Dört Mezhebe Göre Namazlarda Kunût Duası Okumanın Keyfiyeti ve Hükmü
Bu makalede, kunût duasıyla ilgili Hz. Peygamber’den gelen rivayetlere ve bu rivayetlerin nakline bağlı olarak fıkıh ekollerinin esas aldıkları bazı uygulama örneklerine, ortaya çıkan ictihâdî farklılıklara ayrıntılı bir şekilde yer verilmiş; konu hakkında öne sürülen görüşler hüküm açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Mevcut görüş ayrılıkları bir tarafa, dört mezhep açısından oluşan genel kanaat sabah namazı, vitir namazı ve Müslümanların karşılaştıkları belâ ve musîbet zamanları haricinde kunût duasının okunmayacağı yönünde olduğu görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte Hz. Peygamber’den gelen rivayetlerin ve uygulama örneklerinin farklılığı sebebiyle kimi fakihlerin bazı namazlarda kunût okumayı bidat, bazılarının sünnet kabul ettiğine ve yine bir kısmına göre kunût duası okumanın bazı namazlarla sınırlı tutulması gerektiği, bir kısmına göre de, belâ ve musîbet anlarında neredeyse tüm namazlarda okunabileceği şeklinde farklı görüşlerin ortaya çıktığına yer verilmiştir. Makalede son olarak, özellikle ülkemizin belli yörelerinde Hanefî ve Şâfiî mezheplerine mensup Müslümanların, namazlarda kunût duasının okunmasının keyfiyetine dair mezheplerinin ictihâd farklılıklarını gerekçe göstererek farklı mezhepten imama uymama ve cemaatle namaz kılmama eğilimi göstermeleri meselesine temas edilmiştir. Oysa İslâm’da cemaatle namaz kılma ibadetinin, sarâhati/katiyeti ve önemi tüm mezhepler açısından müsellem ve ümmetin vahdeti ve birliği için çok gerekli olduğu bilinen bir gerçektir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada, kesin (kat‘î) olanın zannî olana tercih edileceği gerçeğinden hareketle, mezhepler arasındaki görüş ayrılıklarının yine mezhep içindeki mevcut mutedil görüşlerle giderilmesinin mümkün olabileceği vurgulanmış, mezhep farklılığı sebebiyle yaşanan ihtilafların sunulan çözüm önerileriyle giderilebileceği ifade edilmiştir.
The Circumstance and Provision of Qunût Prayer Recitation in Prayers According to the Four Sects
In this study, some application examples that were taken as a basis by the Islamic law schools according to the narrations originated from the Prophet and the conveyance of these narrations, the opinion differences that aroused and the opinions shared about the subject were evaluated from the provision point of view. Apart from the current divergences, the general practice from the four sects’s points of view, it was foreseen that qunût prayer cannot be recite except morning prayer (salaat), vitr prayer (salaat), and during calamity and disasters experienced by Muslims. On the other hand, due to the difference of narrations originated from the Prophet and the application examples, it was stated that there are different opinions such that some Islamic jurists have accepted recitation qunût prayer as innovation during some prayers while others have accepted it as sunnah and also according to some of them recitation qunût prayer should be limited with some prayers while according to others it can be recite during all prayers in case there is a calamity or a disaster. Finally, it is observed that some Muslims in certain regions of our country, belonging to the Hanafi and Shafi’i sects tend to not obey the imams of different sects and do not worship together with the community because of their differences in the opinion about recitation circumstance of the qunût prayer during prayers (salaats). However, it is a well-known reality that clearness/certainty and importance of worshipping together with community in Islam, is acknowledged by all sects and is crucial for the unity of Muslim community (ummah). In the study, based on the fact that the absolute will be preferable compared to assumed, it is emphasized that these opinion differences between sects can be resolved by the mild opinions again in each sect and that the conflicts faced due to the sect differences can be resolved by the presented solution suggestions.
Being the essence of all prayers recited in salah, the Kunût prayer had been read by the Prophet Muhammad and his Companions in Witr and Fajr salahs as well as in almost all compulsory salahs during the troubled and harsh times of the Muslims. However, various narratives and the practices of Companions about the Kunût recited in certain parts of the salahs performed in certain times have led the Islamic jurisprudence scholars to have divergences regarding the provision of the Kunût prayer. This study aims to discuss the wording of Kunût, which constitutes a special and important part of the salah, and when and where it is read in salah according to the four sects together with the evidence.
