Mucilage Problem in the Sea of Marmara

EnglishTürkçe

BÖLÜM


DOI :10.26650/B/LS32.2023.003.06   IUP :10.26650/B/LS32.2023.003.06    Tam Metin (PDF)

The Role of Phytoplankton in the Formation of Mucilage Observed in The Sea of Marmara from Past to Present

Neslihan Balkıs Özdelice, Turgay Durmuş, Muharrem Balcı

Eutrophication in coastal areas as a result of pollution from terrestrial input load can cause serious damage to marine ecosystems and the death of fish and benthic organisms through harmful algal blooms (HABs) such as mucilage. Phytoplankton form the first link of the food web in aquatic ecosystems through the synthesis of organic matter and have great importance in determining environmental changes due to being the primary producers with an essential place in marine productivity. Mucilage formation is observed through the aggregation of organic materials produced by phytoplankton in coastal areas, both in the water column and on the sea surface, and is another marine HAB phenomenon that occurs from pollution. The mucilage formation that was first seen in the Sea of Marmara in 2007–2008 reappeared in 2021 more intensely and longer lasting. While haptophytes, diatoms, and dinoflagellates in mucilage formations seen in these processes have been reported to show regional and temporal differences, they are the dominant phytoplankton groups in the mucilage mass. If the frequency and persistence of HAB events observed in the Sea of Marmara continue to increase, Türkiye's economy will suffer greatly due to the adverse effects to water quality, marine biodiversity, and the food chain. The relevant sources have predicted that the temperate Mediterranean climate will enter a tropicalization process with the increase in sea water temperatures caused by global climate change and that the Black Sea will enter a Mediterraneanization process through the immigrant influx of various species from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea. Significant changes in phytoplankton species composition and abundance in these changing environmental and pollution conditions will bring harmful algae growth and play an important role in its geographical spread. HAB formations in the coastal waters of Türkiye have emerged as a critical problem in conditions where the temperate Mediterranean climate is tropicalizing and the Black Sea is Mediterraneanizing.


