BÖLÜM


DOI :10.26650/B/SS05.2023.003.03   IUP :10.26650/B/SS05.2023.003.03    Tam Metin (PDF)

Sharing Economy Business Models in the Social Economy: Opportunities and Threats

Hakan Aydın

The social economy is an economic model that prioritizes social goals which cannot be adequately met within the functioning of the current economy, such as housing, care, equality, sustainability, local development, solidarity, democracy, and employment. Social economy actors employ different business models based on several factors such as the complexity of the problem, inability to achieve the desired coordination and cooperation, the wide coverage of the social economy, and insufficient efficiency. Among these business models, the sharing economy has the potential to contribute to the creation of social value by providing cooperation and coordination through information and communication technologies. This chapter focuses on explaining the relationship between sharing economy business models and the social economy. Accordingly, it first explains the characteristics of the social economy, the concepts of sharing and the sharing economy, the characteristics and basic framework of sharing economy business models, and the relationship between sharing economy business models and social economy. It also evaluates the social, economic, and environmental effects of sharing economy business models on the social economy and reveals the possible opportunities and threats these models pose to the social economy. As sharing economy business models ensure coordination, provide a greater sphere of influence, reduce costs, generate employment, allow to use of idle resources, empower individuals, increase access, enable using of products for a longer period, and are simple and useful, they offer significant opportunities for social economy organizations to achieve their social, economic, and environmental goals. However, the sharing economy could also pose a threat to the social economy due to its unclear legal status, lack of taxation, unfair competition, the rebound effect, and working conditions. In this context, it is necessary to make the necessary legal arrangements, control the quality-of-service providers, ensure the balance of supply and demand, and make use of information and communication technology. In conclusion, sharing economy business models contain significant opportunities such as increasing the efficiency of social economy organizations, leading to a new transformation in the social economy, and contributing to the achievement of social and financial goals. They also include several threats to public health and safety, employee rights, unfair competition, and increased consumption.



Referanslar

  • Acquier, A., Daudigeos, T., & Pinkse, J. (2017). Promises and paradoxes of the sharing economy: An organizing framework. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 125, pp.1-10. google scholar
  • Airbnb, (2021). Fast facts. https://press.Airbnb.com/fast-facts/ (accessed 25 February 2021). google scholar
  • Airbnb, (2020). Airbnb OpenHomes: Share your space for good. https://www.airbnb.com/openhomes (accessed 17 December 2020). google scholar
  • Amin, A, Cameron, A and Hudson, R. (2002). Placing the social economy, London: Routledge. google scholar
  • Amin, Ash. (2009). The Social Economy International Perspectives on Economic Solidarity. London: Zed Books. google scholar
  • Anwar, S. T. (2018). Growing global in the sharing economy: Lessons from Uber and Airbnb. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 37(6), pp.59-68. google scholar
  • Apte, U. M., & Davis, M. M. (2019). Sharing economy services: business model generation. California Management Review, 61(2), pp.104-131. google scholar
  • Bardhi, F., & Eckhardt, G. M. (2012). Access-based consumption: The case of car sharing. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(4), pp.881-898. google scholar
  • Barraket, J., Collyer, N., O’Connor, M., & Anderson, H. (2010). Finding Australia’s social enterprise sector. Report for the Australian Centre for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Studies, Social Traders. Melbourne. google scholar
  • Barth, S., Barraket, J., Luke, B., & McLaughlin, J. (2015). Acquaintance or partner? Social economy organizations, institutional logics and regional development in Australia. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 27(3-4), pp.219-254. google scholar
