Türki̇ye as an Actor in Sustaining International Peace: the Case of Ukraine War
Pınar Erkem Gülboy, Elifcan ÇorukFrom the beginning of the establishment of Turkish Republic, the main foreign policy goal has been ‘peace at home and peace in the World.’ With the centennial of the Republic approaching, Türkiye has become an actor in international level, protecting international peace and human rights in various conflict locations. This study aims to analyze Türkiye’s role in terms of its contribution to international peace in the 2022 Ukraine war within the framework of the United Nations’ Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions goal. The goal of Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions ranks 16th among the 17 Sustainable Development Goals included in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Agenda. Based on the principles of human rights and the rule of law, this goal aims to promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, ensure access to justice for all, and create effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels. From this purpose, the scope of the study is to evaluate Türkiye’s role in the management of Ukraine war that is for the benefit of Ukrainian people and of international peace. The study is conducted with the qualitative document analysis method. Document analysis, as a scientific research method that ensures the collection, examination, comparison, and analysis of primary and secondary data within the research, provides the opportunity to examine Türkiye’s contribution to international peace through Ukraine war. This study, which deals with Ukraine war in terms of Türkiye’s contribution to international peace, has the potential to shed light on the current debate of the international conflict from a different perspective and to evaluate and analyze Türkiye’s Sustainable Development performance in terms of contributions to international peace.
Referanslar
- AA. (2014a, May 12). Ukrayna’da ayrılıkçıların istediği oldu. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ ukraynada-ayrilikcilarin-istedigi-oldu/160222 google scholar
- AA. (2014, September 7). Minsk protokolünün içeriği açıklandı. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ minsk-protokolunun-icerigi-aciklandi/124311 google scholar
- AA. (2018, October 1). Batı ile Rusya’nın nüfuz savaşında yeni cephe: Ukrayna Kilisesi. Retrieved from https:// www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz-haber/bati-ile-rusya-nin-nufuz-savasinda-yeni-cephe-ukrayna-kilisesi/1269475 google scholar
- AA. (2019, October 7). Ukrayna’da ‘Steinmeier formülü’ protestosu. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ dunya/ukraynada-steinmeier-formulu-protestosu/160406 google scholar
- AA. (2022, October 9). Kerch Bridge: Key passage linking Crimea to Russia. Retrieved from https://www. aa.com.tr/en/europe/kerch-bridge-key-passage-linking-crimea-to-russia/2706370 google scholar
- AA. (2022a, December 2). Tahıl Koridoru Anlaşması’nın 3 önemli etkisi. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com. tr/tr/analiz/tahil-koridoru-anlasmasinin-3-onemli-etkisi/2753756 google scholar
- AA. (2022b, December 26). Türkiye becomes diplomatic hub in 2022 with mediations, international events. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/turkiye-becomes-diplomatic-hub-in-2022-with-mediati-ons-international-events/2772751 google scholar
- AA. (2022c, August 24). Security at Zaporizhzhia NPP in Ukraine. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/ en/energy/nuclear/security-at-zaporizhzhia-npp-in-ukraine-prioritized-in-talks-meeting-between-rosa-tom-and-iaea-in-istanbul/36112 google scholar
- AA. (2023, February 24). Rusya-Ukrayna savaşının üzerinden 1 yıl geçti. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com. tr/tr/dunya/rusya-ukrayna-savasinin-uzerinden-1-yil-gecti/2829851 google scholar
