İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi

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Araştırma Makalesi


DOI :10.26650/SJ.2023.43.2.0043   IUP :10.26650/SJ.2023.43.2.0043    Tam Metin (PDF)

Sosyolojik İstihbarat Kavramı Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Uğur Berk Kalelioğlu

Sosyoloji genellikle barış bilimi olarak algılanır ve toplumsal eşitsizliklerin ortadan kaldırılması ve refahın sağlanması gibi hedefleri içerir. Ancak sosyolojinin ideolojik amaçlarla ve istihbarat için kullanılması mümkün müdür? Bu makale, sosyolojinin ideolojik bir amaç doğrultusunda askerce keşfini ve sosyolojik verinin istihbarat amaçlarıyla kullanılmasını konu alan bir çalışmadır. Çalışma, birinci el kaynaklara dayanan araştırma-derleme çalışması olup “sosyolojik istihbarat” kavramının hangi tanım ve bağlamlar ile verildiğini tespit etmeyi hedeflemektedir. Araştırma sonucunda, sosyolojik istihbarat kavramının ilk önce Sovyetler Birliği’nde yapılan etnografik bir çalışmaya isim olarak verildiği, daha sonra ABD ordusu ve istihbarat teşkilatınca kullanıldığı, ilk kullanımlarda kavramın teorik olarak yetersiz olduğu, fakat çeşitli çalışmaların destekleri ile terimin tedricen genişletildiği ve talimnamelerde daha kapsamlı şekilde verildiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca Amerikan Ordusu tarafından hazırlanan 1997 tarihli Stratejik İstihbarat kitapçığı, sosyolojik istihbaratın tanım, amaç ve bileşenleri açıklaması açısından en kapsamlı eser olarak değerlendirilmiş ve kitapçık tanıtılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Sosyolojik istihbarat, İstihbarat, Sosyoloji, Mende, Askeri sosyoloji
DOI :10.26650/SJ.2023.43.2.0043   IUP :10.26650/SJ.2023.43.2.0043    Tam Metin (PDF)

A Conceptual Examination of Sociological Intelligence

Uğur Berk Kalelioğlu

Sociology is generally perceived as a discipline associated with the pursuit of peace and encompassing such goals as the elimination of social inequalities and the provision of well-being. But can sociology be used for ideological purposes and intelligence gathering? This article presents a study that focuses on the militaristic exploration of sociology and the use of sociological data for intelligence purposes in line with ideological objectives. This study is an archival research based on primary sources that aims to identify the various definitions and contexts in which the concept of sociological intelligence has been articulated. As a result, this research has determined the term of sociological intelligence to have initially been coined in reference to an ethnographic study conducted in the Soviet Union. It was subsequently adopted by the US military and intelligence community. Its initial use considered the concept to be theoretically inadequate, but it gradually expanded over time with the support of various studies and became more comprehensive and detailed in military field manuals. In addition, this article introduces the US Army’s (1997) Strategic Intelligence booklet, which is considered the most comprehensive work in terms of defining, outlining the objectives, and explaining the components of sociological intelligence.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Sociological intelligence, Intelligence, Sociology, Mende, Military sociology

GENİŞLETİLMİŞ ÖZET


Sociology is generally perceived as a peace-oriented discipline whose goals include the visibility of social inequalities, their elimination, and the achievement of individual and societal well-being. However, the possibility exists of instrumentalizing sociology for ideological purposes and using sociological data for intelligence rather than scientific endeavors. In today’s complex and dynamic world, access to information and analytical skills provide a strategic advantage to states, institutions, and individuals (Akman, 2019, p. 40). Information and intelligence play a critical role in policy making, security planning, and even in managing commercial competition. As a result, intelligence disciplines have emerged as important fields that are primarily carried out by military and intelligence agencies (Özdemir & Kahya, 2021, p. 6). While sociology primarily aims to understand and explain complex social realities by focusing on human behavior, social structures, and relationships, the focus of social science information gathering activities is often limited and traditionally excluded from intelligence gathering processes. As a result, the intersections and collaborative potential between the social sciences and intelligence disciplines are often overlooked. This article examines the concept of sociological intelligence, which represents the intersection between sociology as a social science and intelligence studies. Sociological intelligence involves the application of sociological theories, methods, and research in intelligence gathering and analysis with the goal of providing functional information about social structures, societal dynamics, and group behavior.