  • Bauwens, M. (2005). P2P and human evolution: peer to peer as the premise of a new mode of civilisation. https:// noosphere.cc/P2P2bi.htm google scholar
  • Belk, R. W. (1985). Materialism: Trait aspects of living in the material world. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), pp.265-280. google scholar
  • Belk, R. (2007). Why not share rather than own?. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 611(1), pp.126-140. google scholar
  • Belk, R. (2010). Sharing. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(5), pp.715-734. google scholar
  • Belk, R. (2014). You are what you can access: Sharing and collaborative consumption online. Journal of Business Research, 67(8), pp.1595-1600. google scholar
  • Berger, T., Chen, C., & Frey, C. B. (2018). Drivers of disruption? Estimating the Uber effect. European Economic Review, 110, pp.197-210. google scholar
  • Berkowitz, H., & Souchaud, A. (2019). (Self-) Regulation of Sharing Economy Platforms Through Partial Metaorganizing. Journal of Business Ethics, 159(4), pp.961-976. google scholar
  • Bidet, E. (2006). Third system and employment in Europe. EU Studies, 19, pp.141-156. google scholar
  • Bookchin, M. (2007). Social Ecology and Communalism, Oakland, CA and Edinburgh: AK Press. google scholar
  • Borzaga, C., & Tortia, E. (2007). Social economy organizations in the theory of the firm. In A. Noya & E. Clarence (eds.), The social economy. Building inclusive economies (pp.23-60), Paris, OECD Publishing. google scholar
  • Botsman, R., & Rogers, R. (2010). What’s mine is yours. The rise of collaborative consumption. New York, HarperCollins. google scholar
  • Bocker, L., & Meelen, T. (2017). Sharing for people, planet or profit? Analysing motivations for intended sharing economy participation. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 23, pp.28-39. google scholar
  • Brescia, R. H. (2016). Regulating the sharing economy: New and old insights into an oversight for the peer-to-peer economy. Nebraska Law Review, 95(1), pp.86-145. google scholar
  • Brundtland, G.H. (1987), Our Common Future/World Commission on Environment and Development, Oxford University Press, Oxford. google scholar
  • Buhalis, D., Andreu, L., & Gnoth, J. (2020). The dark side of the sharing economy: Balancing value co-creation and value co-destruction. Psychology & Marketing, 37(5), pp.689-704. google scholar
  • Burningham, K., & Thrush, D. (2003). Experiencing environmental inequality: the everyday concerns of disadvantaged groups. Housing Studies, 18(4), pp. 517-536. google scholar
  • CEPES. (2020). Social Economy In Spain 2020, available at: https://www.cepes.es/publications (accessed 25 December 2021). google scholar
  • CPUC. (2013). California Public Utilities Commission, CPUC Establishes Rules for Transportation Network Companies, (accessed 19 September 2021). http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M077/ K132/77132276.PDF. google scholar
  • Caillods, F. (1998). Education Strategies for Disadvantaged Groups: Some basic issues. UNESCO, International Institute for Educational Planning, Paris. google scholar
  • Chai, S., & Scully, M. A. (2019). It’s About Distributing Rather than Sharing: Using Labor Process Theory to Probe the “Sharing” Economy. Journal of Business Ethics, 159(4), pp.943-960. google scholar
  • Chang, H. H. (2017). The economic effects of Uber on taxi drivers in Taiwan. Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 13(3), pp.475-500. google scholar
  • Chahine, S., & Danin, H. (2018). Is the Sharing Economy an Opportunity or a Threat?: A Case Study on the Swedish Hotel Industry. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. google scholar
  • Chasin, F., von Hoffen, M., Hoffmeister, B., & Becker, J. (2018). Reasons for failures of sharing economy businesses. MIS Quarterly Executive, 17(3), pp.185-199. google scholar
  • Chen, Y. (2009). Possession and access: Consumer desires and value perceptions regarding contemporary art collection and exhibit visits. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(6), pp.925-940. google scholar
  • Cheng, M. (2016). Sharing economy: A review and agenda for future research. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 57, pp.60-70. google scholar
  • Cherry, C. E., & Pidgeon, N. F. (2018). Is sharing the solution? Exploring public acceptability of the sharing economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 195, pp.939-948. google scholar