- AA. (2023a, April 25). UN chief presents Putin with letter on new ‘way forward’ on Black Sea deal. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/russia-ukraine-war/un-chief-presents-putin-with-letter-on-new-way-forward-on-black-sea-deal/2880523 google scholar
- Ateşoğlu Güney, N. (2022). Food corridor Türkiye’s successful role as a mediator. Insight Turkey, 24(3), 43-51. google scholar
- Balacan, S. (2021). 2014 Rusya-Ukrayna krizi, Kırım’ın bölgesel önemi, Kırım halkının ve bölgedeki Kırım Türklerinin mevcut durumu (Master’s dissertation). google scholar
- BBC. (2014, March 17). AB ve ABD’den Rusya’ya Kırım yaptırımları. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/ turkce/haberler/2014/03/140317_ab_abd_kirim google scholar
- BBC. (2014a, March 18). Rusya’nın G8’e katılımı askıya alındı. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/ haberler/2014/03/140318_g8_rusya google scholar
- BBC. (2014b, July 30). ABD ve AB Rusya’ya yaptırımları artırdı. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/ haberler/2014/07/140730_obama_rusya google scholar
- BBC. (2014c, November 13). Ukraine crisis: Timeline. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-midd-le-east-26248275 google scholar
- BBC. (2015, February 17). Ukraine crisis: Battle rages for Debaltseve despite truce. Retrieved from https://www. bbc.com/news/world-europe-31495099 google scholar
- BBC. (2015a, August 8). Ukraine crisis: Why a lack of parts has hamstrung Russia’s military. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33822821 google scholar
- BBC. (2015b, December 21). Russia hits Ukraine with trade sanctions over EU deal. Retrieved from https:// www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35150755 google scholar
- BBC. (2018, December 16). İstanbul’da imza atıldı: Ukrayna’da bağımsız kilise kurulması neden önemli? Ret-rieved from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-46583594 google scholar
- BBC. (2019, June 21). Ukrayna’da erken seçim: Zelenskiy görevdeki ilk 2 ayında neler yaptı?. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-49052342 google scholar
- BBC. (2020, February 26). MH17 Ukraine plane crash: What we know. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/ news/world-europe-28357880 google scholar
- BBC. (2022, September 22). Rusya ve Ukrayna arasında 270 kişilik esir değişimi. Retrieved from https://www. bbc.com/turkce/articles/c984d49j233o google scholar
- BBC. (2022a, March 2). BM Genel Kurulu Rusya’nın Ukrayna’yı işgalini kınadı, Türkiye de karara destek verdi. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-60596531 google scholar
- BBC. (2023a, February 23). BM Genel Sekreteri Guterres: Rusya’nın Ukrayna’yı işgali kolektif vicdana hakaret. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/ce95kv54ngpo google scholar
- BBC. (2023b, May 19). Erdoğan CNN’e konuştu. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cw01d-5g7013o google scholar
- BBC. (2023c July 8). Türkiye’nin Ukrayna’ya güçlü desteği ne anlama geliyor? Retrieved from https://www. bbc.com/turkce/articles/czv1lrw41jjo google scholar
- Bercovitch, J., & Houston, A. (2000). Why do thet do it like this? An analysis of the factors influencing Me-diation Behaviour in international conflicts. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 44(2), 170-202. https://doi. org/10.1177/0022002700044002002 google scholar
- Bercovitch, J. (2009). Mediation and Conflict Resolution: Analyzing structure and behaviour. In J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk & I.W. Zartman (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Conflict Resolution (pp. 339-357). London: Sage publications. google scholar
- BİANET. (2022, September 28). Ukrayna’daki referandumlarda “Rusya’ya katılma” kararı. Retrieved from https://m.bianet.org/bianet/siyaset/267715-ukrayna-daki-referandumlarda-rusya-ya-katilma-karari google scholar
