Referanslar

• Acemoglu, D., & Linn, J. (2004). Market size in innovation: Theory and evidence from the pharmaceutical industry. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(3), 1049–1090. google scholar
• Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R. Griffith, R., & Howitt, P. (2005). Competition and innovation: An inverted u relationship. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 102(2), 701–728. google scholar
• Aghion, P., Blundell, R., Griffith, R., Howitt, P., & Prantl, S. (2009). The effect of entry on incumbent innovation and productivity. Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(1), 20–32. google scholar
• Aghion, P., Dechezleprêtre, A., Hemous, D., Martin, R., & van Reenen, J. (2016). Carbon taxes, path dependency and directed technical change: Evidence from the auto industry. Journal of Political Economy, 124(1), 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1086/684581. google scholar
• Ahuja, G. & Lampert, C.M. (2001). Entrepreneurship in the large corporation: A longitudinal study of how established firms create breakthrough inventions. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6/7), 521. google scholar
• Aitken, B. J., & Harrison, A. (1999). Do domestic firms benefit from direct foreign investment? Evidence from Venezuela. American Economic Review, 89, 605–618. google scholar
• Aitken, B. J., & Harrison, A. E. (1999). Do domestic firms benefit from direct foreign investment? Evidence from Venezuela. American Economic Review, 89(3), 605–618. google scholar
• Amabile, T. (1998). How to kill creativity. Harvard Business Review, 76(5), 76–87. google scholar
• Antonietti, R., Bronzini, R., & Cainelli, G. (2015). Inward foreign direct investment and innovation: evidence from Italian provinces. Economic working papers 1006, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area. google scholar
• Baldwin, J. R., & Gu, W. (2003). Participation on Export Markets and Productivity Performance in Canadian Manufacturing. Canadian Journal of Economics, 36(3), 634–657. google scholar
• Baldwin, J. R., & Gu, W. (2004). Trade Liberalization: Export-market Participation, Productivity Growth and Innovation. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. google scholar
• Baldwin, J. R., & Hanel, P. (2003). Innovation and Knowledge Creation in an Open Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
• Baldwin, R., Braconier, H., & Forslid, R. (1998). MNCs, growth and location externalities. Paper presented at the Arne Ryde Foundation Symposium on New Issues in Trade and Location, Lund, Sweden. google scholar
• Bartel, A., Ichinowski, C., & Shaw, K. (2007). How Does Information Technology Really Affect Productivity? Plant-level Comparisons of Product Innovation, Process Improvement and Worker Skills. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(4), 1721–1758. google scholar
• Bates, T. (1990). Entrepreneur human capital inputs and small business longevity. Review of Economics and Statistics, 72(4), 551. google scholar
• Baumol, W. J. (2002). The free-market innovation machine. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital. Chicago: Chicago University Press. google scholar
• Bernard, A. B., & Jensen, J. B. (2001). Exporting and Productivity: The Importance of Reallocation. Dartmouth College. google scholar
• Bertschek, I. (1995). Product and process innovation as a response to increasing imports and foreign direct investment. Journal of Industrial Economics, 43(4), 341–357. google scholar
• Bhide, A. (2000). The origin and evolution of new businesses. New York: Oxford. google scholar
• Blind, K., & Jungmittag, A. (2004). Foreign direct investment, imports and innovations in the Service Industry. Review of Industrial Organization, 25, 205–227. google scholar
• Blomström M., & Kokko A. (1998). Multinational corporations and spillovers. Journal of Economic Surveys, 12(3), 247–277. google scholar
• Blomstrom, M., & Kokko, A. (1998). Multinational corporations and spillovers. Journal of Economic Surveys, 12(3), 247–278. google scholar
• Bloom, N., Draca, M., & Van Reenen, J. (2011). Trade Induced Technical Change? The Impact of Chinese Imports on Innovation, IT and Productivity. NBER Working Paper No. 16717. Retrieved from https://www. nber.org/papers/w16717. google scholar
• Bloom, N., Romer, P., Terry, S., & Van Reenen, J. (2013). A Trapped Factors Model of Innovation. CEP Discussion Paper No. 1189. google scholar
• Bloom, N., Schankerman, M., & Van Reenen, J. (2013). Identifying Technology Spillovers and Product Market Rivalry. Econometrica, 81(4), 1347–1393. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA9466. google scholar
• Borras, S., & Edquist, C. (2015). Education, training and skills in innovation policy. Science and Public Policy, 42(2), 215-227. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scu043. google scholar
• Bosch, G., & Charest, J. (2008). Vocational training and the labour market in liberal and coordinated economies. Industrial Relations Journal, 39, 428–447. google scholar