Despite the dominance of strategic intelligence, military intelligence, and security threats in intelligence disciplines, a lack currently exists in the Turkish literature specifically devoted to sociological intelligence. As a result, a comprehensive assessment of the potential contribution of the social sciences, especially sociology, to the field of intelligence is also conspicuously lacking. This article aims to provide a conceptual examination of sociological intelligence, to identify its initial reception in foreign sources, and to highlight social sciences’ potential to contribute to the intelligence disciplines. This study is an archival research study focused on sociological intelligence as a term. The data collection process involves scanning open online archives that encompass a variety of resources such as in the social sciences, intelligence disciplines, and military. The data collection period spanned from January 10 to July 1, 2023 and involved the systematic scanning of online articles, books, academic studies, and official documents. The search was conducted using keywords such as intelligence, sociological intelligence, espionage, and sociological espionage in databases and online search engines. The limitations of the study arise from limited access to open online archives and limited access to military sources and may limit the breadth of the findings. Following the data collection, the research analyzed the obtained information and evaluated the use and evolution of the term of sociological intelligence.

The article begins by highlighting the initial use of sociology for military purposes, particularly by the US military. Subsequent sections explore the basic concepts of sociological intelligence, review the limited work in the field, and finally draw attention to the US Army’s (1997) publication Strategic Intelligence, which systematically addresses the definition, purpose, and components of sociological intelligence. The study aims to serve as a resource for academics, researchers, and professionals in the fields of sociology and intelligence while also contributing to intelligence collection and analysis. Integrating the social sciences with the information and intelligence disciplines is seen as promoting a more comprehensive and multidimensional understanding, thereby facilitating more effective decision-making in areas such as policy formulation, security planning, and social interaction management.

Sociological intelligence has paramount importance to a nation’s foreign services and armed forces. Military scholars and policymakers rely on sociological intelligence to understand the social matrix of potentially adversarial countries. In addition, commanders overseeing operations in foreign territories require sociological intelligence to counter guerrilla and resistance activities, effectively manage local governance during times of conflict, and implement effective psychological programs. The genesis of sociological intelligence as a term can be traced back to an ethnographic study initiated in the Soviet Union and subsequently adopted by the US military and intelligence apparatus. Important figures in the field of sociological intelligence include the Russian researcher Pavel Ivanovich Kushner and the German intelligence specialist Gerhard von Mende. The earliest documented occurrence of the term in the Turkish literature can be traced to its appearance in a 1952 issue of Ordu Dergisi [Journal of the Army]. The formal use of the term in English can be traced back to a 1953 report by the US National Security Council, which officially endorsed the collection of political and sociological intelligence by the U.S. military and intelligence agencies. In addition to its military applications, sociological intelligence has the potential to be used in the business world. Companies can use sociological intelligence to gather information about other nations through competitive intelligence, enabling them to assess cultural values, attitudes toward success, and propensities for cooperation. The growing acceptance and use of this concept is evidenced by its inclusion and explanation in encyclopedias and dictionaries. Sociological intelligence is considered an indispensable tool for understanding the dynamics of group relations and social structures within a nation.

In 1968, sociological intelligence first appeared as a term in the Encyclopedia Britannica (1968, p. 347), highlighting the lack of adequate sociological intelligence regarding the Soviet Union during the USSR’s occupation of Nazi Germany in World War II. In 1976, George H. W. Bush emphasized the importance of sociological intelligence during his tenure as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (Excerpts of Speech, 1976, p. 5). The 1979 edition of the United States Code (1979, p. 1579) defined the duties of the Central Intelligence Agency to include the collection of sociological intelligence related to national security. The US Army’s (1992, pp. 3–32) Field Manual 34-52 Intelligence Interrogation expanded the concept of sociological intelligence to focus on people, traditions, behaviors, and institutions. Richelson (1999, p. 6) defined sociological intelligence as the study of group relations within a country through ethnic, religious, or political groups’ influence on stability and foreign policy. Kinniburgh (2004, p. 118) emphasized the importance of sociological intelligence in understanding covert networks, as well as the need for human intelligence in addition to technical intelligence. Over the years, sociological intelligence has appeared as a term in encyclopedias and dictionaries, and its importance has been discussed regarding understanding specific group relationships (The New Encyclopedia Brittanica, 2003, p. 688; Encyclopedia Americana, 2005, p. 246; Burton, 2005, p. 145). Proponents suggest applying sociological intelligence not only to military contexts but also to the business sector, recognizing its role in competitive intelligence efforts (Blenkhorn & Fleisher, 2005, p. 62). They argue that an understanding of sociological, educational, economic, political, and geographic intelligence is critical for decision making in a global business environment (Blenkhorn & Fleisher, 2005, p. 62).