  • CMA, (Competition & Markets Authority). (2015). Online Reviews and Endorsements: Report on the CMA’s Call for Information. Report ref. CMA41. London. google scholar
  • Cockayne, D. G. (2016). Sharing and neoliberal discourse: The economic function of sharing in the digital on-demand economy. Geoforum, 77, pp.73-82. google scholar
  • Codagnone, C., & Martens, B. (2016). Scoping the sharing economy: Origins, definitions, impact and regulatory issues. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies Digital Economy Working Paper, 1. google scholar
  • Cohen, B., & Kietzmann, J. (2014). Ride on! Mobility business models for the sharing economy. Organization & Environment, 27(3), pp.279-296. google scholar
  • Constantiou, I., Marton, A., & Tuunainen, V. K. (2017). Four Models of Sharing Economy Platforms. MIS Quarterly Executive, 16(4), pp.231-251. google scholar
  • Cox, M., & Slee, T. (2016). How Airbnb’s data hid the facts in New York City. Inside Airbnb, pp.1-16. google scholar
  • Cui, M., & Aziz, S. (2019). Whether sharing economy creates social value?. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 10(3), pp.642-666. google scholar
  • Davidson, A., Habibi, M. R., & Laroche, M. (2018). Materialism and the sharing economy: A cross-cultural study of American and Indian consumers. Journal of Business Research, 82, pp.364-372. google scholar
  • Davlembayeva, D., Papagiannidis, S., & Alamanos, E. (2019). Mapping the economics, social and technological attributes of the sharing economy. Information Technology & People, 33(3), pp.841-872. google scholar
  • Defourny, J. and Nyssens, M., (2013). Social innovation, social economy and social enterprise: what can the European debate tell us? In: F. Moulaert, et al. Eds., International Handbook on Social Innovation. Social Innovation, Collective Action and Transdisciplinary Research, Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar, pp.40-52. google scholar
  • Dempsey, N., Bramley, G., Power, S., & Brown, C. (2011). The social dimension of sustainable development: Defining urban social sustainability. Sustainable Development, 19(5), pp.289-300. google scholar
  • Dredge, D., & Gyimothy, S. (2015). The collaborative economy and tourism: Critical perspectives, questionable claims and silenced voices. Tourism Recreation Research, 40(3), pp.286-302. google scholar
  • Dunoyer, Barthélémy Charles. (1830). Nouveau Traité D’économie Sociale, Paris: Sautelet et Mesnier. google scholar
  • Eckhardt, G. M., Houston, M. B., Jiang, B., Lamberton, C., Rindfleisch, A., & Zervas, G. (2019). Marketing in the sharing economy. Journal of Marketing, 83(5), pp.5-27. google scholar
  • Ert, E., Fleischer, A., & Magen, N. (2016). Trust and reputation in the sharing economy: The role of personal photos in Airbnb. Tourism Management, 55, pp.62-73. google scholar
  • European Commission. (2011). Social Business Initiative: Creating a Favourable Climate for Social Enterprises, Key Stakeholders in the Social Economy and Innovation: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and Social Committee. Publications Office of the European Union. google scholar
  • European Commission. (2013). Social Economy and Social Entrepreneurship - Social Europe Guide, Vol. 4, Publications Office of the European Union. google scholar
  • Firnkorn, J., & Müller, M. (2012). Selling mobility instead of cars: new business strategies of automakers and the impact on private vehicle holding. Business Strategy and The Environment, 21(4), pp.264-280. google scholar
  • Frenken, K., Meelen, T., Arets, M. & Glind, P.V. (2015). Smarter regulation for the sharing economy. The Guardian, 20 May, www.theguardian.com/science/political-science/2015/may/20/smarter-regulation-for-the-sharing-economy (accessed 12 November 2019). google scholar
  • Frenken, K., & Schor, J. (2017). Putting the sharing economy into perspective. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 100(23), pp.3-10. google scholar
  • Gagliardi D., Psarra F., Wintjes R., Trendafili K., Pineda Mendoza J., Haaland K., Turkeli S., Giotitsas C., Pazaitis A., Niglia F., (2020). New Technologies and Digitisation: Opportunities and Challenges for the Social Economy and Social Enterprises. European Commission, Executive Agency for SMEs, DOI: 10.2826/767888. google scholar