• Brambilla, I., Hale G., & Long, C. (2009). Foreign direct investment and the incentives to innovate and imitate. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 111(4), 835–861. google scholar
• Breusch, T., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification tests in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239–53. google scholar
• Brockmann, M., Clarke, L., & Winch, C. (Eds.). (2011). Knowledge, Skills and Competence in the European Labour Market: What’s in a Vocational Qualification? London: Routledge. google scholar
• Bustos, P. (2011). Trade liberalization, exports and technology upgrading: Evidence on the impact of mercosur on argentinean firms. American Economic Review, 101(1), 304–340. google scholar
• Bustos, P. (2011). Trade liberalization, exports and technology upgrading: Evidence on the impact of Mercosur on Argentinean firms. American Economic Review, 101(1), 304–340. google scholar
• Carlino, G.A., Chatterjee, S., & Hunt, R.M. (2007). Urban density and the rate of invention. Journal of Economics, 61, 389–419. google scholar
• Chen, Y. (2007). Impact of foreign direct investment on regional innovation capability: A case of China. Journal of Data Science, 5, 577–596. google scholar
• Cheung, K., & Lin, P. (2004). Spillover effects of FDI on innovation in China: Evidence from the provincial data. China Economic Review, 15, 25–44. google scholar
• Cheung, K., & Lin, P. (2004). Spillover effects of FDI on innovation in China: Evidence from the provincial data. China Economic Review, 15, 25–44. google scholar
• Cheung, K. Y., & Lin, P. (2004). Spillover effects of FDI on innovation in China: Evidence from the provincial data. China Economic Review, 15, 25– 44. google scholar
• Cheung, K. Y., & Lin, P. (2004). Spillover effects of FDI on innovation in China: Evidence from the provincial data. China Economic Review, 15(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-951X(03)00027-0. google scholar
• Christensen, J. L., & Lundvall, B.A. (Eds.). (2004). Product Innovation, Interactive Learning, and Economic Performance. Amsterdam: Elsevier. google scholar
• Coelli, F., Moxnes, A., & Ulltveit-Moe, K.H. (2016). Better, faster, stronger: Global innovation and trade liberalization. NBER Working Paper 22647. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w22647. google scholar
• Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 128–152. google scholar
• Covin, J. O., & Miles, M. P. (1999). Corporate entrepreneurship and the pursuit of competitive advantage. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(3), 47–63. google scholar
• Culpepper, P. D., & Thelen, K. (2008). Institutions and collective actors in the provision of training: Historical and cross-national comparisons. In K.U. Mayer & H. Solga (Eds.), Skill Formation. Interdisciplinary and Cross-national Perspectives (pp. 21–49). Cambridge, UK: CUP. google scholar
• Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 301. google scholar
• Davies, A., Fidler, D., & Gorbis, M. (2011). Future Work Skills 2020. Palo Alto, CA: Institute for the Future. Retrieved from http://www.iftf.org/our-work/global-landscape/work/future-work-skills-2020/. google scholar
• Dosi, G. (1984). Technical Change and Industrial Transformation. London: McMillan. google scholar
• Dumitrescu, E., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460. google scholar
• Fernandes, A. (2007). Trade Policy, Trade Volumes and Plant-Level Productivity in Colombian Manufacturing Industries. Journal of International Economics, 71(1), 52–71. google scholar
• Gimeno, J., Folta, T. B., Cooper, A. C., & Woo, C. Y. (1997). Survival of the fittest? Entrepreneurial human capital and the persistence of underperforming firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(4), 750–783. google scholar
• Girma, S., Greenaway, D., & Kneller, R. (2004). Does Exporting Increase Productivity? A Microeconometric Analysis of Matched Firms. Review of International Economics, 12(5), 855–866. google scholar
• Grossman, G., & Helpman, E. (1991). Innovation and Growth in the World Economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. google scholar
• Harhoff, D., & Kane, T. J. (1997). Is the German apprenticeship system a panacea for the U.S. labor market? Journal of Population Economics, 10, 171–196. google scholar
• Harrison, A. (1994). Productivity, Imperfect Competition and Trade Reform. Journal of International Economics, 36(1), 53–73. google scholar
• Haskel, J., Pereira, S., Slaughter, M. (2007). Does inward foreign direct investment boost the productivity of domestic firms? Review of Economics and Statistics, 89(3), 482-496. google scholar
• Helpman, E. (1999). The Structure of Foreign Trade. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 13(2), 121–144. google scholar
• Heyne, P., Boettke, P., & Prychitko, D. (2013). The Economic Way of Thinking (13th ed.). Pearson. google scholar