- BİANET. (2022a, October 4). Rusya meclisi, Ukrayna topraklarının ilhakını onayladı. Retrieved from https://m. bianet.org/bianet/militarizm/268030-rusya-meclisi-ukrayna-topraklarinin-ilhakini-onayladi google scholar
- BİANET. (2022b, September 30). Zelenski: Ukrayna, NATO üyeliğine başvuracak. Retrieved from https://bianet. org/bianet/siyaset/267877-zelenski-ukrayna-nato-uyeligine-basvuracak google scholar
- Buyar, C., & Şener, U. (2022). Tarihi Perspektiften, Sosyo-Ekonomik Değerler Açısından Rusya - Ukrayna Savaşı ve Orta Asya Ülkelerine Etkileri. Uluslararası Medeniyet Çalışmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 136-149. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7472434 google scholar
- Clear Global. (2001). Language map of Ukraine. Retrieved from https://clearglobal.org/interactive-langua-ge-map-ukraine/ google scholar
- Cloke, K. (2022). The war in Ukraine: Lessons for Mediators. The Journal of Mediation and Applied Conflict Analysis, 8(1), 4-37. google scholar
- CSIS. (2022, February 9). Understanding the Normandy Format and Its Relation to the Current Standoff with Russia. Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/analysis/understanding-normandy-format-and-its-relation-cur-rent-standoff-russia google scholar
- T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı. (2023). Türkiye’nin istikrar katkısı: Barış için çok yönlü diplomasi. İstanbul: Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Başkanlığı Yayınları. google scholar
- D’anieri, P. (2022). Ukraine’s 2019 Elections: Pro-Russian Parties and The Impact of Occupation. Europe-Asia Studies, 74 (10), p. 1915-1936. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2022.2117793 google scholar
- Daily News. (2019, April 28). Ukraine’s president-elect Zelensky offers passports to Russians. Retrieved from https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ukraines-president-elect-zelensky-offers-passports-to-russians-142995 google scholar
- Damilano, S. (2022, May 17). Why Turkey’s Erdogan is trying to cast himself as the main mediator between Russia and Ukraine. Euronews. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/2022/05/17/why-turkey-s-erdo-gan-is-trying-to-cast-himself-as-the-main-mediator-between-russia-and-ukr google scholar
- DEİK. (2016, October 12). Türkiye Rusya Ekonomik Entegrasyonu Hızlanıyor. Retrieved from https://www. deik.org.tr/basin-aciklamalari-turkiye-rusya-ekonomik-entegrasyonu-hizlaniyor google scholar
- DHA. (2023, January 19). Ukrayna Büyükelçisi Bodnar: Esir değişimi Türkiye üzerinden olabilir. Retrieved from https://www.dha.com.tr/politika/ukrayna-buyukelcisi-bodnar-esir-degisimi-turkiye-uzerinden-olabi-lir-2192880 google scholar
- Dugin, A. (2004). Project Eurasia (Protect Evraziia). Yauza. google scholar
- Erkem Gülboy, P. (2014). Ukrayna’da Çatışmanın Yönetilmesi. In H. Çomak, C. Sancaktar & Z. Yıldırım (Eds.), Uluslararası Politikada Ukrayna Krizi (pp. 263-287). İstanbul: Beta Yayınları. google scholar
- Eruygur, B. (2023a, February 23). Over 2,000 prisoners exchanged between Russia, Ukraine since start of war. AA. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/over-2-000-prisoners-exchanged-between-russia-uk-raine-since-start-of-war/2828926 google scholar
- Eruygur, B. (2023b, April 27). Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant ‘flagship’ project in Turkish-Russian relations: Putin. AA. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/akkuyu-nuclear-power-plant-flagship-proje-ct-in-turkish-russian-relations-putin/2883162 google scholar
- Euronews. (2017, July 18). Ukrayna’nın doğusunda yeni devlet kuruluyor: ‘Küçük Rusya’. Retrieved from https://tr.euronews.com/2017/07/18/ukraynanin-dogusunda-yeni-devlet-kuruluyor-kucuk-rusya google scholar
- Euronews. (2018, November 29). Rusya ile Ukrayna’yı savaşın eşiğine getiren ‘Kerç Boğazı krizi’ nedir, nasıl başladı?. Retrieved from https://tr.euronews.com/2018/11/29/rusya-ile-ukrayna-arasinda-cikan-kerc-boga-zi-krizi-hakkinda-bilmeniz-gerekenler google scholar
