Hierapolis Arkeoloji Müzesinden Bir Grup Demir Çağı Fibulası
Fibulalar, Antik Çağ’da insanların giyim kuşamlarında kullandıkları günlük yaşamın vazgeçilmez süs ve prestij unsuru olan objelerdir. Fibulaların en eski örnekleri Geç Bronz Çağı sonunda, Güneydoğu Avrupa’da üretilmiştir. Anadolu’da fibula kullanımı Demir Çağı’nda Frigler tarafından yaygınlaştırılmış; Roma Dönemi'nde Akdeniz ve yakınındaki coğrafyaya yayılmıştır. Başlangıçta günlük ihtiyaçlar için üretilen fibulaların işlevleri zamanla çeşitlenmiştir. Süs gereçleri, kült objesi, ölü hediyesi olarak kullanılan fibulalar, Roma Dönemi'nde meslek ve statü sembolü objelere dönüşmüştür. Bu makalenin konusunu Hierapolis Arkeoloji Müzesi envanterine kayıtlı on beş fibula oluşturmaktadır. Eserler müzeye satın alma yoluyla ulaşmıştır. Çalışmada Frig tipi on dört fibula ile birlikte Teselya ve Adalar tipi olarak değerlendirilen bir fibulanın özellikleri açıklanmış, sınıflandırmaları yapılmıştır. Eserler, benzerleri ile karşılaştırıla= rak ait oldukları tipler hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. On beş fibula, MÖ 8=7. yüzyıllara tarihlendirilmiştir. Müze envanter kayıtlarında yedi adet fibulanın Denizli’nin Çivril İlçesi’nde ele geçtiği belirtilmektedir. Çivril kökenli fibulaların işlevleri ile Frig Krallığı’nın güney ve güneybatı sınırları konusunda değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır.
A Group of Iron Age Fibulae From Hierapolis Archeology Museum
Fibulae are indispensable ornaments and prestige objects of daily life that people used in their clothing in the Ancient Age. The earliest examples of fibulae were produced at the end of the Late Bronze Age in Southeast Europe. The use of fibula in Anatolia was made widespread by the Phrygians in the Iron Age; it spread across the Mediterranean and the surrounding regions during the Roman Period. The functions of the fibula, which were originally produced for daily needs, have diversified over time. Fibulae, which were used as ornaments, cult objects, and gifts of the dead, became profession and status symbol objects in the Roman Period. The subject of this article consists of fifteen fibulae registered in the inventory of the Hierapolis Archeology Museum. The artifacts reached the museum through purchase. In this study with fourteen Phrygian fibulae, the characteristics of the fibulae evaluated as one fibula as Theselia and Islands type, were explained and their classifications were made. The works were compared with their similar ones and information was given about the types to which they belonged. The fifteen fibulae have been dated to the 8th−7th centuries BC. In the inventory records of the museum, it is stated that seven fibulae were found in Çivril District of Denizli. Evaluations were made regarding the functions of the fibulae of Çivril origin and the southern and southwestern borders of the Phrygian Kingdom.
In the ancient world, the tools used by people to keep their clothes on their bodies were called fibulae. The earliest examples of fibulae were produced in Southeastern Europe at the end of the Bronze Age. Fibula production spread throughout Anatolia and the Near East during the Iron Age. Fibula production increased in Anatolia during the Phrygian Kingdom Period. During the Phrygian Kingdom Period, fibulae became objects used for ornamental purposes and as an element of prestige rather than necessities. In addition to the widespread use of bronze in the production of fibula, examples are made of silver, gold, and electrons. Apart from daily use, fibulae were used as objects that tied the sacks containing ornaments, grave gifts, cult items and cremation remains. The depiction of dresses with Phrygian=style ornaments and Phrygian=style belts on the figures in the Late Hittite reliefs, in addition to the fibulae, indicates that Phrygian=style clothing became fashionable in this period.
In this article, fifteen fibulae in the collection of the Hierapolis Archeology Museum are published. The artifacts came to the Museum between 1977 and 2012. The fibulae were purchased by the museum and recorded in the inventory. The fibulae are all made of bronze.
Previously, E. Laflı and M. Buora, in their joint publication, provided information about the types of fibulae with catalog numbers 4, 7, and 10, which are displayed in the museum. Along with 3 artifacts for which we received scientific study and publication permission, scientific publication of twelve fibulae were realized through our work. In our study, information about the characteristics of the fibulae and the types to which they belong is given. The works of E. Caner and O.W. Muscarella were used regarding the types of fibulae.
According to the mold samples recovered during the excavations, fibulae are produced by pouring the metal alloy into a pre=prepared mold. Phrygian fibulae are classified according to their body forms, body ornaments, and needle holders. Phrygian fibulae have U, D, bow and horseshoe=shaped body forms. Phrygian fibulae are distinguished from other types of fibulae by their spiral bow and needle holder with a sword handle.
The artifacts with catalog numbers 1, 2, 4, and 8 are U=shaped fibulae. From their circular bodies, the curved artifacts with catalog numbers 3, 6, 11, 12, and 14 are fibulae with a D=shaped body. Fibulae with catalog numbers 5, 7, 10, and 15 are artifacts with a horseshoe bodied. The artifacts numbered 9 and 13 are fibulae with arc=shaped bodies. Fibulae with catalog numbers 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, and 14 are small. Considering their small size, it can be assumed that they were produced for daily use. It is noteworthy that the fibulae with catalog numbers 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, and 15 were produced in large sizes. Considering the large size of the six fibulae, it is highly probable that they were used as votive gifts.