• Hitt, M., & Barr, S. (1989). Managerial selection decision models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1, 53–62. google scholar
• Hoekman, B., & Javorcik, B.S. (2004). Policies Facilitating Firm Adjustment to Globalization. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 20(3), 457–473. google scholar
• Høyrup, S. (2010). Employee-driven innovation and workplace learning: Basic concepts, approaches and themes. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 16, 143–154. google scholar
• Hu, A., & Jefferson, G. (2001). FDI, technology innovation and spillover: Evidence from large and medium-size Chinese enterprises. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University. google scholar
• Jones, B., & Grimshaw, D. (2012). The effects of policies for training and skills on improving innovation capabilities in firms. In NESTA Compendium of Evidence on the Effectiveness of Innovation Policy Intervention. Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, University of Manchester. Retrieved from http:// know-hub.eu/blog/nesta-s-compendium-of-evidence-onthe-effectiveness-of-innovation-policy.html. google scholar
• Keller, W. (2009). International trade, foreign direct investment, and technology spillovers. NBER Working Paper, no. 15442. google scholar
• Kimberly, J., & Evanisko, M. (1981). Organizational innovation: The influence of individual, organizational, and contextual factors on hospital adoption of technological and administrative innovations. Academy of Management Journal, 24, 689–713. google scholar
• Kiriyama, N. (2012). Trade and Innovation. OECD Trade Policy Working Papers, no. 135. google scholar
• Lam, A. (2005). Organizational innovation. In J., Fagerberg, D. C., Mowery, & R. R. Nelson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook on Innovation (pp. 115–147). Oxford, UK: OUP. google scholar
• Laursen, K., & Salter, A. (2006). Open for innovation: The role of openness in explaining innovation performance among U.K. manufacturing firms. Strategic Management Journal, 27, 131–150. google scholar
• Lileeva, A., & Trefler, D. (2010). Improved access to foreign markets raises plant-level productivity ... for some plants. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125(3), 1051–1099. google scholar
• Lin, P. (2002). R&D in China and the implications for industrial restructuring. Working Paper no. 128. Center for Public Policy Studies, Lingnan University. Liu, X., & Wang, C. (2003). Does foreign direct investment facilitate technological progress: Evidence from Chinese industries. Research Policy, 32, 945–953. google scholar
• Lorenz, E., & Lundvall, B. A. (2011). Accounting for creativity in the European Union: A multi-level analysis of individual competence, labour market structure, and systems of education and training. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 35, 269–294. google scholar
• Lundvall, B. A. (2008). Higher Education, Innovation and Economic Development. In Lin, J. Y., & Pleskovic, B., Higher Education and Development. Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics – Regional, 201–229. google scholar
• Lundvall, B. A., & Johnson, B. (1994). The Learning Economy. Journal of Industry Studies, 1(2), 23–42. https:// doi.org/10.1080/13662719400000002. google scholar
• Makkonen, T., & Lin, B. (2012). Continuing vocational training and innovation in Europe. International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 11, 325–338. google scholar
• Marvel, M. R., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2007). Technology Entrepreneurs’ Human Capital and Its Effects on Innovation Radicalness. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(6), 807-828. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1540-6520. 2007.00209.x. google scholar
• McCoskey, S., & Kao, C. (1998). A residual-based test of the null of cointegration in panel data. Econometric Reviews, 17(1), 57–84. MSCI. (2019). Market cap indexes. Retrieved from https://www.msci.com/market-cap-weighted-indexes. google scholar
• Muendler, M. A. (2004). Trade, Technology and Productivity: A Study of Brazilian Manufacturers. CESifo Working Paper No. 1148. google scholar
• Narula, R., & Marin, A. (2003). FDI spillovers, absorptive capacities and human capital development: Evidence from Argentina. MERIT-Infonomics Research Memorandum Series, 2003–2016. google scholar
• Nguyen, N. A., Nguyen, P. M., Nguyen, D. N., & Nguyen, D. C. (2011). Trade Liberalization and Innovation Linkages Micro-evidence from Vietnam SME Surveys. In C. H., Hahn, & D. Narjoko (Eds.), Globalization and Innovation in East Asia (pp.315-340). ERIA Research Project Report 2010-04, Jakarta: ERIA. google scholar
• Nielsen, P. (2006). The Human Side of Innovation Systems. Aalborg: Aalborg University Press. google scholar
• O’Connor, G. C., & Veryzer, R. W. (2001). The nature of market visioning for technology-based radical innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 18, 231–246. google scholar
• OECD. (2011). Skills for Innovation and Research. Paris: OECD. google scholar
