Funda

Tuba

Zeynep

The establishment of the non-indigenous cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae in Hamsilos Bay-Sinop, Southern Black Sea, Turkey

Akif

Mert

Şevki

Effect of Pozzolanic Cement Exposure in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Menekşe

Investigation of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna and Water Quality of Animal Drinking Water Troughs by Multivariate Statistical Methods: The Case of Şarkışla

Pelin

Gülşen

Meryem

Selma

Serap

Bio-indicator Bacteria Levels in Riva Stream, an Important Stream in İstanbul, Türkiye

Arun

Godhuli

Angsuman

Seasonal Feeding Biology of Catfish, Pachypterus atherinoides (Bloch, 1794) with Special Reference to Lentic and Lotic Ecosystem

Onur

Anıl

Raşit

Melek

Revealing Mucilage Event-Linked Community Composition in the Sea of Marmara from eDNA Metabarcoding Data

Prasun

Mohammad

Manoj

A Review on The Impact of Thermal Stress on Fish Biochemistry

Devrim

Gökhan

Latife

Özcan

The Death of the Beluga Sturgeon (Huso huso) Rediscovered in the Küçükçekmece Lagoon: Let’s Focus on Causes

Prof.

Süleyman

Faruk

Water Quality Assessment of Derinçay Stream (Çorum) by Biotic Indices

Frequency of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria isolated from the Kınalıada Coastal Areas of the Sea of Marmara, Türkiye

Seasonal Length-weight Relationship of Puntius terio (Hamilton, 1822) in West Bengal, India

Omoniyi

Tunde

Ayomide

Blessing

Impact of Various Carbon Sources on the Growth Efficiency, Antioxidant Efficacy, and Immunity of Clariid Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)

Ömerhan

Habib

Evaluation of Some Aspects of the Growth Parameters and Exploitation Rates of Deep-Water Rose Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) from the Sea of Marmara

Çiğdem

Atanas

Dimitrinka

Alexander

Effects of Bacterial-Fungal Coinfection on Biochemical Parameters and Organ Structure in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Gülnur

Okan

Age, Growth and Mortality Rates of Symphodus tinca (Osteichthyes: Labridae) in Izmir Bay (NE Aegean Sea)

Özgen

Hasan

Sercan

İsmail

A Review of Fish Anomalies in Türkiye’s Waters

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

Şeyda

Ebru

Muhittin

Effect of Phosmet Toxicity on Some Physiological Traits in Duckweed (Lemna gibba L.)

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Emine

Assist. Prof.

Lecturer

Reyhan

Orhan

Meriç

Bacterial Community Composition of Sapanca Lake During a Cyanobacterial Bloom

Hakan

Assoc. Prof.

Aytaç

Bayram

Age and Growth of Red Porgy, Pagrus pagrus from the Island of Gökçeada, North Aegean Sea

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Res. Assist.

Turgay

The Levels of Plastic-associated Heterotrophic Bacteria on Three Different Types of Plastics

Cüneyt

Elif

Water Quality Assessment by Means of Bio-Indication: A Case Study of Ergene River Using Biological Diatom Index

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Our journal was published from 1987-2015 as “Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences of Istanbul University” and 2016-2017 "Turkish journal of Aquatic Sciences (TJAS)".  The name was changed “AQUATIC SCIENCES and ENGINEERING" in 2018. 

“AQUATIC SCIENCES and ENGINEERING” publishes peer-reviewed (double blind) articles covering all aspects of aquatic sciences in the form of original articles, review articles, and short communications. As an open acces journal, AQUATIC SCIENCES and ENGINEERING dos not charge article submission or processing fees.

BIOSIS Previews

SciLit

Scopus

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

Zoological Record

TR Dizin

CAB Abstracts

DOAJ

Biological Abstracts

SOBIAD

Cabells Journalytics

Gale Cengage

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Aquatic Sciences and Engineering

