Bursa’daki Osmanlı Yapılarının Geç Antik ve Bizans Dönemi Kapı Çerçeveleri
Ayşın ÖzügülBursa’da Geç Antik ve Bizans Dönemleri’ne ait süsleme elemanlarının kullanıldığı çok sayıdaki Erken Osmanlı Dönemi yapısı, devşirme malzeme kullanımı olgusu üzerine araştırmalarda sıklıkla yer bulmuştur. Sütun başlık, kaide ve gövdeleri, korniş blokları, templon parçaları, korkuluk levhaları, kapı çerçeveleri gibi çeşitli türde ve çok sayıdaki yeniden kullanılmış mermer mimari ve litürjik eşyalara ait elemanlar içinde sadece sütun başlıklarından bazıları yayınlarda ayrıntılı yer almış, kapı çerçevelerine ise neredeyse hiç değinilmemiştir.
Çekirge semtindeki, Hüdavendigâr Camii (1364/1365-1385), Hisar içinde Lala Şahin Paşa Medresesi (14. yüzyıl ilk yarısı) ve Kaplıca Hamamı yakınındaki Hatice Sultan Türbesi (16. yüzyıl ilk yarısı) Bursa’da Geç Antik ve Bizans Dönemi’ne ait kapı çerçevelerinin bulunduğu yapılardır. Bu çalışmada adı geçen yapılardaki söve, lento ve lento taçlarının belgelenerek özelikle silme profilleri bakımından ayrıntılı değerlendirilmesi ve tarih önerileri getirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Ele alınan kapı çerçevelerinde küçük farklılıkla birbirinden ayrılan on iki farklı silme düzenlemesi saptanmış, benzerlerine dayanarak bir kısmı 5.-6. yüzyıla tarihlendirilmiş, bazılarının ise Orta veya Geç Bizans Dönemi’ne ait oldukları belirlenmiştir. Lala Şahin Paşa Medresesindeki Gebze rudistli kireçtaşından işlenmiş olan söveler ve lento dışındaki bütün çerçeveler Prokonnesos mermerindendir.
Late Antique and Byzantine Doorframes of Ottoman Buildings in Bursa
Ayşın ÖzügülA large number of Early Ottoman buildings in Bursa, in which architectural sculpture elements belonging to the Late Antique and Byzantine periods were reused, have often found a place in research on the use of spolia phenomenon. From the numerous reused marble architectural sculptures and liturgical furnishings elements of various types such as column capitals, shafts and bases, cornice blocks, templon pieces, parapet slabs, and doorframes, only some of the column capitals were included in the publications in detail, while door frames were hardly mentioned.
Hüdavendigâr Mosque (1364/1365-1385) in Çekirge, Lala Şahin Paşa Madrasa (first half of the 14th century) in Hisar and Hatice Sultan Tomb (early 16th century) near the Kaplıca Bath are the structures with doorframes from the Late Antique and Byzantine periods in Bursa. This study aimed to document the jambs, lintels and lintel crowns in the aforementioned buildings, to evaluate them in detail, especially in terms of moulding profiles, and to offer date suggestions.
Twelve moulding profiles, which distinguish from each other with small distinctions were detected in the doorframes, some of them belonging to the 5th and 6th centuries, while others to the Middle and Late Byzantine age. All frames except the jambs and lintel, which are made of rudist limestone of Gebze in Lala Şahin Paşa Madrasa, are made of Proconnesian marble.
The relative scarcity of archaeological data about Bursa (Prousa-Brusa) in Bithynia, considered one of the bigger centres of Bithynia in antique and medieval sources is not a coincidence. The fact that Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Turkish civilizations have been founded on the same territory, thus the congested settlement plan restricting underground research is the main reason for the limited archaeological findings and data. Nevertheless, it is possible to find traces of Late Antiquity and Byzantine architecture history in re-used architectural sculpture in Early Ottoman buildings. When Bursa was conquered by Turks in 1326, a great number of Byzantine buildings, some of which were still being used as well as those that had lost their function, became the sources of material in creating the architecture specific to the new civilisation. The reuse of a great variety of building and decoration components, such as column capitals, bases and shafts, cornices, parapet slabs, and doorframes belonging to the Late Antique and Byzantine periods have been found in most of the Ottoman buildings.