  • Galera, G., & Salvatori, G. (2015). Public Policy in the Social and Solidarity Economy: Towards a favourable environment, The Case of Europe, Ilo-Itc, pp. 7-12. google scholar
  • Gallagher, L. (2017). The Airbnb Story: How Three Ordinary Guys Disrupted an Industry, Made Billions ... and Created Plenty of Controversy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. google scholar
  • Ganapati, S., & Reddick, C. G. (2018). Prospects and challenges of sharing economy for the public sector. Government Information Quarterly, 35(1), pp.77-87. google scholar
  • Gansky, L. (2010). The Mesh: Why The Future ofBusiness is Sharing. Penguin. google scholar
  • Gerwe, O., & Silva, R. (2020). Clarifying the sharing economy: Conceptualization, typology, antecedents, and effects. Academy ofManagement Perspectives, 34(1), pp.65-96. google scholar
  • Golob, U., Podnar, K. & Lah, M. (2009). Social economy and social responsibility: Alternatives to global anarchy of neoliberalism?. International Journal ofSocial Economics, 36(5), pp.626-40. google scholar
  • Greening, L. A., Greene, D. L., & Difiglio, C. (2000). Energy efficiency and consumption—the rebound effect—a survey. Energy Policy, 28, pp.389-401. google scholar
  • Greenwood, B. N., & Wattal, S. (2017). Show Me the Way to Go Home: An Empirical Investigation of RideSharing and Alcohol Related Motor Vehicle Fatalities. MIS Quarterly, 41(1), pp.163-187 google scholar
  • Greffe, X. (2007). The role of the social economy in local development. In: Noya A, Clarence E (eds) The Social Economy. Building Inclusive Economies. OECD, Paris, pp.91-118. google scholar
  • Grigore, A. A. (2013). Social economy entities: A worldwide overview. Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research, 6 (2), pp.111-120. google scholar
  • Gurran, N., & Phibbs, P. (2017). When tourists move in: how should urban planners respond to Airbnb?. Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(1), pp.80-92. google scholar
  • Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(12), pp.1192-1217. google scholar
  • Habibi, M. R., Davidson, A., & Laroche, M. (2017). What managers should know about the sharing economy. Business Horizons, 60(1), pp.113-121. google scholar
  • Hall, J. V., & Krueger, A. B. (2018). An analysis of the labor market for Uber’s driver-partners in the United States. ILR Review, 71(3), pp.705-732. google scholar
  • Hamari, J., Sjoklint, M., & Ukkonen, A. (2016). The sharing economy: Why people participate in collaborative consumption. Journal of The Association For Information Science And Technology, 67(9), pp.2047-2059. google scholar
  • Heimer, T., Warta, K., Muths, A-G., Allison, R., Naumanen, M., Rilla, N., & Lima-Toivanen, M. (2019). Social Business Initiative (SBI) Follow Up: Cooperation Between Social Economy Enterprises and Traditional Enterprises. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/36684 google scholar
  • Heinrichs, H. (2013). Sharing Economy: A Potential New Pathway to Sustainability. Gaia, 22(4), pp.228-231. google scholar
  • Hellwig, K., Sahakian, M., & Morhart, F. (2018). Societal factors and the emergence of the sharing economy. In P. A. Albinsson & B. Y. Perera (Eds.), The Rise of The Sharing Economy: Exploring the Challenges and Opportunities of Collaborative Consumption (pp. 51-71). Santa Barbara, CA, Praeger. google scholar
  • Hellwig, K., Morhart, F., Girardin, F., & Hauser, M. (2015). Exploring different types of sharing: A proposed segmentation of the market for “sharing” businesses. Psychology & Marketing, 32(9), pp.891-906. google scholar
  • Henten, A.H. and Windekilde, I.M. (2016). Transaction costs and the sharing economy, The Journal of Policy, Regulation and Strategy for Telecommunications, Information and Media, 18(1), pp.1-15. google scholar
  • Huang, S. L., & Kuo, S. Y. (2020). Understanding why people share in the sharing economy. Online Information Review. 44(4), pp.805-825. google scholar
  • https://www.cepes.es/social/econ_social_que_es&lng=en (accessed 24 February 2021). google scholar
  • Jablonski, A., & Jablonski, M. (2020). Social Business Models in The Digital Economy. Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Johnson, M.W. (2018). Reinvent Your Business Model: How to Seize the White Space for Transformative Growth. Harvard Business Press. Boston, Massachusetts. google scholar
  • Kathan, W., Matzler, K., & Veider, V. (2016). The sharing economy: Your business model’s friend or foe?. Business Horizons, 59(6), pp.663-672. google scholar
  • Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), pp.59-68. google scholar
  • Kenney, M., & Zysman, J. (2016). The rise of the platform economy. Issues in Science and Technology, 32(3), pp.61-69. google scholar
  • Kim, D., Cho, W., & Allen, B. (2020). Sustainability of social economy organizations (SEOs): An analysis of the conditions for surviving and thriving. The Social Science Journal, pp.1-17. google scholar
  • Laamanen, T., Pfeffer, J., Rong, K., & Van de Ven, A. (2018). Editors’ introduction: Business models, ecosystems, and society in the sharing economy. Academy ofManagement Discoveries,4(3), pp.213-219. google scholar
  • Lamberton, C. P., & Rose, R. L. (2012). When is ours better than mine? A framework for understanding and altering participation in commercial sharing systems. Journal ofMarketing, 76(4), pp.109-125. google scholar
  • Leung, X. Y., Xue, L., & Wen, H. (2019). Framing the sharing economy: Toward a sustainable ecosystem. Tourism Management, 71, pp.44-53. google scholar
  • Li, W., Yi, P., Zhang, D., & Zhou, Y. (2020). Assessment of coordinated development between social economy and ecological environment: Case study of resource-based cities in Northeastern China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 59, 102208. google scholar
  • Liger, Q., Stefan, M., & Britton, J. (2016). Social Economy: Study. Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy, European Parliament. google scholar
  • Lin, H. Y., Wang, M. H., & Wu, M. J. (2017). A study of Airbnb use behavior in the sharing economy. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 10(1), pp.38-47. google scholar
  • Lloyd, P. (2007). The social economy in the new political economic context. In: Noya A (ed), Clarence E (eds) The social economy: building inclusive economies. OECD Publishing, New York, pp.61-86. google scholar
  • Martin, E. W., & Shaheen, S. A. (2011). Greenhouse gas emission impacts of carsharing in North America. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 12(4), pp.1074-1086. google scholar
  • Martin, C. J. (2016). The sharing economy: A pathway to sustainability or a nightmarish form of neoliberal capitalism?. Ecological Economics, 121, pp.149-159. google scholar
  • Mocker, M., and N. O. Fonstad. 2017. How AUDI AG is driving toward the sharing economy. MIS Quarterly Executive. 16 (4), pp.279-93. google scholar
  • Monzon, J. L., & Chaves, R. (2008). The European social economy: concept and dimensions of the third sector. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 79(3-4), pp.549-577. google scholar
  • Monzon, J. L. (Ed.). (2008). Grandes Cifras de la Economía Social. Valencia: CIRIEC España. google scholar
  • Monzon, J. L., & Chaves, R. (2017). Recent Evolution of The Social Economy in The European Union. Brussels: European Economic and Social Committee. google scholar
  • Moulaert, F., & Ailenei, O. (2005). Social economy, third sector and solidarity relations: A conceptual synthesis from history to present. Urban Studies, 42(11), pp.2037-2053. google scholar
  • Nanos, J. (2013). The End of Ownership: America’s New Sharing Economy, Boston Magazine. google scholar
  • Newlands, G., Lutz, C., & Fieseler, C. (2018). Navigating Peer-to-Peer Pricing in The Sharing Economy. Available at SSRN 3116954. google scholar
  • Nyssens, M. (1997). Popular economy in the south, third sector in the north: are they signs of a germinating economy of solidarity?. Annals ofPublic and Cooperative Economics, 68(2), pp.171-200. google scholar
  • O’Boyle, E.J. (1999). The nature of social economics: a personal commentary. International Journal of Social Economics, 26(1/2/3), pp.46-57. google scholar
  • Ozanne, L. K., & Ballantine, P. W. (2010). Sharing as a form of anti-consumption? An examination of toy library users. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 9(6), pp.485-498. google scholar
  • Papinska-Kacperek, J., Polanska, K. (2015). Inicjatywy Open Government Data. Roczniki Kolegium Analiz Ekonomicznych/Szkola Glówna Handlowa, 38, pp.191-202. google scholar
  • Parente, R. C., Geleilate, J. M. G., & Rong, K. (2018). The sharing economy globalization phenomenon: A research agenda. Journal ofInternational Management, 24(1), pp.52-64. google scholar
  • Parker, G. G., Van Alstyne, M. W., & Choudary, S. P. (2016). Platform Revolution: How Networked Markets are Transforming The Economy and How to Make Them Work For You. New York, Norton & Company. google scholar
