scholar
  • Lade SJ, Steffen W, de Vries W et al. 2019: Human impacts on planetary boundaries amplified by Earth system interactions. Nature Sustainability 3: 119-128. google scholar
  • Lave R, Wilson MW, Barron ES, et al. 2014: Intervention: critical physical geography. Canadian Geographer 58(1): 1-10. google scholar
  • Livingstone D 1992: The Geographical Tradition. Oxford: Blackwell, 434pp. google scholar
  • Luan HL, Ding PX, Zheng BW, et al. 2016: Decadal morphological evolution of the Yangtze Estuary in response to river input changes and estuarine engineering projects. Geomorphology 265: 12-23. google scholar
  • Ludescher J, Yuan N and Bunde A 2019: Detecting the statistical significance of the trends in the Antarctic sea ice extent: an indication for a turning point. Climate Dynamics 53: 237-244. google scholar
  • Luo XX, Yang SL, Wang RS, et al. 2017: New evidence of Yangtze delta recession after closing of the Three Gorges Dam. Scientific Reports 7: 41735. google scholar
  • Magalhaes N, Evangelista H, Condom T, et al. 2019: Amazonian biomass burning enhances tropical Andean glaciers melting. Scientific Reports 9(1): 16914. google scholar
  • Barnosky AD, Matzke N, Tomiya S, et al. 2011: Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived? Nature 471: 51-57. google scholar
  • Meadows ME 2020: Geography education for sustainable development. Geography and Sustainability 1(1): 88-92.. google scholar
  • Blowes SA, Supp SR, Antao LH, et al. 2019: The geography of biodiversity change in marine and terrestrial assemblages. Science 366: 339-345. google scholar
  • Muir DCG and Rose NL 2007: Persistent organic pollutants in sediments of Lochnagar. In: Rose, NL (ed.) Lochnagar: The Natural History of a Mountain Lake. Dordrecht: Springer, pp 375-402. google scholar
  • Bonneuil C and Fressoz J-B 2016: The Shock of the Anthropocene. London: Verso, 306pp. google scholar
  • Brando PM, Soares-Filho B, Rodrigues L, et al. 2020: The gathering firestorm in southern Amazonia. Science Advances 6: 1632. google scholar
  • Nandasena NAK, Sasaki, Y and Tanaka, N 2012: Modelling field observations of the 2011 great East Japan tsunami: efficacy of artificial and natural structures on tsunami mitigation. Coastal Engineering 67: 1-13. google scholar
  • Bullock EL. Woodcock CE, Suza C and Olofsson P 2020: Satellite-based estimates reveal widespread forest degradation in the Amazon. Global Change Biology 26: 1-14. google scholar
  • Neumann B, Vafeidis AT, Zimmermann J and Nicholls RJ 2015: Future coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal flooding: A global assessment. PLoS ONE 10, e0118571. google scholar
  • Ceballos G, Ehrlich P, Barnosky, et al. 2015: Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: entering the sixth mass extinction. Science Advances: 1: e400253. google scholar
  • Palva PFPR, Ruivo MDLP, da Silva Jr OM et a. 2020: Deforestation in protect areas in the Amazon: a threat to biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation, 29(1): 19-38. google scholar
  • Castree N 2014: The Anthropocene and Geography 1: the back story. Geography Compass s 8: 436-449. google scholar
  • Phillips P and Nogrady B 2019: The climate link to Australia’s fires. Nature 577, 610-612. google scholar
  • Castree N 2015a: Geography and global change science: relationships necessary, absent, and possible. Geographical Research 53(1): 1-15. google scholar
  • Pinsky ML, Eikeset AM, McCauley DJ, et al. 2019: Greater vulnerability to warming of marine versus terrestrial ectotherms. Nature 569: 108-111. google scholar
  • Castree N 2015b: Geographers and the discourse of an Earth transformed: influencing the intellectual weather or changing the intellectual climate? Geographical Research 53(1): 244-254. google scholar
  • Castree N 2021: Framing and reframing the Anthropocene. Ambio 50: 1788-1792. google scholar
  • Pitman WV, Potgieter DJ, Middleton BJ and Midgley DC 1981: Surface Water Resources of South Africa IV: Drainage Regions EGHJKL, The Western Cape. Johannesburg: Hydrological Research Unit. google scholar