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Ethics Editor

English Language Editor

Editorial Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

Aquatic Sciences and Engineering is an international, scientific, open access periodical published in accordance with indepen¬dent, unbiased, and double-blinded peer-review principles. The journal is the official publication of İstanbul University Faculty of Aquatic Sciences and it is published quarterly on January, April, July, and October. The publication language of the journal is English and continues publication since 1987. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering aims to contribute to the literature by publishing manuscripts at the highest scientific level on all fields of aquatic sciences. The journal publishes original research and review articles that are prepared in accordance with the ethical guidelines.The scope of the journal includes but not limited to; aquaculture science, aquaculture diseases, feeds, and genetics, ecological interactions, sustainable systems, fisheries development, fisheries science, fishery hydrography, aquatic ecosystem, fisheries management, fishery biology, wild fisheries, ocean fisheries, biology, taxonomy, stock identification, functional morphology freshwater, brackish and marine environment, marine biology, water conservation and sustainability, inland waters protection and management, seafood technology and safety.The target audience of the journal includes specialists and professionals working and interested in all disciplines of aquatic sciences.The editorial and publication processes of the journal are shaped in accordance with the guidelines of the <a href="http://www.icmje.org/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)</a>, <a href="http://www.wame.org/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a>, <a href="http://www.councilscienceeditors.org/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Council of Science Editors (CSE)</a>, <a href="http://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="http://www.ease.org.uk/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">European Association of Science Editors (EASE)</a>, and <a href="http://www.niso.org/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">National Information Standards Organization (NISO)</a>. The journal is in conformity with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (<a href="https://ase.istanbul.edu.tr/en/content/about/doaj.org/bestpractice" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">doaj.org/bestpractice</a>).Aquatic Sciences and Engineering is indexed in DOAJ, TUBITAK ULAKBIM TR Index, CAB Abstract and SciLit.Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. No fees are requested from the authors at any point throughout the evaluation and publication process. All manuscripts must be submitted via the online submission system, which is available at istanbul.dergipark.gov.tr/tjas. The journal guidelines, technical information, and the required forms are available on the journal’s web page.All expenses of the journal are covered by the İstanbul University Faculty of Aquatic Sciences. Potential advertisers should contact the Editorial Office. Advertisement images are published only upon the Editor-in-Chief’s approval.Statements or opinions expressed in the manuscripts published in the journal reflect the views of the author(s) and not the opinions of the İstanbul University Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, editors, editorial board, and/or publisher; the editors, editorial board, and publisher disclaim any responsibility or liability for such materials.All published content is available online, free of charge at istanbul.dergipark.gov.tr/tjas. Printed copies of the journal are distributed to the members of the İstanbul University Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, free of charge.İstanbul University Faculty of Aquatic Sciences holds the international copyright of all the content published in the journal.Editor in Chief: Prof. Devrim MEMİŞAddress: İstanbul Üniversitesi Su Bilimleri Fakültesi Yetiştiricilik Anabilim Dalı Ordu Cad. No:8 34134 Laleli / İstanbul, TürkiyePhone: +90 212 4555700/16448Fax: +90 212 5140379E-mail: <a href="mailto:mdevrim@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">mdevrim@istanbul.edu.tr</a>

Aim and Scope

<a href="http://mjl.clarivate.com/cgi-bin/jrnlst/jlresults.cgi?PC=MASTER&amp;ISSN=*2602-473X" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)</a><a href="https://www.scopus.com/search/form.uri?display=basic&amp;zone=header&amp;origin=" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">SCOPUS</a><a href="https://cabim.ulakbim.gov.tr/tr-dizin/tr-dizinde-dizinlenen-dergi-listesi/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin </a><a href="http://mjl.clarivate.com/cgi-bin/jrnlst/jlresults.cgi?PC=B7" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Zoological Record</a><a href="http://mjl.clarivate.com/cgi-bin/jrnlst/jlresults.cgi?PC=BA" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;text-decoration: underline;">Biological Abstracts </a><a href="http://mjl.clarivate.com/cgi-bin/jrnlst/jlresults.cgi?PC=BP" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">BIOSIS Previews </a><a href="https://www.cabi.org/publishing-products/online-information-resources/cab-abstracts/?newtitlesonly=0&amp;letter=A#SerialsCited" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">CAB Abstract</a><a href="https://www.scilit.net/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">SciLit</a><a href="https://doaj.org/toc/2602-473X?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22filtered%22%3A%7B%22filter%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A%7B%22index.issn.exact%22%3A%5B%222602-473X%22%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22term%22%3A%7B%22_type%22%3A%22article%22%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22query%22%3A%7B%22match_all%22%3A%7B%7D%7D%7D%7D%2C%22from%22%3A0%2C%22size%22%3A100%7D" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">DOAJ</a>EBSCO Academic Source Ultimate SOBİADCabells JournalyticsGale Cengage

