Tefsir ve Kur’ân tarihinde, Kur’ân dilinin mahiyetine dair tartışmalar olmuş; günümüzde bu konuda hâlâ ortak bir kanaat oluşmamıştır. Bu minvalde makalenin konusu, Ata b. Ebî Rabâh (öl. 114/732) rivayetleri üzerinden Kur’ân lehçe yoğunluğunu haritalandırmaktır. Lehçelerin anlam düzeyi merkeze alınan bu makalenin amacı, Kur’ân dilinin yapısını ve mahiyetini ortaya koyan bir teori inşa etmektir. Çalışmanın varsayımı Atâ b. Ebî Rabâh’ın Garîbü’lKur’ân’ından hareketle Kur’ân’ın farklı lehçeleri kapsayan üst bir dil inşa ettiği yönündedir. Çalışmanın konusuna ve amacına uygun olarak nitel araştırma yönteminin fenomenoloji ve gömülü kuram desenlerine dayalı literatür taraması ve içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Alanda yapılan literatür taramasında lehçe ve Garîbü'l-Kur’ân konusunda günümüze ulaşan en eski nüsha olan Atâ rivayetlerinin bu makalenin problemi ve amacı doğrultusunda işlenmediği görülmüştür. Bu minvalde ilgili rivayetlerdeki lehçelerle ilişkilendirilebilecek her türlü veri işlenerek Kur’ân diline dair ortaya atılan iddialar nicel ve nitel verilere dayanarak test edilmiştir. Öncelikle Atâ’nın rivayetlerinin nüshaları tespit edilmiştir. Akabinde rivayetlerdeki garîb kelimeler tablosu verilmiş, kabilelere atıf sayıları, soy ağacı ve haritadaki konumları gösterilmiştir. Makalede elde edilen verilerin sonucunda lehçeler bağlamında Kur’ân dilinin üçte birinin Kureyş, üçte ikisinin ise Kureyş lehçesini de kapsayan Mudar lehçesinde, üçte birlik kısmının Âribe Araplarının lehçesinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İncelenen verilere göre Kur’ân’ın bilinçli bir üst dil inşası ettiği görülmüştür.
In the history of exegesis and the Qurʾān, there have been debates about the nature of the al- Qurʾānic language, and today there is still no common opinion on this issue. In this respect, the subject of this article is to map the Qurʾānic dialect density through the narrations of ʿAṭā b. Abī Rabāḥ (d. 114/732). The aim of this article, which focuses on the meaning level of dialects, is to construct a theory that reveals the structure and nature of the Qurʾānic language. The assumption of this study is that the Qurʾān constructs a superior language that covers different dialects. In accordance with the subject and purpose of the study, a literature review and content analysis based on phenomenology and grounded theory patterns of the qualitative research method were conducted. In the literature review in the field, it has been seen that the oldest surviving copy of ʿAṭā’s narrations on dialect and Gharīb al-Qurʾān has not been studied in line with the subject and purpose of this article. Firstly, the copies of Atā’s narrations were identified. Subsequently, a table of strange words in the narrations is given, and the number of references to tribes, a genealogical tree and their locations on the map are given. As a result of the data obtained in the article, it has been determined that two-thirds of the Qurʾānic language in the context of dialects is in the Muḍar dialect, including the dialect of Quraysh, and one-third is in the dialect of the ʿĀriba Arabs. According to the analysed data, it was seen that the Qurʾān consciously constructed a meta-language.
In the history of exegesis and the Qurʾān, there have been debates about the nature of the language of the Qurʾān, and there is still no common opinion on this issue today. This requires new approaches to the issue. Approaches that are based on scientific and real early period data. The main objective of this article is to map the dialect density of the Qurʾān based on the oldest surviving work in this field; narrations of ʿAṭā b. Abī Rabāḥ (d. 114/732), which are included in the early Gharīb al-Qurʾān literature and attributed to Ibn ʿAbbās. Dialects have different dimensions that refer to sound, grammar, and word changes, and since it is in the center of Gharīb al-Qurʾān, the word level that refers to meaning is taken as the center. The aim of this article is to construct a theory that reveals the structure and nature of the Qurʾānic language by identifying and mapping the different dialects in ʿAṭā b. Abī Rabāḥ’s Gharīb al-Qurʾān, which is based on the early Ibn ʿAbbās. The assumption of this study is that the Qurʾān constructs a meta-language covering different dialects. In accordance with the subject and purpose of this study, a literature review and content analysis based on phenomenology and grounded theory designs of the qualitative research method were conducted.
As a result of the literature review, it is seen that there are few studies on ʿAṭā b. Abī Rabāḥ’s Gharīb al-Qurʾān and dialect. It is thought that this study will fill an important gap in the field since none of the studies in the field have processed and mapped the dialects in the Qurʾān in line with the subject and purpose of this article. Andrew Rippin’s “Ibn ʿAbbās’s al-Lughāt fi’l-Qurʾān” approaches the subject from a problematic point of view and examines the chain of narration of the copies. However, Rippin does not have the copies of Atıf Efendi and Esad Efendi. In addition, unlike this article, Rippin’s work did not focus on the content of the copies, nor did it present the dialect density through tables, graphs, genealogies, and maps, or center on the problem discussed in the article. In a section of Muhammad Salim Muhsin’s al-Muqtabas min al-Lahajāt al-ʿArabiyyah wa-al-Qurʾāniyyah, the tribes to which gharīb words are attributed are tabulated based on the copy in the annex to Jalālayn. However, no analysis was made based on this table and no map was created. Another study that can be associated with this article due to its title is Soner Gündüzöz’s article titled “Kur’ân’da Yerleşik Gramer Kurallarına Aykırı Dil Yapıları ve Kur’ân’ın Lehçe Haritası Üzerine İnceleme (I-II)”. The article, which does not geographically map the dialects, focuses on the grammatical dimension of dialectal differences in the Qurʾān, not the meaning dimension.
In this study, all kinds of data that can be associated with the dialects in ʿAṭā’s narrations have been processed and the claims about the language of the Qurʾān have been tested based on quantitative and qualitative data. First of all, six different manuscript versions of ʿAṭā’s narrations are identified and these versions are shown in the isnad tree. Subsequently, the table of gharīb words of the narrations in three copies, namely Esad Efendi, Atıf Efendi and Zayl of Jalālayn, is given. From this table, content analysis was made on the nature of the Qurʾānic language based on the common words used by more than one tribe. Then, 35 tribes and 7 regions are mentioned and the percentage graphs of the references to tribes are given. Then, the position of these tribes in the genealogical tree of the Arabs of the ʿĀriba and Mustaʿriba is shown with the number of references. Finally, the geographical locations of 35 tribes and 7 regions in the Arabian Peninsula were determined and analyzed in terms of the language of the Qurʾān. As a result of the processed data, a lot of valuable information was obtained. As a result of the data obtained, it was determined that two-thirds of the Qurʾānic language in the context of dialects is in the Muḍar dialect, which includes the Quraysh dialect, and the remaining third is in the dialect of the ʿĀriba Arabs. According to the analyzed data, it was seen that a conscious meta-language was constructed in the Qurʾān by pursuing an inclusive policy. In addition, since this project is based on the sources of Gharīb al-Qurʾān, it has been concluded that the nature of the first period Gharīb al-Qurʾān in the project is the first period Qurʾānic lexicography and mostly refers to dialects.