- Euronews. (2018a, December 15). İstanbul’un desteğini alan Ukrayna Kilisesi Moskova’dan bağımsızlığını ilan etti. Retrieved from https://tr.euronews.com/2018/12/15/istanbul-un-destegini-alan-ukrayna-kilisesi-mosko-va-dan-bag-ms-zl-g-n-ilan-etti google scholar
- Euronews. (2019, April 23). How is Russia reacting to Zelenskiy’s election win in Ukraine? Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/2019/04/22/how-is-russia-reacting-to-zelenskiy-s-election-win-in-ukraine google scholar
- Euronews. (2019a, April 24). Putin: Bütün Ukraynalılara Rusya vatandaşlığını almayı kolaylaştıracağız. Ret-rieved from https://tr.euronews.com/2019/04/27/putin-butun-ukraynalilara-rusya-vatandasligi-almay-ko-laylastracagiz google scholar
- Euronews. (2019b, May 1). Putin, Rus vatandaşlığına geçmek isteyen Ukrayna ve diğer ülke vatandaşlarının listesini genişletti. Retrieved from https://tr.euronews.com/2019/05/01/putin-rus-vatandasligina-gecmek-is-teyen-ukrayna-ve-diger-ulke-vatandaslarinin-listesini-ge google scholar
- Euronews. (2019c, September 19). What is the ‘Steinmeier Formula’ and will it lead to peace in eastern Ukrai-ne?. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/2019/09/19/what-is-the-steinmeier-formula-and-will-it-le-ad-to-peace-in-eastern-ukraine google scholar
- Euronews. (2019d, September 24). Ukraine’s President Zelensky meets senior EU, NATO officials in Brussels. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/2019/06/04/ukraine-s-president-zelensky-meets-senior-eu-na-to-officials-in-brussels google scholar
- Euronews. (2019e, December 10). Macron and Merkel positive after Zelenskiy’s first face-to-face with Putin. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2019/12/09/zelensky-urged-not-to-capitulate-ahe-ad-of-first-face-to-face-with-putin google scholar
- Euronews. (2022, October 10). Putin, Ukrayna’ya düzenlenen saldırıların ‘Kerç Köprüsü misillemesi’ olduğunu duyurdu. Retrieved from https://tr.euronews.com/2022/10/10/putin-ukraynaya-duzenlenen-saldirilarin-ker-c-koprusu-misillemesi-oldugunu-duyurdu google scholar
- Euronews. (2022a, September 30). Rusya’nın ilhakının ardından Ukrayna’dan NATO’ya üyelik başvurusu adımı. Retrieved from https://tr.euronews.com/2022/09/30/rusyanin-ilhakinin-ardindan-ukraynadan-natoya-uye-lik-basvurusu-adimi google scholar
- Euronews. (2022b, September 23). Ukrayna’daki ayrılıkçılar Rusya’ya katılmak için dört bölgede referandum düzenliyor. Retrieved from https://tr.euronews.com/2022/09/23/ukraynadaki-ayrilikcilar-rusyaya-katilmak-i-cin-dort-bolgede-referandum-duzenliyor google scholar
- European Council. (2023, June 29). EU restrictive measures against Russia over Ukraine (since 2014). Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/restrictive-measures-against-russia-over-ukraine/ google scholar
- Fisher, R. J. (2007). Assessing the Contingency Model of Third-Party Intervention in Successful Cases of Pre-negotiation. Journal of Peace Research, 44(3), 311-329. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27640513 google scholar
- Galtung, J. (2007). Introduction: Peace by peacefUl conflict transformation - the TRANSCEND approach. In C. Webel & J. Galtung (Eds.), Handbook ofPeace and Conflict Studies (pp. 12-33). NewYork: Routlegde. google scholar
- Horowitz, S. (2007). Mediation. In C. Webel and J. Galtung (Eds.), Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies (pp. 51-63). NewYork: Routlegde. google scholar
- HürriyetDailyNews. (2023, April 9). Some 7 million Russians expected to visit Türkiye. Retrieved from https:// www.hurriyetdailynews.com/some-7-million-russians-expected-to-visit-turkiye-182193 google scholar
- Interfax-Ukraine. (2017, July 18). Klimkin says Malorossiya project needed to promote ‘Abkhaz scenario’ in Donbas. Kyiv Post. Retrieved from https://archive.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/klimkin-says-malorossi-ya-project-needed-promote-abkhaz-scenario-donbas.html google scholar