  • Cendrero A, Remendo J, Beylich A, et al. 2022: Denudation and geomorphic change in the Anthropocene: a global overview. Eart-Science Reviews 233: 104186. google scholar
  • Reiss J 2019: Art, Theory and Practice in the Anthropocene. Wilmington, Delaware: Vernon Press, 162 pp. google scholar
  • Certini G and Scalenghe R 2021: Soil is the best testifier of the diachronous dawn of the Anthropocene. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 184(2): 183-186. google scholar
  • Rosen AM, Lee JK, Li M, et al. 2015; The Anthropocene and the landscape of Confucius: A historical ecology of landscape changes in northern and eastern China during the middle to late-Holocene. The Holocene 25(10) 1640-1650. google scholar
  • Chen X, Zhang X, Church JA, et al. 2017: The increasing rate of global sea level rise during 1993-2014. Nature Climate Change 7: 492-495. google scholar
  • Ruddiman WF 2018: Three flaws in defining a formal ‘Anthropocene’. Progress in Physical Geography 42(4): 451-461. google scholar
  • Chen F, Chen S, Zhuang, et al. 2020: Asian dust-storm activity dominated by Chinese dynasty changes since 2000 BP. Nature Communications 11: 992. google scholar
  • Ruddiman, WF 2019: Reply to Anthropocene Working Group responses. Progress in Physical Geography 43(3): 345-351. google scholar
  • Comte A, Pendleton LH, Bailly D and Quillerou E 2019: Conceptual advances on global scale assessments of vulnerability: Informing investments for coastal populations at risk of climate change. Marine Policy 99: 391-399. google scholar
  • Schuerch M Spencer T and Temmerman S 2018: Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation. Nature 561: 231-234. google scholar
  • Cook BR and Babayannis A 2015: Co-producing (a fearful) Anthropocene. Geographical Research 53(3): 270-279 google scholar
  • Sengupta D, Meadows ME and Chen R 2018: Building beyond land: coastal land reclamation and urban expansion. Applied Geography 90: 229-238. google scholar
  • Cooper A, Brown TJ, Price SJ et al. 2018: Humans are the most significant global geomorphological driving force of the 21st century. The Anthropocene Review 5(3): 222-229. google scholar
  • Sengupta D, Chen R, Meadows ME, et al. 2019: Mapping trajectories of coastal land reclamation in nine deltaic megacities using Google Earth Engine. Remote Sensing 11: 2621. google scholar
  • Crutzen PJ and Stoermer 2000: The Anthropocene. Global Change Newsletter 41: 17-18. google scholar
  • Slaymaker O, Mulrennan ME and Catto N 2020: Implications of the Anthropocene epoch for geomorphology. In: Slaymaker O and Catto N (eds.) Landscapes and Landforms of Eastern Canada. Dordrecht: Springer Nature, pp 583-588. google scholar
  • Crutzen PJ 2002: Geology of mankind. Nature 415: 23. google scholar
  • Shepherd A, Ivins E, Rignot E, et al. 2020: Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018. Nature 579: 233-239. google scholar
  • Dangendorf S, Hay C, Calafat FM, et al. 2019: Persistent acceleration in global sea-level rise since the 1960s. Nature Climate Change 9: 705-710. google scholar
  • Smith BD and Zeder MA 2013: The onset of the Anthropocene. Anthropocene 4: 8-13. google scholar
  • de Oliveira Andrade R. 2019: Alarming surge in Amazon fires prompts global outcry. Nature 28th August 2019. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02537-0 google scholar
  • Song H, Zhang K, Piao S and Wan S 2016: Spatial and temporal variations of spring dust emissions in northern China over the last 30 years. Atmospheric Environment 126: 117-127. google scholar
  • Edgeworth M, Ellis EC, Gibbard P, et al. 2019: The chronostratigraphic method is unsuitable for determining the start of the Anthropocene. Progress in Physical Geography 43(3): 334-344. google scholar
  • SpencerT, Schuerch M, Nicholls RJ, et al. 2016: Global coastal wetland change under sea level rise and related stresses: the DIVA wetland change model. Global and Planetary Change 139: 15-30. google scholar