  • Paulauskaite, D., Powell, R., Coca-Stefaniak, J. A., & Morrison, A. M. (2017). Living like a local: Authentic tourism experiences and the sharing economy. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(6), pp.619628. google scholar
  • Pearce, J. (2009). Social economy: engaging as a third system?. In The Social Economy: International Perspective on Economic Solidarity, Edited by: Amin, A. (pp.22-33). London, Zed Books. google scholar
  • Petropoulos, G. (2017). An Economic Review of The Collaborative Economy (No. 2017/5). Bruegel Policy Contribution. google scholar
  • Phipps, M., Ozanne, L. K., Luchs, M. G., Subrahmanyan, S., Kapitan, S., Catlin, J. R., & Weaver, T. (2013). Understanding the inherent complexity of sustainable consumption: A social cognitive framework. Journal ofBusiness Research, 66(8), pp.1227-1234. google scholar
  • Plewnia, F., & Guenther, E. (2018). Mapping the sharing economy for sustainability research. Management Decision. 56(3), pp.570-583. google scholar
  • Price, JA. (1975). Sharing: The integration of intimate economies. Anthropologica, 17(1), pp.3-27. google scholar
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) (2015), The Sharing Economy: Consumer Intelligence Series, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, New York. google scholar
  • Prothero, A., Dobscha, S., Freund, J., Kilbourne, W. E., Luchs, M. G., Ozanne, L. K., & Th0gersen, J. (2011). Sustainable consumption: Opportunities for consumer research and public policy. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 30(1), pp.31-38. google scholar
  • Ranchordas, S. (2015). Does sharing mean caring? Regulating innovation in the sharing economy. Minnesota Journal of Law Science & Technology, 16(1), pp.413-475. google scholar
  • Reuschl, A., Tiberius, V., Filser, M., & Qiu, Y. (2021). Value configurations in sharing economy business models. Review of Managerial Science, pp.1-24, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-020-00433-w google scholar
  • Ridley-Duff, R, Bull, M.(2021). Common pool resource institutions: The rise of internet platforms in the social solidarity economy. Business Strategy and The Environment, pp.1-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2707 google scholar
  • Rodríguez, J.M. and Guzman, C. (2013). Innovation in social economy firms. Management Decision, 51(5), pp.986-998. google scholar
  • Rogers, B. (2015). Social costs of Uber. The University of Chicago Law Review Dialogue, 82(85), pp.85-102. google scholar
  • Roh, T. H. (2016). The sharing economy: Business cases of social enterprises using collaborative networks. Procedia Computer Science, 91, pp.502-511. google scholar
  • Rosenblat, A., & Stark, L. (2016). Algorithmic labor and information asymmetries: A case study of Uber’s drivers. International Journal of Communication, 10, pp.3758-3784. google scholar
  • Salamon, L. M., & Sokolowski, W. (2018). Beyond nonprofits: In search of the third sector. In The Third Sector As A Renewable Resource For Europe (pp.7-48). Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Schaefers, T., Lawson, S. J., & Kukar-Kinney, M. (2016). How the burdens of ownership promote consumer usage of access-based services. Marketing Letters, 27(3), pp.569-577. google scholar
  • Schor, J. (2016). Debating the sharing economy. Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics, 4(3), pp.7-22. google scholar
  • Schor, J. B., & Attwood-Charles, W. (2017). The “sharing” economy: labor, inequality, and social connection on for-profit platforms. Sociology Compass, 11(8), pp.1-16. google scholar
  • Shin, C. (2016). A conceptual approach to the relationships between the social economy, social welfare, and social innovation. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management,7(2), pp.154-172. google scholar
  • Siuskaite, D., Pilinkiene, V., & Zvirdauskas, D. (2019). The conceptualization of the sharing economy as a business model. Engineering Economics, 30(3), pp.373-381. google scholar
  • Smith, N. Craig. (2016). Who’s Responsible? The Ethics of the Sharing Economy. Insead https://knowledge. insead.edu/responsibility/whos-responsible-the-ethics-of-the-sharing-economy-5034 google scholar