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication.Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%.Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive.The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li>There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li>It contains plagiarised content. </li><li>It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li>It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li>There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li>It reports unethical research. </li><li>There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li>The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li>Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li>A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li>The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li>The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li>The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li>The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li>There is a significant risk to public health.</li></ul>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

The Aquatic Sciences and Engineering is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and takes all possible measures against any publication malpractices. All authors submitting their works to The Aquatic Sciences and Engineering for publication as original articles attest that the submitted works represent their authors’ contributions and have not been copied or plagiarized in whole or in part from other works. The authors acknowledge that they have disclosed all and any actual or potential conflicts of interest with their work or partial benefits associated with it. In the same manner,  The Aquatic Sciences and Engineering is committed to objective and fair double-blind peer-review of the submitted for publication works and to prevent any actual or potential conflict of interests between the editorial and review personnel and the reviewed material.is committed to objective and fair double-blind peer-review of the submitted for publication works and to prevent any actual or potential conflict of interests between the editorial and review personnel and the reviewed material.Further to the above, The Aquatic Sciences and Engineering provides a platform for the open public discussion of the journal contents. To secure accountability and to encourage sincere professional inputs without incivilities the system is set up to require registration and logging for recording of inputs. Some of the website contents will be available without logging but no peer review comments can be posted on the website without the disclosure of the reviewer identity to the journal editors.It is necessary to agree upon standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in the act of publishing: the author, the journal editor, the peer reviewer and the publisher.Our ethic statements are based on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">COPE</a>’s Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors.Publication DecisionsThe editor of the TJAS is responsible for deciding which of the articles submitted to the journal should be published. The editor may be guided by the policies of the journal's editorial board and constrained by such legal requirements as shall then be in force regarding libel, copyright infringement and plagiarism. The editor may confer with other editors or reviewers in making this decision.Fair PlayAn editor at any time evaluate manuscripts for their intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the authors.ConfidentialityThe editor and any editorial staff must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the corresponding author, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher, as appropriate.Disclosure and Conflicts of InterestUnpublished materials disclosed in a submitted manuscript must not be used in an editor's own research without the express written consent of the author.

Ethics

An approval of research protocols by the Ethics Committee in accordance with international agreements (World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki “Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects,” amended in October 2013, <a href="http://www.wma.net/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">www.wma.net</a>) is required for experimental, clinical, and drug studies. If required, ethics committee reports or an equivalent official document will be requested from the authors.For manuscripts concerning experimental research on humans, a statement should be included that shows the written informed consent of patients and volunteers was obtained following a detailed explanation of the procedures that they may undergo. Information on patient consent, the name of the ethics committee, and the ethics committee approval number should also be stated in the Materials and Methods section of the manuscript. It is the authors’ responsibility to carefully protect the patients’ anonymity. For photographs that may reveal the identity of the patients, signed releases of the patient or of their legal representative should be enclosed.Aquatic Sciences and Engineering requires experimental research studies on vertebrates or any regulated invertebrates to comply with relevant institutional, national and/or international guidelines. The journal supports the principles of Basel Declaration (basel-declaration.org) and the guidelines published by International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS) (iclas.org). Authors are advised to clearly state their compliance with relevant guidelines.Aquatic Sciences and Engineering advises authors to comply with IUCN Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction and the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora for research involving plants.

The Journal takes as principle to comply with the ethical standards of <a href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">World Medical Association (WMA) Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects</a> and <a href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-statement-on-animal-use-in-biomedical-research/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">WMA Statement on Animal Use in Biomedical Research</a>.An approval of research protocols by the Ethics Committee in accordance with international standards mentioned above is required for experimental, clinical, and drug studies and for some case reports. If required, ethics committee reports or an equivalent official document will be requested from the authors. For manuscripts concerning experimental research on humans, a statement should be included that shows that written informed consent of patients and volunteers was obtained following a detailed explanation of the procedures that they may undergo. For studies carried out on animals, the measures taken to prevent pain and suffering of the animals should be stated clearly. Information on patient consent, the name of the ethics committee, and the ethics committee approval number should also be stated in the Materials and Methods section of the manuscript. It is the authors’ responsibility to carefully protect the patients’ anonymity. For photographs that may reveal the identity of the patients, signed releases of the patient or of their legal representative should be enclosed.