  • Erlandson JM 2013: Shell middens and other anthropogenic soils as global stratigraphic signatures of the Anthropocene. Anthropocene 4: 24-32. google scholar
  • Steffen W, Broadgate W, Deutsch, L et al. 2015: The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration. The Anthropocene Review 2(1): 81-98. google scholar
  • Garrett RD, Koh I, Lambin EF, et al. 2018: Intensification in agriculture-forest frontiers: land use responses to development and conservation policies in Brazil. Global Environmental Change 53: 233-243. google scholar
  • Steffen W, Rockström J, Richardson K, et al. 2018: Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene. PNAS 115(33): 8252-8259. google scholar
  • Giosan L, Syvitski J, Constantinescu S and Day J 2014: Protect the world’s deltas. Nature 516: 31-33. google scholar
  • Subramanian M 2019: Anthropocene now: influential panel votes to recognize Earth’s new epoch. Nature 21st May 2019. google scholar
  • Golledge NR, Keller ED, Gomez N, et al. 2019: Global environmental consequences of twenty-first-century ice-sheet melt. Nature 566: 65-72 google scholar
  • Swindles EW, Watson E, Turner E, et al., 2015: Spheroidal carbonaceous fly ash particles are a defining stratigraphic marker for the Anthropocene. Scientific Reports 5: 10264. google scholar
  • Goudie AS and Viles HA 2016: Geomorphology in the Anthropocene. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 324pp. google scholar
  • Syvitski J and Kettner A 2011: Sediment flux and the Anthropocene. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: 369: 957-975. google scholar
  • Goudie AS 2017: The integration of human and physical geography revisited. Canadian Geographer 61(1): 19-27 google scholar
  • Thushari GGN and Senevirathna JDM 2020: Plastic pollution in the marine environment. Heliyon 6: e04709. google scholar
  • Goudie AS 2018: Human Impact on the Natural Environment. 8th ed. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, 472pp. google scholar
  • Venter O, Sanderson EW, Magrach A, et al. 2016a: Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation. Nature Communications 7: 12558. google scholar
  • Gowlett JAJ 2016: The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 371: 20150164. google scholar
  • Venter O, Sanderson EW, Magrach A, et al. 2016: Global terrestrial Human Footprint maps for 1993 and 2009. Scientific Data 3: 160067. google scholar
  • Guo C, Jin Z, Guo L, et al. 2020: On the cumulative dam impact in the upper Changjiang River: Streamflow and sediment load changes. Catena 184: 104250. google scholar
  • Guo L, Su N, Zhu C and He Q 2018: How have the river discharges and sediment loads changed in the Changjiang River basin downstream of the Three Gorges Dam? Journal of Hydrology 560: 259-274. google scholar
  • Vita-Finzi C 1973: Recent Earth History. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 138 pp. google scholar
  • Hausfather Z and Peters GP 2020: Emissions: the ‘business as usual’ story is misleading. Nature 29th January 2020. google scholar
  • Wagreich M, Draganits E 2018: Early mining and smelting lead anomalies in geological archives as potential stratigraphic markers for the base of an early Anthropocene. Anthropocene Reviews 5: 177-201 google scholar
  • Head L 2017: Cultural Landscapes and Environmental Change. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 208pp. google scholar
  • Wang Z, Turner J, Wu Y and Liu C 2019: Rapid decline of total Antarctic seaice extent during 2014-16 controlled by wind-driven sea ice drift. Journal of Climate 32: 5381-5395. google scholar
  • Heikkurinen P, Ruuska T, Wilen K and Ulvila M 2019: The Anthropocene exit: Reconciling discursive tensions on the new geological epoch. Ecological Economics 164: 106369. google scholar
  • Wang H, Saito Y, Zhang Y, et al. 2011: Recent changes of sediment flux to the western Pacific Ocean from major rivers in East and Southeast Asia. Earth-Science Reviews 108(1-2): 80-100. google scholar