The Kunût prayer has been involved under the title of “Kitâbu’s-Salât” in the worships section of the Islamic jurisprudence books, especially in the prayer parts related to Witr and salahs, and again in subheadings related to prayer (and curse) in special cases such as trouble and evil, in a detailed manner. Reportedly, two independent studies were conducted recently on this issue. One of them is Bekir Kuzudişli’s postgraduate thesis “Kunût Hadiths and Their Evaluation” (Marmara University, Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul, 2001) and the other one is Safar Safarov’s postgraduate thesis “Kunût Worship” (Necmettin Erbakan University, Institute of Social Sciences, Konya, 2017).
The word “Kunût” which includes meanings such as “obedience, awe, silence and standing up, chanting standing” can be defined in many ways as an Islamic jurisprudence term. Nevertheless, it can be said that generally, kunût means praying to Allâh by groveling during standing up in salah.
Although the Islamic jurisprudence scholars agreed that the Prophet Muhammad had recited the Kunût prayer in salah and prolonged the standing up before bowing, they disagreed on the details of in which salahs and in which parts of those salahs. Stated in outlines, the four sects had reached a consensus on that the Kunût would be read in three situations including the Fajr, Witr and in times when the Muslim community face terrible events, troubles, evils and harsh periods. In this study, the views of the four sects that put forward their opinions within the framework of the narrations that constitute the basis of the Kunût prayer and regarding the provisions of reciting it in Fajr and Witr salahs and in times of troubles and evils, have been addressed and examined with the evidence. Also, it has been observed that Hanafi and Shafi sects, which are common in the Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions, have occasional disagreements between them while performing salah with a congregation depending on their divergences due to these narratives’ conveyances. To overcome these disputes, various solutions have been proposed and evaluations have been made.
The findings were determined as follows:
(i) Reading the Kunût prayer during the Fajr salah is controversial among the Islamic jurisprudence scholars / sects. As a matter of fact, the Hanafî and the Hanbali say that reading the Kunût except Witr is neither sunna nor permissible. According to the famous opinion of Mâlikî, reading the Kunût during the Fajr is favored, and according to the Shafiis, it is strong sunna. On the other hand, while the Kunût can only be read after bowing in the Shafii sect, it can be read both before and after the bowing in Mâlikî sect.
(ii) Reading the Kunût during the Witr is also controversial among the sects. According to this, the Kunût is read in one rakat of the Witr during the whole year both in the Hanafî and the Hanbali sects, and in the Hanafî, it is read before bowing and in the Hanbali, it is read after the bowing. It is not sunna to read the Kunût during the Witr in Mâlikî. According to a view of the Mâlikî, it is sunnah to read it in the last days of Ramadan, but according to another view, it is not. According to the authentic opinion in the Shafii, it is sunna to read the Kunût after the bowing during the Witr in the second half of Ramadan, whether Taraweeh salah is performed or not.
(iii) Although the four sects agree that the Kunût is read during troubles, evils and harsh periods, they disagreed on the details of in which salahs, in which parts of those salahs, with which wording and how it should be read. For example, while the Hanafî allows the Kunût to be read only during troubles, evils and harsh periods except for Witr, Hanbali states that it is reprehensible. Moreover, according to the respectable opinion of the Hanbali, in such cases, the Kunût is read only in Fajr and no one can read it except the president and his/her delegation, especially in the salahs other than the Friday salahs. The majority in the Shafii has allowed the Kunût to be read in all obligatory salahs at such times.
(iv) It is also seen that during the salahs performed with a congregation, the members of the sects with different views are not tied to one another but they eliminate these differences with certain intra-sectarian gentle opinions. In other words, this situation which occurs amongst mosque communities has been solved in two ways. One solution is that those of the Hanafî sect must act according to the opinion of Imam Abu Yusuf and they must certainly obey a Shafii imam reading the Kunût. The second one is that a Shafii person who performs the salah behind a Hanafî imam may not read the Kunût or he/she may read it if he/she is not going to miss the first prostration and in the end, he/she should perform an erratum prostration.
As a result, since to perform salah with the congregation is unquestionably accepted and encouraged by all sects, it is emphasized that the divergences about reading the Kunût during salah should not interfere with performing the salah with a congregation and it should not be brought to a level that would harm Muslims’ community spirit.