Anahtar Kelimeler: Mucilage, Sea Snot, Phytoplankton, Pollution, Sea Of Marmara

Referanslar

  • Aktan, Y., Dede, A., & Çiftçi, P. S. (2008a). Mucilage event associated with diatoms and dinoflagellates in Sea of Marmara, Turkey. An IOC Newsletter on toxic algae and algal blooms, The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, 36, 1-3. google scholar
  • Aktan, Y., Altuğ, G., Topaloğlu, B., & Isinibilir, M. (2008b). İzmit Körfezi müsilaj çalışması. İ.Ü. Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, Çalışma raporu, 72. google scholar
  • Aktan, Y., & Topaloğlu, B. (2011). First record of Chrysophaeum taylorii Lewis & Bryan and their benthic mucilaginous aggregates in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, 17(2), 159-170. google scholar
  • Altıok, H., Dokumcu, K., Mutlu, S., Ozturk, I. D., Ediger, D., & Yuksek, A. (2021). İstanbul Boğazı ve Marmara Denizi’nde iklim değişikliği göstergeleri. Salihoglu, B., Ozturk, B. (Eds.), İklim değişikliği ve Türkiye denizleri üzerine etkileri kitabı içinde (s. 48-62). İstanbul: Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı (TUDAV). google scholar
  • Arin, L., Moran, X. A. G., & Estrada, M. (2002). Phytoplankton size distribution and growth rates in the Alboran Sea (SW Mediterranean): short term variability related to mesoscale hydrodynamics. Journal of Plankton Research, 24, 1019-1033. google scholar
  • Azam, F., & Long, R. A. (2001). Sea snow microcosms. Nature, 414, 495-498. google scholar
  • Balkis, N., & Toklu-Alicli, B. (2014). Changes in phytoplankton community structure in the Gulf of Bandırma, Marmara Sea in 2006-2008. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 23(12), 2976-2983. google scholar
  • Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Durmus, T., & Balci, M. (2021). A preliminary study on the intense pelagic and benthic mucilage phenomenon observed in the Sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(4), 414-422. google scholar
  • Balkis, N., Atabay, H., Turetgen, I., Albayrak, S., Balkis, H., & Tüfekçi, V. (2011). Role of single-celled organisms in mucilage formation on the shores of Buyukada Island (the Marmara Sea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91, 771-781. google scholar
  • Balkis, N., Sivri, N., Fraim, N. L., Balci, M., Durmus, T., & Sukatar, A. (2013). Excessive growth of Cladophora laetevirens (Dillwyn) Kutzing and enteric bacteria in mats in the Southwestern Istanbul coast, Sea of Marmara. IUFS Journal of Biology, 72(2), 41-48. google scholar
  • Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Durmus, T., Tas, S., Bayram-Partal, F., Toklu-Alicli, B., Balci, M., Dalyan, C., & Toklu, A. (2022). Müsilaja neden olan fitoplanktonik organizmalar ile halksSağlığını tehdit eden toksin üreten türlerin ortam faktörleriyle ilişkisinin ortaya konması ve besin ağına etkisinin belirlenmesi. TÜBİTAK 1001-Özel Çağrılar, Proje no: 121G116. google scholar
  • Behrenfeld, M. J., O’Malley, R. T., Siegel, D. A., McClain, C. R., Sarmiento, J. L., Feldman, G. C. ... Boss, E. S. (2006). Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity. Nature, 444, 752-755 google scholar
  • Bendtsen, J., Hilligs0e, K. M., Hansen, J. L. S., & Richardson, K. (2014). Analysis of remineralisation, lability, temperature sensitivity and structural composition of organic matter from the upper ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 130, 125-145. google scholar
  • Chang, F. H. (1983). The mucilage-producing Phaeocystis pouchetii (Prymnesiophyceae), cultured from the 1981 “Tasman Bay slime”. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 17, 165-168. google scholar
  • Cozzi, S., Ivancic, I., Catalano, G., Djakovac, T., & Degobbis, D. (2004). Dynamics of the oceanographic properties during mucilage appearance in the Northern Adriatic Sea: Analysis of the 1997 event in comparison to earlier events. Journal of Marine Systems, 50, 223-241. google scholar
  • ÇŞİDB, TUBİTAK-MAM (2021). Denizlerde Bütünleşik Kirlilik İzleme Programı 2014-2019 Marmara Denizi Özet Raporu. Kocaeli: TÜBİTAK-MAM Matbaası. google scholar
  • Ediger, D., Beken, Ç., Yüksek, A., & Tuğrul, S. (2016). Eutrophication in the Sea of Marmara. In Özsoy, E., Çağatay, M.N., Balkıs, N., Balkıs, N., Öztürk, B. (Eds), The Sea of Marmara; Marine Biodiversity, Fisheries, Conservation and Governance (pp. 723-736). Istanbul, Türkiye: Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV). google scholar
  • Ergül, H. A., Aksan, S., & İpşiroğlu, M. (2018). Assessment of the consecutive harmful dinoflagellate blooms during 2015 in the Izmit Bay (the Marmara Sea). Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 37(8), 91-101. doi: 10.1007/ s13131-018-1191-7 google scholar
  • Flander-Putrle, V., & Malej, A. (2008). The evolution and phytoplankton composition of mucilaginous aggregates in the northern Adriatic Sea. Harmful Algae, 7, 752-761. google scholar
  • Gissi, E., Manea, E., Mazaris, A.D., Fraschetti, S., Almpanidou, V., Bevilacqua, S. . Katsanevakisk, S. (2021). A review of the combined effects of climate change and other local human stressors on the marine environment. Science of the Total Environment, 755, 142564, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142564. google scholar