According to the museum inventory records, fibulae with catalog numbers 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 originate from Çivril District of Denizli Province. The fibulae with catalog numbers 2, 7 are from Işıklı Town, Çivril District, Denizli Province. Catalog numbers 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 are of uncertain origin.
The fibulae of the Hierapolis Archeology Museum were classified by comparing them with fibulae that were found previously. They are is classified as C II / XII, 5 with catalog number 1; fibula H II, 3 / XII, 13 with catalog number 2; fibula A IV, 4 / XII, 9 with catalog number 3; fibula H II, 2 with catalog number 4; fibula A III, I / XII, 7 with catalog number 5; fibula F, 3 / XII, 5 with catalog number 6; fibula A I, 2 / XII, 7 with catalog number 7; fibula N II, 2 / XII, 13 with catalog number 8; fibula type Theselia and The Islands with catalog number 9; fibula A I, I / XII, 7A with catalog number 10; fibula J I, I / XII, 14 with catalog number 11; fibula type L I / XII, 14 with catalog number 12; fibula type IV with catalog number 13; fibula A III, 1 / XII, 7 with catalog number 14; The fibula A I, 2 / XII, 7 with catalog number 15.
The southern borders of classical Phrygia extend to the south of Lake Tatta (Salt) (Strabo, XII, VI, 4). In the southwest, it forms the borders of the Kibyratis Phrygians. The Kibyratis extends from Acıpayam (Denizli) to Tefenni (Burdur) and Söğüt Lake (Burdur).
We can say that the borders of classical Phrygia and the Phrygian Kingdom are not the same. With archeological studies, the borders of the Phrygian Kingdom are better understood. Starting from the east, the upper watercourse of the Kızılırmak forms the south=eastern borders of the Phrygian Kingdom. The presence of many Late Hittite stone artifacts in the south of the eastward section of the Kızılırmak River supports the idea that Kızılırmak formed the border between the Phrygian and Late Hittite Kingdoms. In the west, in the south of Salt Lake, similar Phrygian ceramics were found in Alaaddin Hill at the provincial center of Konya. The stepped structure found on the Payallar Plateau between the mountainous parts of Hadim and Alanya are artifacts related to Phrygian beliefs, which were found in the south of Central Anatolia.
In 2019, a stone block with hieroglyphics was found near Türkmen=Karahöyük (Konya). The inscription is dated to the second half of the 8th century BC. The Hartapuš, King of the Late Hittite Period, gives information in a hieroglyphic inscription stating that he conquered the Land of Mušku. According to the information given by Hartapuš, the borders of the Late Hittite Period expanded toward the Salt Lake. The recently published Insuyu Stele (Konya) proves that the Late Hittite dominance extended west of the Salt Lake. The Daydalı Stele found in Emirdağı, Afyon has been evaluated as an artifact produced in Phrygian lands in the past. The Daydalı Stele is likely to have been produced by the Late Hittites. During this period, the Phrygian borders seem to have narrowed from the Salt Lake and the south of Afyon toward Gordion, prompting the Phrygian peoples in the region to migrate in that direction.
It is understood from the ruins of Çavuş Village that the southern borders of the Phrygian Kingdom extended to the north of Beyşehir Lake in the Lakes Region. A Phrygian inscription was found in Çepni (Afyon). Further south, Phrygian=style roof tiles were found to the east of Lake Yarışlı (Burdur). Because of excavations in Tumulus D (in the ending of 8th century and in the 7th century BC) in the Elmalı Plain in southwestern Anatolia, artifacts with Phrygian inscriptions were unearthed. According to the inventory records of the Hierapolis Archeology Museum, seven of the fibulae (Catalog No. 1=7) were found in Çivril District. Because of archeological surveys, Phrygian ceramics dating back to the 7th century BC were found in the mounds around Çivril. It is thought that there was a Phrygian settlement in the region during this period. The presence of the open=air sanctuary of Kybele near the ancient city of Eumeneia in Çivril reveals that Phrygian beliefs continued in the region during the post=Phrygian period. Seven Phrygian fibulae of Çivril origin were dated to the end of the 8th century BC and the 7th century BC in our study. Phrygian ceramics and fibulae found around Çivril are artifacts of the same age. The fibulae support the idea that the inhabitants of Çivril and its surroundings in the 7th century BC were Phrygians. Starting from the end of the 8th century BC, the Phrygian borders have been narrowing from the south of the Salt Lake to the direction of Gordion, while the Çivril District of Denizli has been included in the Phrygian cultural borders. There is no solid evidence to support the Phrygian migration to the northeast of Denizli around Çivril and Işıklı at the end of the 8th century BC. However, there is evidence that the region in question was included within the Phrygian cultural boundaries at the end of the 8th century BC.
Thirteen of the fibulae (Catalog No. 1=8, 10=12, 14, 15) have Phrygian=style needle holders in the form of sword hilts. The sword=hilted pin holder is characteristic of the Phrygian fibulae. Catalog No. 9 and 13 have flattened needle holders. The body shape of the fibula with catalog number 13 is similar to that of the Phrygian fibulae. Catalog number 9 fibula with a flattened needle holder has disc=shaped ornaments at the ends of the curved body. Catalog number 9 resembles the Thessalian and island=type fibulae. It was evaluated that fourteen fibulae were Phrygian fibulae and one fibula was imported. The fibulae recovered in the study were dated to the 8th−7th centuries BC.
Fibulae of Çivril origin may be produced for daily needs. Apart from this, they can be considered as cult objects, indicating that the open=air sanctuary of Kybele near Eumeneia was also considered to be sacred during the Phrygian Period.