The journal requires the authors and all individuals taking part in the evaluation process to disclose any existing or potential conflict of interest (such as financial ties, academic commitments, personal relationships, institutional affiliations) that could unduly influence one’s responsibilities.  To disclose potential conflicts of interest, the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C70AC589A76B45429D1A243CA3C4849D" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">ICMJE Potential Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form</a> should be filled in and submitted by authors as explained in the Author Form of the journal. Cases of a potential conflict of interest are resolved  within the scope of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">COPE Conflict of Interest Flowcharts</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">ICMJE Conflict of Interest guidelines</a>Besides conflict of interest, all financial support received to carry out research must be declared while submitting the paper.

Reporting StandardsAuthors of reports of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the paper. A paper should contain sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the work. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and are unacceptable.Data Access and RetentionAuthors are asked to provide the raw data in connection with a paper for editorial review, and should be prepared to provide public access to such data (consistent with the ALPSP-STM Statement on Data and Databases), if practicable, and should in any event be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication.Originality and PlagiarismThe authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the authors have used the work and/or words of others that this has been appropriately cited or quoted.By submitting articles to Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences, the author attest the following:·  None of the part of manuscript is plagiarized from other sources·  Proper reference is provided for all contents extracted from other sourcesStrong action will be taken against cases of plagiarismAll the papers submitted have to pass through an initial screening and will be checked through the Advanced Plagiarism Dectection Softwares (iThenticate, Copyleaks).Multiple, Redundant or Concurrent PublicationAn author should not in general publish manuscripts describing essentially the same research in more than one journal or primary publication. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behaviour and is unacceptable.Acknowledgement of SourcesProper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. Authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the nature of the reported work.Authorship of the PaperAuthorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Where there are others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the research project, they should be acknowledged or listed as contributors.The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included on the paper, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.Hazards and Human or Animal SubjectsIf the work involves chemicals, procedures or equipment that have any unusual hazards inherent in their use, the author must clearly identify these in the manuscript.Disclosure and Conflicts of InterestAll authors should disclose in their manuscript any financial or other substantive conflict of interest that might be construed to influence the results or interpretation of their manuscript. All sources of financial support for the project should be disclosed.Fundamental Errors in Published WorksWhen an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

General duties and responsibilities for editor;<ul type="disc" style="font-size: 14px;"><li>Actively seek the views of authors, readers, reviewers and editorial board members about ways of improving their journal’s processes</li><li>Encourage and be aware of research into peer review and ‘journalology’ and reassess journal processes in the light​of new findings</li><li>Work to persuade their publishers to provide them with appropriate resources, guidance from experts (e.g. designers, lawyers) and adequate training to perform their role in a professional manner and raise the quality of their journal</li><li>Support initiatives designed to reduce academic misconduct</li><li>Support initiatives to educate researchers about publication ethics</li><li>Assess the effects of their journal policies on author and reviewer behaviour and revise policies, as required, to encourage responsible behaviour and discourage misconduct</li><li>Ensure that any press releases issued by the journal reflect the message of the reported article and put it into context</li></ul>Duties of Reviewers; <ul type="disc" style="font-size: 14px;"><li>Contribution to Editorial Decisions: Peer review assists the editor in making editorial decisions and through the editorial communications with the author may also assist the author in improving the paper.</li><li>Promptness: Any selected referee who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.</li><li>Confidentiality: Any manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except as authorized by the editor.</li><li>Standards of Objectivity: Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Referees should express their views clearly with supporting arguments.</li><li>Acknowledgement of Sources: Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper of which they have personal knowledge.</li><li>Disclosure and Conflict of Interest: Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the papers.</li></ul>

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review Process

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. Editor-in-Chief provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.