  • Hilker T, Natsagdori E, Waring RH, et al. 2014: Satellite observed widespread decline in Mongolian grasslands largely due to overgrazing. Global Change Biology 20: 418-428. google scholar
  • Waters CN, Syvitski JPM, Gatuszka A, et al. 2015: Can nuclear weapons fallout mark the beginning of the Anthropocene epoch? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 71(3): 46-57. google scholar
  • Holland PR, Bracegirdle TJ, Dutrieux P, et al. 2019: West Antarctic ice loss influenced by internal climate variability and anthropogenic forcing. Nature Geoscience, 12: 718-724. google scholar
  • Werlen B (ed.) 2015: Global Sustainability: Cultural Perspectives and Challenges for Transdisciplinary Integrated Research. Dordrecht: Springer 316 pp. google scholar
  • Hu M-Y, Ge Z-J, Li Y-L et al. 2019: Do short-term increases in river and sediment discharge determine the dynamics of coastal mudflat and vegetation in the Yangtze Estuary? Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science 220: 176-184. google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Williams M, Waters CN, et al. 2014: The technofossil record of humans. Anthropocene Review 1: 34-43 google scholar
  • IPBES 2019; The Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Summary for Policy Makers. Bonn: IPBES Secretariat, 56pp. google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Williams M, et al. 2015: When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal. Quaternary International 383: 196-203. google scholar
  • IPCC 2021: Climate Change: 2021: The Physical Science Basis (Summary for Policy Makers). https://www.ipcc. ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf (accessed 9th November 2022). google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Ivar do Sul J, et al. 2016: The geological cycle of plastics and their use as a stratigraphic indicator of the Anthropocene. Anthropocene 13: 4-17. google scholar
  • Jenny J-P, Koirala S, Gregory-Eaves I, et al. 2019: Human and climate global-scale imprint on sediment transfer during the Holocene. PNAS 116 (46) 22972-22976. google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Summerhayes CP, et al. 2017: The Working Group on the Anthropocene: Summary of evidence and interim recommendations. Anthropocene 19: 55-60. google scholar
  • Kaplan JO, Krumhardt KM, Ellis EC, Ruddiman WF, Lemmen and C Goldewijk KK, 2011: Holocene carbon emissions as a result of anthropogenic land cover change. The Holocene 21(5): 775-791. google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Head MJ, et al. 2019: A formal Anthropocene is compatible with but distinct from its diachronous anthropogenic counterparts: A response to WF Ruddiman’s ‘three flaws in defining a formal Anthropocene’. Progress in Physical Geography 43(3): 319-333. google scholar
  • Kidder TR and Zhuang Y 2015: Anthropocene archaeology of the Yellow River, China, 5000-2000 BP. The Holocene 25(10): 1627-1639 google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Ellis EC, et al. 2021. The Anthropocene: comparing its meaning in geology (chronostratigraphy) with conceptual approaches arising in other disciplines. Earths Future 9: e2020EF001896 google scholar
  • Koch PL and Barnosky AD 2006: Late Quaternary extinctions: state of the debate. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 37:215-250. google scholar
  • Lade SJ, Steffen W, de Vries W et al. 2019: Human impacts on planetary boundaries amplified by Earth system interactions. Nature Sustainability 3: 119-128. google scholar
  • Lave R, Wilson MW, Barron ES, et al. 2014: Intervention: critical physical geography. Canadian Geographer 58(1): 1-10. google scholar
  • Livingstone D 1992: The Geographical Tradition. Oxford: Blackwell, 434pp. google scholar
  • Luan HL, Ding PX, Zheng BW, et al. 2016: Decadal morphological evolution of the Yangtze Estuary in response to river input changes and estuarine engineering projects. Geomorphology 265: 12-23. google scholar