- IKV. (2022). Kronoloji: Ukrayna-Rusya Gerilimi. Retrieved from https://www.ikv.org.tr/ikv.asp?ust_ id=5367&id=5447 google scholar
- İsmayilova, S. (2022). Rusya ile İlişkiler Bağlamında Türkiye’nin Ukrayna Krizine Yönelik Politikaları (Master’s dissertation). google scholar
- Jeong, HW. (2010). Conflict Management and Resolution. New York: Routledge. google scholar
- Karadeli, C. (2014). Ukrayna’da Milli Aidiyet, Rekabet ve Azınlıklar. In H. Çomak, C. Sancaktar & Z. Yıldırım (Eds.), Uluslararası Politikada Ukrayna Krizi (pp. 113-136). İstanbul: Beta Yayınları. google scholar
- Karadsheh, J. (2022, April 11). Turkish drones have become a symbol of Ukrainian resistance. CNN. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2022/04/11/middleeast/mideast-summary-04-11-2022-intl/index.html google scholar
- Keskin, Ş. (2017). Ukrayna’daki Kriz ve AB-Rusya İlişkileri. İstanbul: Cinius Yayınları. google scholar
- T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. (2020). Genel Değerlendirme 2020 İstatistikleri. Retrieved from https://yigm. ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/81939,3103turizmistatistikleri2020-4pdf.pdf?0 google scholar
- Marandici, I. (2023). Structural bias, polarized mediation and conflict resolution failure: a comparative exami-nation of the disputes in Transnistria and Donbas. Southeast Europe and Black Sea Studies, 23(1), 89-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2022.2101188 google scholar
- MFA. (2014, March 17). Kırım’da Düzenlenen Referandum Hk. Retrieved from https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-86_-17-mart-2014_-kirim_da-duzenlenen-referandum-hk.tr.mfa google scholar
- MFA. (2022a, March 10). Retrieved from https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-rusya-ukrayna-uclu-disisleri-bakan-lari-toplantisi--10-mart-2022.en.mfa google scholar
- MFA. (2022b, September 30). Rusya’nın Ukrayna’nın Bazı Bölgelerini İlhakı Hk. Retrieved fromhttps://www. mfa.gov.tr/no_-300_-rusya-nin-ukrayna-nin-bazi-bolgelerini-ilhaki-hk.tr.mfa google scholar
- MFA. (2022c, December 12). 2023 Yılına Girerken Girişimci ve İnsani Dış Politikamız. Retrieved from https:// www.mfa.gov.tr/site_media/html/2023-yilina-girerken-girisimci-ve-insani-dis-politikamiz.pdf google scholar
- Morkva, V. (2021). The Plight of the Crimean Tatar People in the Aftermath of the Russian Annexation of the Crimea. Journal of Turkish World Studies, 21 (2), p. 375-397. DOI: 10.32449/egetdid.984393 google scholar
- NATO. (2018, November 27). North Atlantic Council statement on developments near the Sea of Azov. Retrieved from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_160859.htm?selectedLocale=en google scholar
- Nialtseva, Y. (2019). Tarihsel Süreçte Ukrayna-Rusya İlişkileri (Master’s dissertation). google scholar
- NPR. (2019, September 7). Russia And Ukraine Conduct Prisoner Exchange, Renewing Hopes For Talks. Ret-rieved from https://www.npr.org/2019/09/07/758652882/russia-and-ukraine-conduct-prisoner-exchange-re-newing-hopes-for-talks google scholar
- OHCHR. (2023, February 21). Türk deplores human cost of Russia’s war against Ukraine as verified civili-an casualties for last year pass 21,000. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/02/ turk-deplores-human-cost-russias-war-against-ukraine-verified-civilian google scholar
- OSCE. (2014). President calls for cancellation of “absurd” referendums in eastern Ukraine. Retrieved from https://www.osce.org/pa/118469 google scholar
- OSCE. (2019). Ukraine Presidential Election 31 March and 21 April 2019 Final Report. Retrieved from https:// www.osce.org/files/f/documents/8/3/439631_0.pdf google scholar
- OSCE. (2022). OSCE heads condemn the plan to hold illegal “referenda” in occupied territories of Ukra-ine. Retrieved from https://www.oscepa.org/en/news-a-media/press-releases/2022/osce-heads-con-demn-the-plan-to-hold-illegal-referenda-in-occupied-territories-of-ukraine google scholar