Aquatic Sciences and Engineering is an international, scientific, open access periodical published in accordance with independent, unbiased, and double-blinded peer-review principles. The journal is the official publication of İstanbul University Faculty of Aquatic Sciences and it is published quarterly on January, April, July, and October. The publication language of the journal is English and continues publication since 1987.Aquatic Sciences and Engineering aims to contribute to the literature by publishing manuscripts at the highest scientific level on all fields of aquatic sciences. The journal publishes original research and review articles that are prepared in accordance with the ethical guidelines.The scope of the journal includes but not limited to; aquaculture science, aquaculture diseases, feeds, and genetics, ecological interactions, sustainable systems, fisheries development, fisheries science, fishery hydrography, aquatic ecosystem, fisheries management, fishery biology, wild fisheries, ocean fisheries, biology, taxonomy, stock identification, functional morphology freshwater, brackish and marine environment, marine biology, water conservation and sustainability, inland waters protection and management, seafood technology and safety.The target audience of the journal includes specialists and professionals working and interested in all disciplines of aquatic sciences.The editorial and publication processes of the journal are shaped in accordance with the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the European Association of Science Editors (EASE), the International Council of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), and National Information Standards Organization (NISO). The journal conforms to the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (doaj.org/bestpractice).Originality, high scientific quality, and citation potential are the most important criteria for a manuscript to be accepted for publication. Manuscripts submitted for evaluation should not have been previously presented or already published in an electronic or printed medium. The journal should be informed of manuscripts that have been submitted to another journal for evaluation and rejected for publication. The submission of previous reviewer reports will expedite the evaluation process. Manuscripts that have been presented in a meeting should be submitted with detailed information on the organization, including the name, date, and location of the organization.Manuscripts submitted to Aquatic Sciences and Engineering will go through a double-blind peer-review process. Each submission will be reviewed by at least two external, independent peer reviewers who are experts in their fields in order to ensure an unbiased evaluation process. The editorial board will invite an external and independent editor to manage the evaluation processes of manuscripts submitted by editors or by the editorial board members of the journal. The Editor in Chief is the final authority in the decision-making process for all submissions.An approval of research protocols by the Ethics Committee in accordance with international agreements (World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki “Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects,” amended in October 2013, www.wma.net) is required for experimental, clinical, and drug studies. If required, ethics committee reports or an equivalent official document will be requested from the authors.For manuscripts concerning experimental research on humans, a statement should be included that shows the written informed consent of patients and volunteers was obtained following a detailed explanation of the procedures that they may undergo. Information on patient consent, the name of the ethics committee, and the ethics committee approval number should also be stated in the Materials and Methods section of the manuscript. It is the authors’ responsibility to carefully protect the patients’ anonymity. For photographs that may reveal the identity of the patients, signed releases of the patient or of their legal representative should be enclosed.Aquatic Sciences and Engineering requires experimental research studies on vertebrates or any regulated invertebrates to comply with relevant institutional, national and/or international guidelines. The journal supports the principles of Basel Declaration (basel-declaration.org) and the guidelines published by International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS) (iclas.org). Authors are advised to clearly state their compliance with relevant guidelines.Aquatic Sciences and Engineering advises authors to comply with IUCN Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction and the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora for research involving plants.All submissions are screened by a similarity detection software (iThenticate by CrossCheck).In the event of alleged or suspected research misconduct, e.g., plagiarism, citation manipulation, and data falsification/fabrication, the Editorial Board will follow and act in accordance with COPE guidelines.Each individual listed as an author should fulfil the authorship criteria recommended by the ICMJE. The ICMJE recommends that authorship be based on the following 4 criteria:1. Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND2. Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND3. Final approval of the version to be published; AND4. Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.In addition to being accountable for the parts of the work he/she has done, an author should be able to identify which co-authors are responsible for specific other parts of the work. In addition, authors should have confidence in the integrity of the contributions of their co-authors.All those designated as authors should meet all four criteria for authorship, and all who meet the four criteria should be identified as authors. Those who do not meet all four criteria should be acknowledged in the title page of the manuscript.Aquatic Sciences and Engineering requires corresponding authors to submit a signed and scanned version of the authorship contribution form (available for download through istanbul.dergipark.gov.tr/ase) during the initial submission process in order to act appropriately on authorship rights and to prevent ghost or honorary authorship. If the editorial board suspects a case of “gift authorship,” the submission will be rejected without further review. As part of the submission of the manuscript, the corresponding author should also send a short statement declaring that he/she accepts to undertake all the responsibility for authorship during the submission and review stages of the manuscript.Aquatic Sciences and Engineering requires and encourages the authors and the individuals involved in the evaluation process of submitted manuscripts to disclose any existing or potential conflicts of interests, including financial, consultant, and institutional, that might lead to potential bias or a conflict of interest. Any financial grants or other support received for a submitted study from individuals or institutions should be disclosed to the Editorial Board. To disclose a potential conflict of interest, the ICMJE Potential Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form should be filled in and submitted by all contributing authors. Cases of a potential conflict of interest of the editors, authors, or reviewers are resolved by the journal’s Editorial Board within the scope of COPE and ICMJE guidelines.The Editorial Board of the journal handles all appeal and complaint cases within the scope of COPE guidelines. In such cases, authors should get in direct contact with the editorial office regarding their appeals and complaints. When needed, an ombudsperson may be assigned to resolve cases that cannot be resolved internally. The Editor in Chief is the final authority in the decision-making process for all appeals and complaints.When submitting a manuscript to Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, authors accept to assign the copyright of their manuscript to İstanbul University Faculty of Aquatic Sciences. If rejected for publication, the copyright of the manuscript will be assigned back to the authors. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering requires each submission to be accompanied by a <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/9457BEEECC014149BBEFD7D1BEA93710" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Copyright Agreement Form</a> (available for download at istanbul.dergipark.gov.tr/ase). When using previously published content, including figures, tables, or any other material in both print and electronic formats, authors must obtain permission from the copyright holder. Legal, financial and criminal liabilities in this regard belong to the author(s).Statements or opinions expressed in the manuscripts published in Aquatic Sciences and Engineering reflect the views of the author(s) and not the opinions of the editors, the editorial board, or the publisher; the editors, the editorial board, and the publisher disclaim any responsibility or liability for such materials. The final responsibility in regard to the published content rests with the authors.