  • Ludescher J, Yuan N and Bunde A 2019: Detecting the statistical significance of the trends in the Antarctic sea ice extent: an indication for a turning point. Climate Dynamics 53: 237-244. google scholar
  • Luo XX, Yang SL, Wang RS, et al. 2017: New evidence of Yangtze delta recession after closing of the Three Gorges Dam. Scientific Reports 7: 41735. google scholar
  • Magalhaes N, Evangelista H, Condom T, et al. 2019: Amazonian biomass burning enhances tropical Andean glaciers melting. Scientific Reports 9(1): 16914. google scholar
  • Meadows ME 2020: Geography education for sustainable development. Geography and Sustainability 1(1): 88-92.. google scholar
  • Muir DCG and Rose NL 2007: Persistent organic pollutants in sediments of Lochnagar. In: Rose, NL (ed.) Lochnagar: The Natural History of a Mountain Lake. Dordrecht: Springer, pp 375-402. google scholar
  • Nandasena NAK, Sasaki, Y and Tanaka, N 2012: Modelling field observations of the 2011 great East Japan tsunami: efficacy of artificial and natural structures on tsunami mitigation. Coastal Engineering 67: 1-13. google scholar
  • Neumann B, Vafeidis AT, Zimmermann J and Nicholls RJ 2015: Future coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal flooding: A global assessment. PLoS ONE 10, e0118571. google scholar
  • Palva PFPR, Ruivo MDLP, da Silva Jr OM et a. 2020: Deforestation in protect areas in the Amazon: a threat to biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation, 29(1): 19-38. google scholar
  • Phillips P and Nogrady B 2019: The climate link to Australia’s fires. Nature 577, 610-612. google scholar
  • Pinsky ML, Eikeset AM, McCauley DJ, et al. 2019: Greater vulnerability to warming of marine versus terrestrial ectotherms. Nature 569: 108-111. google scholar
  • Pitman WV, Potgieter DJ, Middleton BJ and Midgley DC 1981: Surface Water Resources of South Africa IV: Drainage Regions EGHJKL, The Western Cape. Johannesburg: Hydrological Research Unit. google scholar
  • Reiss J 2019: Art, Theory and Practice in the Anthropocene. Wilmington, Delaware: Vernon Press, 162 pp. google scholar
  • Rosen AM, Lee JK, Li M, et al. 2015; The Anthropocene and the landscape of Confucius: A historical ecology of landscape changes in northern and eastern China during the middle to late-Holocene. The Holocene 25(10) 1640-1650. google scholar
  • Ruddiman WF 2018: Three flaws in defining a formal ‘Anthropocene’. Progress in Physical Geography 42(4): 451-461. google scholar
  • Ruddiman, WF 2019: Reply to Anthropocene Working Group responses. Progress in Physical Geography 43(3): 345-351. google scholar
  • Schuerch M Spencer T and Temmerman S 2018: Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation. Nature 561: 231-234. google scholar
  • Sengupta D, Meadows ME and Chen R 2018: Building beyond land: coastal land reclamation and urban expansion. Applied Geography 90: 229-238. google scholar
  • Sengupta D, Chen R, Meadows ME, et al. 2019: Mapping trajectories of coastal land reclamation in nine deltaic megacities using Google Earth Engine. Remote Sensing 11: 2621. google scholar
  • Slaymaker O, Mulrennan ME and Catto N 2020: Implications of the Anthropocene epoch for geomorphology. In: Slaymaker O and Catto N (eds.) Landscapes and Landforms of Eastern Canada. Dordrecht: Springer Nature, pp 583-588. google scholar
  • Shepherd A, Ivins E, Rignot E, et al. 2020: Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018. Nature 579: 233-239. google scholar
  • Smith BD and Zeder MA 2013: The onset of the Anthropocene. Anthropocene 4: 8-13. google scholar
  • Song H, Zhang K, Piao S and Wan S 2016: Spatial and temporal variations of spring dust emissions in northern China over the last 30 years. Atmospheric Environment 126: 117-127. google scholar
  • SpencerT, Schuerch M, Nicholls RJ, et al. 2016: Global coastal wetland change under sea level rise and related stresses: the DIVA wetland change model. Global and Planetary Change 139: 15-30. google scholar