- Özdemir, Ş. & Eminoğlu, A. (2022). Yeni nesil savaş: Rusya’nın Donbas’ta uyguladığı hibrit savaş yöntemi. Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15 (1), p. 67-84. DOI: 10.17218/hititsbd.1066684 google scholar
- Pangalos, S. (2019, November 8). Russia denies claims of involvement in Malaysia Airlines MH17 crash. Euro-news. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/2019/06/19/russia-denies-claims-of-involvement-in-ma-laysia-airlines-mh17-crash google scholar
- Paul, A. (2015, March 24). Crimea One Year After Russian Annexation. European Policy Center (EPC) Po-licy Brief. Retrieved from https://www.epc.eu/en/Publications/Crimea-one-year-after-Russian-annexati-on~215ef8 google scholar
- Pearson, W. R. (2022, March 28). Turkey between Ukraine and Russia. Middle East Institute. Retrieved from https://www.mei.edu/publications/turkey-between-ukraine-and-russia google scholar
- Plokhy, S. (2017). Avrupa’nın Kapıları Ukrayna Tarihi. (G. Erdoğan, E. Güler & M. D. Yıldız, Trans.) İstanbul: Feylesof Kitap. google scholar
- Reuters. (2021, September 20). Ukraine holds military drills with U.S. forces, NATO allies. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/ukraine-holds-military-drills-with-us-forces-nato-al-lies-2021-09-20/ google scholar
- Reuters. (2022, October 13). Russian official warns of World War Three if Ukraine joins NATO. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/admission-ukraine-nato-can-lead-third-world-war-russian-of-ficial-2022-10-13/ google scholar
- Reuters. (2022a, September 24). Russia holds annexation votes; Ukraine says residents coerced. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-marches-farther-into-liberated-lands-separatist-cal-ls-urgent-referendum-2022-09-19/ google scholar
- Reuters. (2022c, March 29). Turkey says Russia-Ukraine talks in Istanbul mark most significant progress yet. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/turkey-says-russia-ukraine-talks-istan-bul-mark-most-significant-progress-yet-2022-03-29/ google scholar
- RFERL. (2019, December 8). Putin, Zelenskiy Meet For First Time In Bid To Bring Peace To Eastern Ukraine. Retrieved from https://www.rferl.org/a/putin-zelenskiy-to-meet-in-bid-to-break-deadlock-on-eastern-ukra-ine-peace-process/30314465.html google scholar
- RFERL. (2022, February 28). Zelenskiy Calls For Ukraine’s Immediate EU Membership But Bloc Cool On Idea. RFERL Ukrainian Service. Retrieved from https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-eu-membership-zelens-kiy/31728332.html google scholar
- Samedov, N. (2022). Rusya — Ukrayna İlişkileri 1991-2021 (Master’s dissertation). google scholar
- Sönmez, A. S., Bıçakçı, H. & Yıldırım, C. (2015). Kırım Sorunu Bağlamında Rusya-Ukrayna İlişkilerinin Analizi. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 1(3), 656-669. google scholar
- Sputnik. (2019, December 13). Rusya’nın AGİT Daimi Temsilcisi: Steinmeier Formülü yasal güvence altına alınmalı. Retrieved from https://sputniknews.com.tr/20191213/rusyanin-agit-daimi-temsilcisi-steinme-ier-formulu-yasal-guvence-altina-alinmali-1040828546.html google scholar
- Taşdemir, F. & Özer, A. (2015). Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Kırım Sorunu: Kosova’nın Rövanşı mı?. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 43-61. google scholar
- The Kyiv Independent. (2022, Ekim 20). Zelensky: ‘Ukraine didn’t order Crimean Bridge attack’. Retrieved from https://kyivindependent.com/zelensky-ukraine-didnt-order-crimea-bridge-explosion/ google scholar
- The Moscow Times. (2015, December 16). Russia Suspends Free Trade Agreement with Ukraine. Retrieved from https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2015/12/16/russia-suspends-free-trade-agreement-with-ukraine-a51261 google scholar
- The Moscow Times. (2022, October 10). The Symbolism of Russia’s Bridge to Crimea. Retrieved from https:// www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/10/10/the-symbolism-of-russias-bridge-to-crimea-a79044 google scholar