Author Guidelines

The manuscripts should be prepared in accordance with <a href="http://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">ICMJE-Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals</a>  Author(s) are required to prepare manuscripts in accordance with the <a href="http://www.consort-statement.org/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">CONSORT</a> guidelines for randomized research studies, <a href="https://www.strobe-statement.org/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">STROBE</a> guidelines for observational original research studies, <a href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/stard/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">STARD</a> guidelines for studies on diagnostic accuracy, <a href="http://www.prisma-statement.org/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">PRISMA</a> guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analysis, <a href="https://arriveguidelines.org/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">ARRIVE</a> guidelines for experimental animal studies, and <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/trendstatement/index.html" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">TREND</a> guidelines for non-randomized public behavior.Manuscripts can only be submitted through the journal’s online manuscript submission and evaluation system, available at <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ase" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;font-size: 10pt;">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ase</a>. Manuscripts submitted via any other medium will not be processed.Manuscripts submitted to the journal will first go through a technical evaluation process where the editorial office staff will ensure that the manuscript has been prepared and submitted in accordance with the journal’s guidelines. Submissions that do not conform to the journal’s guidelines will be returned to the submitting author with technical correction requests.Authors are required to submit the following forms during the initial submission. These are available for download at istanbul.dergipark.gov.tr/ase• <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/9457BEEECC014149BBEFD7D1BEA93710" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Copyright Agreement Form</a>,• <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/FFA2E4D32EF24D949DE9A7C223D600C8" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Author Contributions Form</a>, and• ICMJE Potential Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form (should be filled in by all contributing authors)Preparation of the ManuscriptTitle page: A separate title page should be submitted with all submissions and this page should include:• The full title of the manuscript as well as a short title (running head) of no more than 50 characters,• Name(s), affiliations, and highest academic degree(s) of the author(s) and ORCID ID (orcid.org)• Grant information and detailed information on the other sources of financial support,• Name, address, telephone (including the mobile phone number) and fax numbers, and email address of the corresponding author,• Acknowledgment of the individuals who contributed to the preparation of the manuscript but who do not fulfil the authorship criteria.Abstract: An English abstract should be submitted with all submissions except for Letters to the Editor. Please check Table 1 below for word count specifications.Keywords: Each submission must be accompanied by a minimum of three to a maximum of six keywords for subject indexing at the end of the abstract.