• Pack, H. (1992). Learning and productivity change in developing countries. In G. K. Helleiner (Ed.), Trade policy, industrialization and development: new perspectives. Oxford: Clarendon. google scholar
• Pamukcu, T. (2003). Trade Liberalization and Innovation Decisions of Firms: Lessons from Post-1980 Turkey. World Development, 31(8), 1443–1458. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00087-1. google scholar
• Pavcnik, N. (2002). Trade Liberalization, Exit and Productivity Improvements: Evidence from Chilean Plans. Review of Economic Studies, 69, 245–276. google scholar
• Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. CESifo Working Papers, no.1233, 255–260. google scholar
• Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312. google scholar
• Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50–93. google scholar
• Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. Econometrics Journal, 11, 105–127. google scholar
• Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105–127. google scholar
• Robinson, P. B., & Sexton, E. A. (1994). The effect of education and experience on self-employment success. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(2), 141. google scholar
• Shane, S. (2000). Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4), 448–469. google scholar
• Shane, S. (2003). A general theory of entrepreneurship. Northhampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. google scholar
• Shepherd, D. A., & DeTienne, D. R. (2005). Prior knowledge, potential financial reward, and opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(1), 91–112. google scholar
• Singer, B. (1995). Contours of development. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(4), 303–329. google scholar
• Sivalogathasan, V., & Wu, X. (2014). The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Innovation in South Asian Emerging Markets. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 33(3), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/ joe.21544 google scholar
• Smarzynska, B. K. (2002). Spillovers of foreign direct investment through backward linkages: Does technological gap matter? The World Bank Working Paper. google scholar
• Smith, A., Courvisanos, J., Tuck, J., & McEachern, S. (2012). Building the capacity to innovate: The role of human capital. Adelaide, Australia: National Centre for Vocational Education Research. google scholar
• Taymaz, E., & Lenger, A. (2004). Multinational corporations as a vehicle for productivity spillovers in Turkey. Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics. Working Paper, No. 04-09, 1–16. google scholar
• Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, R. (1997). Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509–533. google scholar
• Teshima, K. (2009). Import competition and innovation at the plant level: Evidence from Mexico. Columbia University. google scholar
• Toner, P. (2011). Workforce skills and innovation: An overview of major themes in the literature. OECD Education Working Papers, 55. Paris: OECD. google scholar
• Tybout, J., & Westbrook, M. D. (1995). Trade Liberalization and the Dimensions of Efficiency Change in the Mexican Manufacturing Industries. Journal of International Economics, 39(1), 53-78. google scholar
• Tybout, J., De Melo, J., & Corbo, V. (1991). The Effects of Trade Reforms on Scale and Technical Efficiency: New Evidence from Chile. Journal of International Economics, 31(3), 231–250. google scholar
• UNDP. (2019). Human Development Data (1990-2017). Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/data. google scholar
• Vahter, P. (2011). Does FDI spur knowledge sourcing and innovation by incumbent firms? Evidence from manufacturing industry in Estonia. The World Economy, 34(8), 1308-1326. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1467- 9701.2011.01379.x. google scholar
• Varsakelis, N. C. (2006). Education, political institutions and innovative activity: A cross-country empirical investigation. Research Policy, 35, 1083–1090. google scholar
• Veugelers, R., & Cassiman, B. (1999). Make and Buy in Innovation Strategies: Evidence from Belgian Manufacturing Firms. Research Policy, 28(1), 63–80. google scholar
• Vinding, A. L. (2004). Human Resources, Absorptive Capacity, and Innovative Performance. In Jesper L. Christensen & Bengt-Åke Lundvall (Eds.), Product Innovation, Interactive Learning, and Economic Performance. Amsterdam: Elsevier. google scholar
• Westerlund, J., & Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185– 190. WIPO. (2019). google scholar
• WIPO IP Statistics Data Center. Retrieved from https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/editIpsSearchForm. htm?tab=patent. google scholar
• World Bank. (2019a). Trade (% of GDP). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.TRD.GNFS. ZS. google scholar
• World Bank. (2019b). Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP). Retrieved from https://data. worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS. google scholar