  • Social Economy Europe. (2015). Social Economy Charter. A different model of enterprise and organisation, a different type of entrepreneurship, Brussels, 10 April 2002-Revised version approved on 25 June 2015. https://www.socialeconomy.eu.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2019-updated-Social-Economy-Charter. pdf (accessed 26.02.2021) google scholar
  • Social Economy Europe. (2021). The Social Economy. https://www.socialeconomy.eu.org/the-social-economy (accessed 21.02.2021) google scholar
  • Soots, L., & Gismondi, M. (2009). Sustainability, the Social Economy, and the Eco-Social crisis: Traveling Concepts and Bridging Fields. BC-Alberta Social Economy Research Alliance. google scholar
  • Stabrowski, F. (2017). ‘People as businesses’: Airbnb and urban micro-entrepreneurialism in New York City. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 10(2), pp.327-347. google scholar
  • Sundararajan, A. (2016). The Sharing Economy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. google scholar
  • Suri, A., Huang, B., & Senecal, S. (2019). I can forgive you, but I can’t forgive the firm: An examination of service failures in the sharing economy. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 27(4), pp.355-370. google scholar
  • Täuscher, K., & Kietzmann, J. (2017). Learning from failures in the sharing economy. Science Technology, 67(9), pp.2047-2059. google scholar
  • Teece, D. J. (2010). Business models, business strategy and innovation. Long Range Planning, 43(2-3), pp.172-194. google scholar
  • Tremblay, C. (2009). Advancing the Social Economy for Socio-Economic Development: International Perspectives. Public Policy Paper Series Number 01. Canadian Social Economy Research Partnership. google scholar
  • Tussyadiah, I. (2015). An exploratory on drivers and deterrents of collaborative consumption in travel. In Tussyadiah, I. & Inversini, A. (Eds.), Information & Communication Technologies in Tourism, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. google scholar
  • Tussyadiah, I. P., & Pesonen, J. (2016). Impacts of peer-to-peer accommodation use on travel patterns. Journal of Travel Research, 55(8), pp.1022-1040. google scholar
  • Uluorta, H. M. (2009). The Social Economy: Working Alternatives in a Globalizing Era. Routledge. google scholar
  • Van Parijs, P. (2015). Social Justice and the Future of the social Economy. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 86(2), pp.191-197. google scholar
  • Verboven, H., & Vanherck, L. (2016). The sustainability paradox of the sharing economy. uwf UmweltWirtschaftsForum, 24(4), pp.303-314. google scholar
  • Virjan, D. (2012). New approaches to social economy. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 19(6), pp.105-110. google scholar
  • Wang, C., & Zhang, P. (2012). The evolution of social commerce: The people, management, technology, and information dimensions. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 31(5), pp.105-127. google scholar
  • Westerdahl, S., & Westlund, H. (1998). Social economy and new jobs: a summary of twenty case studies in European regions. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 69(2), pp.193-218. google scholar
  • Westlund, H. (2003). Form or contents? On the concept of social economy. International Journal of Social Economics, 30(11), pp.1192-1206. google scholar
  • Wilhelms, M. P., Merfeld, K., & Henkel, S. (2017). Yours, mine, and ours: A user-centric analysis of opportunities and challenges in peer-to-peer asset sharing. Business Horizons, 60(6), pp.771-781. google scholar
  • Yang, S. B., Lee, H., Lee, K., & Koo, C. (2018). The application of Aristotle’s rhetorical theory to the sharing economy: An empirical study of Airbnb. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(7), pp.938-957. google scholar
  • Zervas, G., Proserpio, D., & Byers, J. W. (2017). The rise of the sharing economy: Estimating the impact of Airbnb on the hotel industry. Journal of Marketing Research, 54(5), pp.687-705. google scholar
  • Zhang, C., Kolte, P., Kettinger, W. J., & Yoo, S. (2018). Established Companies’ Strategic Responses to Sharing Economy Threats. MIS Quarterly Executive, 17(1), pp.23-40. google scholar


PAYLAŞ




İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, uluslararası yayıncılık standartları ve etiğine uygun olarak, yüksek kalitede bilimsel dergi ve kitapların yayınlanmasıyla giderek artan bilimsel bilginin yayılmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları açık erişimli, ticari olmayan, bilimsel yayıncılığı takip etmektedir.