Original Articles: This is the most important type of article since it provides new information based on original research. The main text should contain Introduction, “Materials and Methods”, “Result and Discussion”, &#34;Conclusion&#34; and &#34;References&#34; sections.Statistical analysis to support conclusions is usually necessary. Statistical analyses must be conducted in accordance with international statistical reporting standards. Information on statistical analyses should be provided with a separate subheading under the Materials and Methods section and the statistical software that was used during the process must be specified.Units should be prepared in accordance with the International System of Units (SI).After the Conclusion section and before references list, information regarding conflict of interest, financial disclosure, ethics committee approval and acknowledgement are given. These information are to be provided in the author form which must be submitted togather with the manuscript.Conflict of interests: When you (or your employer or sponsor) have a financial, commercial, legal or professional relationship with other organizations or people working with them, a conflict of interest may arise that may affect your research. A full description is required when you submit your article to a journal.Ethics committee approval: Ethical committee approval is routinely requested from every research article based on experiments on living organisms and humans. Sometimes, studies from different countries may not have the approval of the ethics committee, and the authors may argue that they do not need the approval of their work. In such situations, we consult COPE’s “Guidance for Editors: Research, Audit and Service Evaluations” document and evaluate the study at the editorial board and decide whether or not it needs approval.Financial disclosure: If there is any, the institutions that support the research and the agreements with them should be given here.Acknowledgment: Acknowledgments allow you to thank people and institutions who assist in conducting the research.Review Articles: Reviews prepared by authors who have extensive knowledge on a particular field and whose scientific background has been translated into a high volume of publications with a high citation potential are welcomed. These authors may even be invited by the journal. Reviews should describe, discuss, and evaluate the current level of knowledge of a topic in researches and should guide future studies. The main text should start with Introduction and end with &#34;Conclusion&#34; and &#34;References&#34; sections. Authors may choose to use any subheading in between those sections.After the Conclusion section and before references list, information regarding conflict of interest and acknowledgement are given. These information are to be provided in the author form which must be submitted togather with the manuscript.Conflict of interests: When you (or your employer or sponsor) have a financial, commercial, legal or professional relationship with other organizations or people working with them, a conflict of interest may arise that may affect your research. A full description is required when you submit your article to a journal.Acknowledgment: Acknowledgments allow you to thank people and institutions who assist in conducting the research.Short Communication: This type of manuscript discusses important parts, overlooked aspects, or lacking parts of a previously published article. Articles on subjects within the scope of the journal that might attract the readers’ attention, particularly educative cases, may also be submitted in the form of a “Short Communication” Readers can also present their comments on the published manuscripts in the form of a “Short Communication”. The main text should contain Introduction, “Materials and Methods”, “Result and Discussion”, &#34;Conclusion&#34; and &#34;References&#34; sections.After the Conclusion section and before references list, information regarding conflict of interest, financial disclosure, ethics committee approval and acknowledgement are given. These information are to be provided in the author form which must be submitted togather with the manuscript.Conflict of interests: When you (or your employer or sponsor) have a financial, commercial, legal or professional relationship with other organizations or people working with them, a conflict of interest may arise that may affect your research. A full description is required when you submit your article to a journal.Ethics committee approval: Ethical committee approval is routinely requested from every research article based on experiments on living organisms and humans. Sometimes, studies from different countries may not have the approval of the ethics committee, and the authors may argue that they do not need the approval of their work. In such situations, we consult COPE’s “Guidance for Editors: Research, Audit and Service Evaluations” document and evaluate the study at the editorial board and decide whether or not it needs approval.Financial disclosure: If there is any, the institutions that support the research and the agreements with them should be given here.Acknowledgment: Acknowledgments allow you to thank people and institutions who assist in conducting the research.

Tables should be included in the main document, presented after the reference list, and they should be numbered consecutively in the order they are referred to within the main text. A descriptive title must be placed above the tables. Abbreviations used in the tables should be defined below the tables by footnotes (even if they are defined within the main text). Tables should be created using the “insert table” command of the word processing software and they should be arranged clearly to provide easy reading. Data presented in the tables should not be a repetition of the data presented within the main text but should be supporting the main text.<img src="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E37C29E93A564464862B059D55A96D02" style="width: 50%;"/>