  • Hansen, E., Ernstsen, A., & Eilertsen, H. C. (2004). Isolation and characterization of a cytotoxic polyunsaturated aldehyde from the marine phytoplankter Phaeocystis pouchetii (Hariot) Lagerheim. Toxicology, 199, 207-217. google scholar
  • Haris, G.P. (1986). Phytoplankton ecology. Londra, İngiltere: Chapman and Hall Ltd. google scholar
  • Innamorati, M., Nuccio, C., Massi, L., Mori, G., & Melley, A. (2001). Mucilages and climatic changes in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 11, 289-298. google scholar
  • Isinibilir, M., Svetlichny L., Hubareva E., Yilmaz I. N., Ustun F., Belmonte, G., & Toklu-Alıçlı, B. (2011). Adaptability and vulnerability of zooplankton species in the adjacent regions of the Black and Marmara Seas. Journal of Marine Systems, 84, 18-27. google scholar
  • Koray, T., Büyükışık, B., Parlak, H., & Gökpınar, Ş. (1992). İzmir Körfezi’nde deniz suyu kalitesini etkileyen bir hücreli organizmalar: Red-tide ve diğer aşırı üreme olayları. Doğa, Türk Biyoloji Dergisi, 16, 135-157. google scholar
  • Lancelot, C. (1995). The mucilage phenomenon in the continental coastal waters of the North Sea. The Science of the Total Environment, 165, 83-102. google scholar
  • Lopez-Urrutia, A., San Martin, E., Harris, R. P., & Irigoien, X. (2006). Scaling the metabolic balance of the oceans. Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences, 103(8), 739-744. google scholar
  • Mantıkçı, M. (2015). Significance of plankton respiration for productivity in coastal ecosystems. (Doktora Tezi). Aarhus University, Aarhus, Danimarka. google scholar
  • Mantıkçı, M. (2021). Denizlerdeki ısınmanın plankton solunumu ve birincil üretime etkisi. Salihoglu, B., Ozturk, B. (Eds.), İklim değişikliği ve Türkiye denizleri üzerine etkileri kitabı içinde (s. 79-85). İstanbul: Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı (TUDAV). google scholar
  • Margalef, R. (1978). Phytoplankton communities in upwelling area. The examples of N.W. Africa. Oecologia aquatica, 3, 97-132. google scholar
  • Mecozzi, M., Acquistucci, R., Di Noto, V., Pietrantonio, E., Amirici, M., & Cardarilli, D. (2001). Characterization of mucilage aggregates in Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Sea: structure similarities between mucilage samples and the insoluble fractions of marine humic substance. Chemosphere, 44, 709-720. google scholar
  • Meier, K. J. S., Beaufort, L., Heussner, S., & Ziveri, P. (2014). The role of ocean acidification in Emiliania huxleyi coccolith thinning in the Mediterranean Sea. Biogeosciences, 11, 2857-2869. https://doi.org/10.5194/ bg-11-2857-2014. google scholar
  • Moisan, T. A., Blattner, K. L., & Makinen, C. P. (2010). Influences of temperature and nutrients on Synechococcus abundance and biomass in the southern Mid-Atlantic Bight. Continental Shelf Research, 30, 1275-1282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2010.04.005. google scholar
  • Mora, C., Wei, C. L., Rollo, A., Amaro, T., Baco, A. R., Billett, D., ... Yasuhara, M. (2013). Biotic and human Vulnerability to projected changes in ocean biogeochemistry over the 21st century. PLoS Biology, 11(10): e1001682. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001682. google scholar
  • Najdek, M., Blazina, M., Djakovac, T., & Kraus, R. (2005). The role of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium in a mucilage event in the northern Adriatic Sea: Coupling with high salinity water intrusions. Journal of Plankton Research, 27, 851-862. google scholar
  • Negro, P.D., Crevatin, E., Larato, C., Ferrari, C., Totti, C., Pompei, M., . Fonda-Umani, S. (2005) Mucilage microcosms. Science of the Total Environment, 353, 258-269. google scholar
  • Nikolaidis, G., Aligizaki, K., Koukaras, K., & Moschandreou, K. (2006, Eylül). Mucilage phenomena in North Aegean Sea, Greece: Another harmful effect of dinoflagellates [Öz]. 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Kopenhag, Danimarka, p. 250. google scholar
  • Nixon, S. W. (1995). Coastal marine eutrophication: A definition, social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia, 41, 199-219. google scholar
  • O’Connor, M. I., Piehler, M. F., Leech, D. M., Anton, A., & Bruno, J. F. (2009). Warming and resource availability shift food web structure and metabolism. PLoS Biology, 7, doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000178. google scholar
  • Oğuz, T. (2017). Impacts of a buoyant strait outflow on the plankton production characteristics of an adjacent semi-enclosed basin, A case study of the Marmara Sea. Journal ofMarine Systems, 173, 90-100. google scholar
  • Otero-Ferrer, J. L., Cermeno, P., Fernandez-Castro, B., Gasol, J. M., Moran, X. A. G., Maranon, E., ... Mourino-Carballido, B. (2018). Factors controlling the community structure of picoplankton in contrasting marine environments. Biogeosciences, 15, 6199-6220. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg- 2018-211. google scholar
  • Özalp, H. B. (2021a). First massive mucilage event observed in deep waters of Çanakkale Strait (Dardanelles), Turkey. Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27(1), 49-66. google scholar
  • Özalp, H. B. (2021b). A preliminary assessment of the mass mortality of some benthic species due to the mucilage phenomenon of 2021 in the Çanakkale Strait (Dardanelles) and North Aegean Sea. Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27(2), 154-166. google scholar