  • Steffen W, Broadgate W, Deutsch, L et al. 2015: The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration. The Anthropocene Review 2(1): 81-98. google scholar
  • Steffen W, Rockström J, Richardson K, et al. 2018: Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene. PNAS 115(33): 8252-8259. google scholar
  • Subramanian M 2019: Anthropocene now: influential panel votes to recognize Earth’s new epoch. Nature 21st May 2019. google scholar
  • Swindles EW, Watson E, Turner E, et al., 2015: Spheroidal carbonaceous fly ash particles are a defining stratigraphic marker for the Anthropocene. Scientific Reports 5: 10264. google scholar
  • Syvitski J and Kettner A 2011: Sediment flux and the Anthropocene. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: 369: 957-975. google scholar
  • Thushari GGN and Senevirathna JDM 2020: Plastic pollution in the marine environment. Heliyon 6: e04709. google scholar
  • Venter O, Sanderson EW, Magrach A, et al. 2016a: Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation. Nature Communications 7: 12558. google scholar
  • Venter O, Sanderson EW, Magrach A, et al. 2016: Global terrestrial Human Footprint maps for 1993 and 2009. Scientific Data 3: 160067. google scholar
  • Vita-Finzi C 1973: Recent Earth History. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 138 pp. google scholar
  • Wagreich M, Draganits E 2018: Early mining and smelting lead anomalies in geological archives as potential stratigraphic markers for the base of an early Anthropocene. Anthropocene Reviews 5: 177-201 google scholar
  • Wang Z, Turner J, Wu Y and Liu C 2019: Rapid decline of total Antarctic seaice extent during 2014-16 controlled by wind-driven sea ice drift. Journal of Climate 32: 5381-5395. google scholar
  • Wang H, Saito Y, Zhang Y, et al. 2011: Recent changes of sediment flux to the western Pacific Ocean from major rivers in East and Southeast Asia. Earth-Science Reviews 108(1-2): 80-100. google scholar
  • Waters CN, Syvitski JPM, Gatuszka A, et al. 2015: Can nuclear weapons fallout mark the beginning of the Anthropocene epoch? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 71(3): 46-57. google scholar
  • Werlen B (ed.) 2015: Global Sustainability: Cultural Perspectives and Challenges for Transdisciplinary Integrated Research. Dordrecht: Springer 316 pp. google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Williams M, Waters CN, et al. 2014: The technofossil record of humans. Anthropocene Review 1: 34-43 google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Williams M, et al. 2015: When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal. Quaternary International 383: 196-203. google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Ivar do Sul J, et al. 2016: The geological cycle of plastics and their use as a stratigraphic indicator of the Anthropocene. Anthropocene 13: 4-17. google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Summerhayes CP, et al. 2017: The Working Group on the Anthropocene: Summary of evidence and interim recommendations. Anthropocene 19: 55-60. google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Head MJ, et al. 2019: A formal Anthropocene is compatible with but distinct from its diachronous anthropogenic counterparts: A response to WF Ruddiman’s ‘three flaws in defining a formal Anthropocene’. Progress in Physical Geography 43(3): 319-333. google scholar
  • Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Ellis EC, et al. 2021. The Anthropocene: comparing its meaning in geology (chronostratigraphy) with conceptual approaches arising in other disciplines. Earths Future 9: e2020EF001896 google scholar


PAYLAŞ




İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, uluslararası yayıncılık standartları ve etiğine uygun olarak, yüksek kalitede bilimsel dergi ve kitapların yayınlanmasıyla giderek artan bilimsel bilginin yayılmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları açık erişimli, ticari olmayan, bilimsel yayıncılığı takip etmektedir.