Figures, graphics, and photographs should be submitted as separate files (in TIFF or JPEG format) through the submission system. The files should not be embedded in a Word document or the main document. When there are figure subunits, the subunits should not be merged to form a single image. Each subunit should be submitted separately through the submission system. Images should not be labeled (a, b, c, etc.) to indicate figure subunits. Thick and thin arrows, arrowheads, stars, asterisks, and similar marks can be used on the images to support figure legends. Like the rest of the submission, the figures too should be blind. Any information within the images that may indicate an individual or institution should be blinded. The minimum resolution of each submitted figure should be 300 DPI. To prevent delays in the evaluation process, all submitted figures should be clear in resolution and large in size (minimum dimensions: 100 × 100 mm). Figure legends should be listed at the end of the main document.All acronyms and abbreviations used in the manuscript should be defined at first use, both in the abstract and in the main text. The abbreviation should be provided in parentheses following the definition.When a drug, product, hardware, or software program is mentioned within the main text, product information, including the name of the product, the producer of the product, and city and the country of the company (including the state if in USA), should be provided in parentheses in the following format: “Discovery St PET/CT scanner (General Electric, Milwaukee, WI, USA)”All references, tables, and figures should be referred to within the main text, and they should be numbered consecutively in the order they are referred to within the main text.Limitations, drawbacks, and the shortcomings of original articles should be mentioned in the Discussion section before the conclusion paragraph.

When submitting a revised version of a paper, the author must submit a detailed “Response to the reviewers” that states point by point how each issue raised by the reviewers has been covered and where it can be found (each reviewer’s comment, followed by the author’s reply and line numbers where the changes have been made) as well as an annotated copy of the main document. Revised manuscripts must be submitted within 30 days from the date of the decision letter. If the revised version of the manuscript is not submitted within the allocated time, the revision option may be canceled. If the submitting author(s) believe that additional time is required, they should request this extension before the initial 30-day period is over.Accepted manuscripts are copy-edited for grammar, punctuation, and format. Once the publication process of a manuscript is completed, it is published online on the journal’s webpage as an ahead-of-print publication before it is included in its scheduled issue. A PDF proof of the accepted manuscript is sent to the corresponding author and their publication approval is requested within 2 days of their receipt of the proof.

While citing publications, preference should be given to the latest, most up-to-date publications. If an ahead-of-print publication is cited, the DOI number should be provided. Authors are responsible for the accuracy of references. List references in alphabetical order. Each listed reference should be cited in text, and each text citation should be listed in the References section. The reference styles for different types of publications are presented in the following examples.Reference Style and FormatAquatic Sciences and Engineering complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:- American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.- <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Accuracy of citation is the author’s responsibility. All references should be cited in text. Reference list must be in alphabetical order. Type references in the style shown below.Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar et al., 2003)Major Citations for a Reference ListNote: All second and third lines in the APA Bibliography should be indented.• A book in print: Baxter, C. (1997). Race equality in health care and education. Philadelphia: Ballière Tindall. ISBN 4546465465• A book chapter, print version: Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well-being. In M. Eid &amp; R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). New York, NY: Guilford Press. ISBN 4546469999• An eBook: Millbower, L. (2003). Show biz training: Fun and effective business training techniques from the worlds of stage, screen, and song. Retrieved from http://www.amacombooks.org/ (accessed 10.10.15)• An article in a print journal: Carter, S. &amp; Dunbar-Odom, D. (2009). The converging literacies center: An integrated model for writing programs. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy, 14(1), 38-48.• An article with DOI: Gaudio, J. L. &amp; Snowdon, C. T. (2008). Spatial cues more salient than color cues in cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) reversal learning. Journal of Comparative Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.122.4.441• Websites - professional or personal sites: The World Famous Hot Dog Site. (1999, July 7). Retrieved January 5, 2008, from http://www.xroads.com/~tcs/hotdog/hotdog.html (accessed 10.10.15)• Websites - online government publications: U.S. Department of Justice. (2006, September 10). Trends in violent victimization by age, 1973-2005. Retrieved from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/vage.htm (accessed 10.10.15)• Photograph (from book, magazine or webpage): Close, C. (2002). Ronald. [photograph]. Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY. Retrieved from http://www.moma.org/collection/object.php?object_id=108890 (accessed 10.10.15)• Artwork - from library database: Clark, L. (c.a. 1960's). Man with Baby. [photograph]. George Eastman House, Rochester, NY. Retrieved from ARTstor• Artwork - from website: Close, C. (2002). Ronald. [photograph]. Museum of Modern Art, New York. Retrieved from http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?object_id=108890 (accessed 10.10.15)

<ul style="font-size: 14px;"><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/9457BEEECC014149BBEFD7D1BEA93710" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Copyright Agreement Form</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C5A0A16B595F45AFBC8656A76A24D97C" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Author Contributions Form</a></li></ul>

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