The US Army’s (1997) Strategic Intelligence handbook provides a comprehensive examination of sociological intelligence. Created for the Military Adaptation Program professional specialization course, this handbook presents a detailed definition of sociological intelligence and elaborates upon its goals and key components. It defines sociological intelligence as the study of human groups, behaviors, and characteristics, and its goal is to determine population size, characteristics, workforce effectiveness, and potential military human resources. Sociological intelligence uses sociological concepts to understand a country’s population and its various groups. Factors such as health, wealth, religion, education, and social status provide opportunities for propaganda. Strategic planners rely on population analyses to understand demographic changes while race, ethnicity, and culture contribute to social divisions. Environmental factors such as living standards, housing, health, religion, education, and public opinion shape the morale and attitudes of a nation. Education is critical to workforce effectiveness, and public opinion can influence government decisions. Overall, sociological intelligence provides valuable insights for strategic analysis and decision-making.


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DIŞA AKTAR



APA

Kalelioğlu, U.B. (2023). Sosyolojik İstihbarat Kavramı Üzerine Bir İnceleme. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 43(2), 373-394. https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2023.43.2.0043


AMA

Kalelioğlu U B. Sosyolojik İstihbarat Kavramı Üzerine Bir İnceleme. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi. 2023;43(2):373-394. https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2023.43.2.0043


ABNT

Kalelioğlu, U.B. Sosyolojik İstihbarat Kavramı Üzerine Bir İnceleme. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, [Publisher Location], v. 43, n. 2, p. 373-394, 2023.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Kalelioğlu, Uğur Berk,. 2023. “Sosyolojik İstihbarat Kavramı Üzerine Bir İnceleme.” İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi 43, no. 2: 373-394. https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2023.43.2.0043


Chicago: Humanities Style

Kalelioğlu, Uğur Berk,. “Sosyolojik İstihbarat Kavramı Üzerine Bir İnceleme.” İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi 43, no. 2 (May. 2024): 373-394. https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2023.43.2.0043


Harvard: Australian Style

Kalelioğlu, UB 2023, 'Sosyolojik İstihbarat Kavramı Üzerine Bir İnceleme', İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 373-394, viewed 2 May. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2023.43.2.0043


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Kalelioğlu, U.B. (2023) ‘Sosyolojik İstihbarat Kavramı Üzerine Bir İnceleme’, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 43(2), pp. 373-394. https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2023.43.2.0043 (2 May. 2024).


MLA

Kalelioğlu, Uğur Berk,. “Sosyolojik İstihbarat Kavramı Üzerine Bir İnceleme.” İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, vol. 43, no. 2, 2023, pp. 373-394. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2023.43.2.0043


Vancouver

Kalelioğlu UB. Sosyolojik İstihbarat Kavramı Üzerine Bir İnceleme. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi [Internet]. 2 May. 2024 [cited 2 May. 2024];43(2):373-394. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2023.43.2.0043 doi: 10.26650/SJ.2023.43.2.0043


ISNAD

Kalelioğlu, UğurBerk. “Sosyolojik İstihbarat Kavramı Üzerine Bir İnceleme”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi 43/2 (May. 2024): 373-394. https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2023.43.2.0043



ZAMAN ÇİZELGESİ


Gönderim15.07.2023
Kabul15.10.2023
Çevrimiçi Yayınlanma27.10.2023

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