Doorframes as an important decorative and also constructive part of architecture have not been adequately addressed by researchers. Late Antique and Byzantine doorframes in the three Ottoman buildings in Bursa are taken as the subject of this study. Most of the thirty-three doors of Hüdavendigâr (Murad I) Mosque in Çekirge (1364/1365-1385) the main entrances of Lala Şahin Paşa Madrasa (first half of the 14th century) and Hatice Sultan Tomb (early 16th century) are framed by re-used marble jambs, lintels and lintel crowns. This study aims to document and evaluate the aforementioned doorframes by technique, material and especially in terms of their moulding profiles to determine the relation with Constantinople and related centres, local features if they exist. Additionally, another objective of the study is to provide suggestions for dating.
The main features of the Late Antique and Byzantine doorframes emerged in the first century AD. Marble doorframes consist of two parallel jambs placed on a monolithic threshold in an arched opening, slightly projecting from the wall surface, a monolithic lintel resting on them, and a monolithic lintel crown at the top. The outer and inner faces of the doors are framed. The jamb and lintel blocks meet diagonally on the outside and straight at the back. The lower moulding of the lintel crown is placed on the lintel by projecting outwards and downwards.
The variation of the door frames is manifested in their profiling. The surfaces of the jamb, lintel and lintel crown blocks are generally embellished with flat surface mouldings that are retracted from the outside to the inside and arranged gradually. The jamb and lintel profiles of each frame are the same. The most common profiling of Late Antiquity consists of two flat bands, a large astragal, and a flat band at the top. The typical profile of the lintel crown consists of flat bands and cyma recta sometimes decorated with a motif, cross or monogram. In medieval buildings, the convex moulding has a smaller but more plastic appearance, and proportions and mouldings arrangements changed.
Doorframes belonging to the Late Antique and Byzantine periods in Bursa were used with their original function, preserving their original characteristics both in terms of technical and formal features. Some doorframes of Hüdavendigâr Mosque, contemporary with the building or made during later restoration works, were produced and installed by imitating Byzantine examples.
Twelve different profilings were identified in the jambs and lintels of approximately thirty doors investigated in Bursa. While some are composed of concave or cyma recta following the flat bands gradually placed, others have astragal instead of cyma recta, and they vary according to the number, proportion, shape and ordering of mouldings.
All doorframes except the Lala Şahin Paşa Madrasa’s doorframe which is of rudist limestone of Gebze, are made of Proconnesian marble which is very common in Bithynia since Antiquity. The fact that they are carved from Proconnesian marble as well as the parallelisms to the examples of Late Antique and Byzantine buildings in Istanbul point to a direct correlation between the architectural decoration of Bursa and the Capital. The reused doorframes in Bursa, belonging to different dates from Late Antiquity to the Late Byzantine age, are comparable with those of the examples of İstanbul (Konstantinos Lips, Pantatokrator, Pammakaristos and Khora Monastery churches), Bithynia (Koimesis Church in Nicaea), and some other sites where Proconnesian marble was exported (Hosios Loukas Monastery).
The usage pattern of doorframes in three Ottoman buildings in Bursa does not contradict the views put forward on the use of spolia in Ottoman architecture. Although Hatice Sultan Tomb is a 16th-century building, the abundant use of spolia is comparable to those found in Early Ottoman buildings. The marble columns and doorframe are used on the prestigious facades of the building with their original functions. The numerous doorframes of the Hüdavendigâr Mosque are a good expression of the practice and principles of reuse. The frames of the opposing doors in the mosque are similar. Although all the doors in the madrasa have approximate dimensions, it is observed that the doorframes were placed not randomly, but following a certain order principle.
