Eski Uygurca İkilemelere Katkılar
Berker Keskinİkilemeler temelde eş, yakın veya zıt anlamlı birden fazla sözcükten meydana gelen söz öbeği olarak anlatımı pekiştirmek adına Türk dilinde geçmişten günümüze sıklıkla kullanılan bir ifade biçimidir. Bu bakımdan farklı dinî ve kültürel etkileşimler ile buna bağlı farklı dilsel temasların olduğu Eski Uygur Türkçesi döneminde ikilemelerin kullanımı oldukça fazladır. Büyük çoğunluğu dinî karaktere sahip olan bu dönem eserlerinde çeşitli yapılardaki ikilemeler pek çok kez çalışmalara konu olmuştur. Ancak burada amaç, Eski Uygur Türkçesinin dinî veya edebî herhangi bir amaç taşımadan hazırlanan metinlerinde yer alan ikilemelerin tespitidir. Günlük hayatın ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda düzenlenmiş ve çoğu sözleşme niteliğinde olan bu metinler, diğer bir deyişle Eski Uygur hukuk belgeleri dil verileri dışında dönemin sosyal, ekonomik ve hukukî yaşamı hakkında da kaynak oluşturur. Alım-satım, kiralama, takas ve borç işlemlerinden vasiyet etme, azat etme, dilekçe ve buyruklara kadar çok çeşitli bir yelpazeye sahip olan hukuk belgelerinde de ikilemeler belli ölçütlerde kullanılmıştır. Bu makalede, ilgili belgelerde yer alan ikilemeler tespit edilmiş; anlamları verilerek bağlam örneği, Türkiye Türkçesine aktarımı ile birlikte sunulmuştur.
Contributions to the Old Uyghur Hendiadyses
Berker KeskinHendiadyses are a form of expression and consists of more than one word with synonyms, near-synonyms, or antonyms. They have been used frequently in the Turkish language from the past to the present, to strengthen the wording. In this regard, the usage of hendiadyses is notably high in the Old Uyghur Turkish period when there were various religious and cultural interactions, and, therefore, there were different linguistic contacts. Most of Old Uyghur works have a religious character and hendiadyses found in these works have been studied extensively. But my aim here is to determine the hendiadyses in texts that have neither religious nor literary purpose. These texts were arranged according to daily life needs. Most of them have the characteristics of a contract, and so, they were also called “Old Uyghur legal documents.” Also, they contain resources about the social, economic, and juridical life of the period, in addition to language data. Hendiadyses were also used in certain standards in the legal documents, which have a wide range from buying and selling, hiring, exchange and loan transactions to will, petition and orders. In this article, I determined the hendiadyses in these texts. Besides, I give their meaning and present examples of contexts with modern Turkish translation.
The hendiadyses first appeared in the Orkhon Inscriptions, known as the oldest written texts of the Turkish language. They are typically used in literary texts to strengthen the wording and improve expressions. Hendiadyses were used frequently in the literature of the Old Uyghur Turkish, which were developed due to contact with various religions and cultures. This situation was not limited to the literary works; certain hendiadyses were also used in texts with legal and economic contents. Usually named as the civil or legal document, and besides being the linguistic material for the period, these texts constitute the primary source of the commercial and economic life of the Old Uyghur society. Statements of sanction, testimonies, and information on the assurance that were described in many of them, are among the elements comprising the official and binding qualifications of the documents. Arguably, the documents were drawn up directly by the transacting parties or by clerks. These include contracts with commercial content such as buying and selling, renting, exchange and loan, as well as will, petition, emancipation, receipt and orders. Therefore, one can conclude that these and other similar documents could be issued for all kinds of official transactions. A significant part of the documents consisting of different sections and depending on the content, starts with the date and concludes with witnesses’ statements. It must also be noted that the documents include a source for the names of individuals in the Old Uyghur society, because they include the names of the parties and the witnesses of an agreement. In addition, they also include information about names of places, measurement units, currencies, tax structure, and tax types.
In this article, I aim to reveal the hendiadyses from the transcribed texts by evaluating the study prepared for publication based on my Ph.D. thesis, which is entitled Old Uyghur Turkish Legal Documents and Vocabulary. This work brings together more than five hundred documents with the related contents.
First, I discuss the subject of hendiadyses and the studies on hendiadyses in Old Uyghur Turkish in general terms, then I give the information on the Old Uyghur legal documents. In the main part of the article, I explain the hendiadyses in alphabetical order and give examples for each of them. While some of the hendiadyses in the documents improve the locution, some of them distinguish themselves by their usage to stand for certain legal expressions and terms. For instance, al- yul- means “to take back” in the sales documents; asıg tüš means “interest” in the loan documents; berim alım means “tax”, birlä algučı tuŋsu is observed only in a few documents and stands for “joint guarantor”, čam čarım and čam kargaša mean “objection, allegation”, čug tamga and nišan tamga stand for “seal, stamp”, kalančı alımčı means “tax collector”, šuulug tamgalıg stands for “stamp, seal”, miŋ tümän and miŋ yıl tümän kün are used as an equivalent of “eternal” to state the expiry date of the transaction; togru tumlıtu is used in the sales documents to state that the sale has been concluded correctly and completely. These are among the hendiadyses with legal contents. In addition, some of the hendiadyses in the literary works are observed in documents with certain religious contents, such as foundation documents. As a result, all these are exemplary for the wealth of expression in the legal documents in particular, and of course, they also help us understand the level of usage of hendiadys in the Old Uyghur works in general.