  • Palmiéri, J., Orr, J. C., Dutay, J. C., Béranger, K., Schneider, A., Beuvier, J., & Somot, S. (2015). Simulated anthropogenic CO2 storage and acidification of the Mediterranean Sea. Biogeosciences, 12, 781-802, https:// doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-781-2015. google scholar
  • Pistocchi, R., Cangini, M., Totti, C., Urbani, R., Guerrini, F., Romagnoli, T., ... Pompei, M. (2005). Relevance of the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax fragilis in mucilage formations of the Adriatic Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 353, 307-316. google scholar
  • Pompei, M., Mazziotti, C., Guerrini, F., Cangini, M., Pigozzi, S., Benzi, M., . Pistocchi, R. (2003). Correlation between the presence of Gonyaulax fragilis (Dinophyceae) and the mucilage phenomena of the Emilia-Romagna coast (northern Adriatic Sea). Harmful Algae, 2, 301-316. google scholar
  • Revelante, N., & Gilmartin, G. (1991). The phytoplankton composition and population enrichment in gelatinous “macroaggregates” in the northern Adriatic during the summer of 1989. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 146, 217-233. google scholar
  • Riegman, R., Noordeloos, A. A. M., & Cadee, C. (1992). Phaeocystis blooms and eutrophication of the continental coastal zones of the North Sea. Marine Biology, 112, 479-484. google scholar
  • Rinaldi, A., Vollenweider, R. A., Montanari, G., Ferrari C. R., & Ghetti, A. (1995). Mucilages in Italian Seas: The Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas, 1988-1991. Science of the Total Environment, 165, 165-183. google scholar
  • Ryther, J. H., & Dunstan, W. M. (1971). Nitrogen, phosphorus and eutrophication in the coastal marine environment. Science, 171, 1008-1013. google scholar
  • Salihoğlu, B., Şahin-Yücel, E., Ibello, V., & Yücel, M. (2021). İklim değişikliği, ekosistem servisleri ve bölgesel yönetim stratejileri. In B. Salihoğlu & B. Öztürk (Eds), İklim değişikliği ve Türkiye denizleri üzerine etkileri (pp. 1-25), İstanbul: Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı (TUDAV). google scholar
  • Sieburth, J. M. (1960). Acrylic acid, and “antibiotic” principle in Phaeocystis in Antarctic waters. Science, 132, 676-677. google scholar
  • Sournia, A. (1982). Form and function in marine phytoplankton. Biological Reviews, 57, 347-394. google scholar
  • Tan, İ. (2021). Marmara Denizi körfezlerinin baskı etki durumu ve ötrofikasyon açısından değerlendirilmesi. Aquatic Research, 4(2), 169-180. google scholar
  • Tas, S., Kus, D., & Yilmaz, I. N. (2020). Temporal variations in phytoplankton composition in the northeastern Sea of Marmara: Potentially toxic species and mucilage event. Mediterranean Marine Science, 21(3), 668-683. google scholar
  • Taşdemir, Y. (2002). Marmara Denizi: kirleticiler ve çevre açısından alınabilecek tedbirler. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 39-45. google scholar
  • Tinti, F., Boni, L., Pistocchi, R., Riccardi, M., & Guerrini, F. (2007). Species-specific probe, based on 18S rDNA sequence, could be used for identification of the mucilage producer microalga Gonyaulax fragilis (Dinophyta). Hydrobiologia, 580, 259-263. google scholar
  • Toklu-Alicli, B., Balkis, N., & Balci, M. (2014). Seasonal distribution of zooplankton in the Gulf of Erdek (the Marmara Sea) and the impact of ecological variables. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 23(12), 3013-3021. google scholar
  • Toklu-Alicli, B., Polat, S., & Balkis-Ozdelice, N. (2020). Temporal variations in the abundance of picoplanktonic Synechococcus (Cyanobacteria) during a mucilage event in the Gulfs of Bandırma and Erdek. Estuarine, Coastal and ShelfScience, 233, 1-12. google scholar
  • Topçu, N. E., & Öztürk, B. (2021). The impact of the massive mucilage outbreak in the Sea of Marmara on gorgonians of Prince Islands: A qualitative assessment. Journal ofBlack Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27(2), 270-278. google scholar
  • Totti, C., Cangini, M., Ferrari, C., Kraus, R., Pompei, M., Pugnetti, A., ... Socal, G. (2005). Phytoplankton size distribution and community structure in relation to mucilage occurrence in the northern Adriatic Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 353, 204-217. google scholar
  • Tüfekçi, V., Balkis, N., Beken, C. P., Ediger, D., & Mantıkçı, M. (2010). Phytoplankton composition and environmental conditions of a mucilage event in the Sea of Marmara. Turkish Journal of Biology, 34, 199-210. google scholar
  • Xia, X., Guo, W., Tan, S., & Liu, H. (2017). Synechococcus assemblages across the salinity gradient in a salt wedge estuary. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 1254. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fmicb.2017.01254. google scholar
  • Yilmaz, I. N. (2015). Collapse of zooplankton stocks during Liriope tetraphylla (Hydromedusa) blooms and dense mucilaginous aggregations in a thermohaline stratified basin. Marine Ecology, 36, 595-610. google scholar


PAYLAŞ




İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, uluslararası yayıncılık standartları ve etiğine uygun olarak, yüksek kalitede bilimsel dergi ve kitapların yayınlanmasıyla giderek artan bilimsel bilginin yayılmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları açık erişimli, ticari olmayan, bilimsel yayıncılığı takip etmektedir.