- The UN General Assembly (2014, March 27). Resolution 68/262 “Territorial Integrity of Ukraine” Retrieved from https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/767565 google scholar
- The UN General Assembly. (2022, March 2). ES-11/1. Aggression against Ukraine. Retrieved from https://www. securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/a_res_es-11_1. pdf google scholar
- The UN Secretary-General. (2022a, June 22). Initiative on the Safe Transportation of Grain and Foodstuffs from Ukrainian Ports. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/black_sea_grain_initiati-ve_full_text.pdf google scholar
- The UN Secretary-General. (2022b, July 22). Remarks on Signing of Black Sea Grain Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2022-07-22/secretary-generals-remarks-signing-of-black-se-a-grain-initiative google scholar
- The UN Türkiye. (2023). Goal 16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions. Retrieved from https://turkiye.un.org/ en/sdgs/16 google scholar
- The UN Charter, Chapter VI, Article 33. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-6 google scholar
- Toksabay, E. (2023, January 11). Ukraine and Russia agree new prisoners swap in talks. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-ukrainian-rights-commissioners-meet-turkey-2023-01-11/ google scholar
- Touval, S. & Zartman, W. I (2001). International Mediation in the Post-Cold War Era. In C. Crocker, F. Hampson & P. Aall (Eds.), Turbulent Peace (pp. 427-444). Washington DC: US Instıtute of Peace. google scholar
- Tüysüzoğlu, G. (2016). Ukrayna, Başarısız Bir Devlet Mi?, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 13 (49), p. 47-78. google scholar
- TRT Haber. (2022, September 20). Ukrayna’daki ayrılıkçı yönetimler Rusya’ya katılmak için referanduma gidiyor. Retrieved from https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/ukraynadaki-ayrilikci-yonetimler-rusyaya-katil-mak-icin-referanduma-gidiyor-710049.html google scholar
- Tsvetkova, M. (2015, May 10). Special Report: Russian soldiers quit over Ukraine. Mart 2023 tarihinde Reu-ters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-soldiers-specialreport-idUSKBN0N-V06Q20150510 google scholar
- Uyanıker, H. B. (2018). Kırım Sorunundan Donbas Savaşına Rusya-Ukrayna Uzlaşmazlığı. Karadeniz Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(59), 137-168. google scholar
- Ünal, H. (2022, November 6). Ukrayna savaşına Türkiye barış planı: Kolaylaştırıcılıktan arabuluculuğa. Inde-pendent Türkçe. Retrieved from https://www.mdyturk.com/node/572941/türklyeden-sesler/ukrayna-savaşı-na-türkiye-barış-planı-kolaylaştırıcılıktan google scholar
- Wall, J. A. & Lynn, A. (1993). Mediation: A Current Review. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 37(1), 160-194. google scholar
- Zakowska, M. (2017). Mediation in Armed Conflict. Security and Defence Quarterly, 17(4). 74-99. google scholar
- Zartman, W. I & Touval, S. (1985). Internatlonal Mediation: Conflict Resolution and Power Politics. Journal of Social Issues, 42(2), 27-45. google scholar
- Zartman, W. I & Touval, S. (1996). International Mediation in the Post-Cold War Era: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict. In C. Crocker, F. Hampson & P. Aall (Eds.) Managlng Global Chaos (pp. 445-463). Washington DC: US Instltute of Peace. google scholar
- Zartman, W.I. (2001). The timing of peace initiatives: Hurting stalemates and ripe moments. The Global Review of Ethnopolitics, 1(1), 8-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14718800108405087 google scholar
- Zartman, I.W. (2009). Conflict Resolution and Negotiation. In J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk & I.W. Zartman (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Conflict Resolution (pp. 322- 340). London: Sage publications. google scholar