Fuzûlî’nin Türkçesinde Ezgili Soru Cümlesi Yapıları
Mustafa Karataşİnsanın temel düşünme aşamalarından biri olan sorunun, bir dil bilgisi kategorisi olarak dünyadaki bütün dillerde olduğu gibi Türkçede de çeşitli kullanılma biçimleri bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan biri de ezgidir (intonation). Soru ezgisi, sözlü bir iletişim sırasında vericinin alıcıya iletmek istediği soruyu birden çok sözcükten oluşan bir cümleyle dile getirirken cümle içerisindeki başta vurgu ve ton dâhil olmak üzere birden çok parçalarüstü ses biriminin uyumlu birlikteliğiyle gerçekleşen ezgilemenin ortaya çıkardığı bir parçalarüstü ses birimidir. Ezgi, çağdaş Türk lehçelerinde ve ağızlarında, çok yaygın ve ölçünlü olmamakla birlikte soru cümlesi kurmada kullanılmaktadır. Ancak ezgili soru cümlesi üretmenin ölçünlü olduğu ve hem konuşma hem de yazı dilinde yaygın olarak kullanıldığı tek Türk lehçesi Azerbaycan Türkçesidir. Soru ezgisi, Azerbaycan Türkçesinde soru eki ve soru sözcükleri ile birlikte soru cümlesi üretme aracı olarak ölçünlü ve yaygın bir biçimde kullanılmaktadır. Azerbaycan Türkçesi tarihinde, Eski Anadolu Türkçesinden itibaren çok az da olsa kullanıldığı görülen bu soru cümlesi türü 16. yüzyılda Fuzûlî’den başlayarak daha yaygın olarak kullanılmaya başlamıştır. İnşa ettiği şiir diliyle sadece Azerbaycan’ın değil bütün Türk dünyasının çok önemli bir şairi olan Fuzûlî’nin Türkçesinde görülen ezgili soru cümleleri, şairin yaratıcılığı ve titizliğiyle kurulmuş farklı yapılarda karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Fuzûlî’nin Türkçe Divan’ında kullanılan ezgili soru cümleleri, bu tür soru cümlelerinin göstergesi olan çeşitli sözcük ve yapıların belirlenmesiyle tespit edilmiş, çıkarılan örnekler sınıflandırılarak çeşitli gruplara ayrılmış ve bu yapıların ezgili soru cümlesine dönüşmesini sağlayan ses ve biçim unsurları açıklanmıştır. Böylece, dil tarihlerinde sadece genel bir bilgi olarak yer alan ezgili soru cümlesi konusu, Fuzûlî örneklemi üzerinden incelenmiştir.
Question Sentence Structures with Intonation in Fuzuli's Turkish
Mustafa KarataşThe question, one of the basic stages of human thinking, has various usages in Turkish as a grammar category as in all languages in the world. One of these usages is intonation. Question intonation is a suprasegmental phoneme created by the harmonious combination of multiple suprasegmental phonemes, including primarily stress and tone, in a sentence during a verbal communication while stating the question that the sender wants to convey to the receiver in a sentence consisting of multiple words. Intonation, though not very common and measured, is used to form question sentences in contemporary Turkish dialects and accents. However, Azerbaijani Turkish is the only Turkish dialect in which it is prudent to produce question sentences with intonation and is widely used in both spoken and written language. The question intonation is used in a measured and widespread manner as a means of producing question sentences together with the question suffix and question words in Azerbaijan Turkish. This question sentence type, which is seen to be used very little since Old Anatolian Turkish in the history of Azerbaijani Turkish, began to be more widely used starting from Fuzûlî in the 16th century. The questions sentences with intonations, available in Turkish of Fuzuli who is regarded as an important poet of not only in Azerbaijan but also the whole Turkish world with his unique poetic language that he formed, appear in different structures established with the creativity and meticulousness of the poet. In this study, the question sentences with intonations used in Fuzûlî's Turkish Divan were revealed by determining various words and structures that are indicative of such question sentences, the samples revealed were divided into various groups by categorization, and phonetic and morphological elements which enable these structures to turn into question sentences with intonation were explained. Thus, the subject of the question sentence with intonation, which is only general knowledge in the history of language, was examined by taking into consideration the Fuzûlî sample.
The mental activity of the human, consisting of perceiving, defining and naming his/her environment, processes through the questions asked for all entities, movements and concepts. Therefore, the question, which is one of the basic stages of human thinking and at the same time a literary art (tecâhül-i ârif ve istifham) has various ways of being expressed in Turkish, as in all languages in the world as a grammar category. One of these is intonation, one of the “suprasegmental phonemic units”.
The main function of intonation during oral communication is to convey senders’ feelings such as surprise, anger, happiness, excitement, teasing, contempt, etc. to the receiver with the meaning of the message. Thus, the intonations indicate the grammatical structures in the sentence with a phoneme. The most important function of intonation in verbal communication is the question.
Question intonation is a suprasegmental sound unit created by the harmonious combination of multiple supra-phonemes such as stress, tone, duration, boundary, and pause in a sentence, while expressing the question that the sender wants to convey to the receiver in a verbal communication with a sentence consisting of multiple words. In other words, while expressing their feelings and thoughts during communication, people perform intonation with the suprasegmental units in each sentence they express. The intonation of the sentence is formed as a result of this process.
In historical and modern Turkish dialects, question sentences are generally made with a question suffix (-mI) or question words (ne, kim, *ka), but intonation is also used as a way of producing question sentences, although it is not very common and measured. However, Azerbaijani Turkish is the only Turkish dialect in which it is prudent to produce question sentences with intonation and is widely used in both spoken and written language. The intonation question is used in a measured and widespread manner in modern Azerbaijani Turkish as a means of producing question sentences together with the question suffix and question words. In fact, it is possible to say that the question sentences derived from the questions with intonation are used much more than the question sentences derived from the interrogative particles in both speaking and written language. The most prominent feature of the question sentences formed with intonation in Azerbaijani Turkish spoken language is that question intonation is formed by lengthening the last syllable of the sentence by two or three sounds and by increasing the tone. This intonation is shown in written language only with a question mark.
According to the very few studies conducted so far, question sentences with intonations have been used, though not very common, in Old Turkish, Karakhanid Turkish, Kipchak Turkish of historical Turkish dialects with Old Anatolian Turkish, which forms the source of the Contemporary Oghuz dialects. However, the fact that no question marks were used in Turkish texts written in Arabic letters until the 19th century makes it very difficult to identify question sentences that are composed only with intonation. Despite this, in various studies conducted in Azerbaijan, it has been stated that the history of the question sentences with intonation can only be traced back to the 16th century, and it was hardly detected in the centuries before then.
It is seen that these types of question sentences were used more after the 16th century, starting from Fuzuli, and it became more standardized depending on the development of the press language and theater works, from the 19th century onwards, in Azerbaijani Turkish. However, due to the aforementioned difficulties, it is possible to identify such sentences not as simple sentences, but as sentences in combined structures in the historical Azerbaijani Turkish texts. Signs such as conjunctions, prepositions or pronouns, antonyms or positive negative repetitions, comparison sentences, context in this kind of sentence etc. point out that the sentence is a question sentence with intonation. Therefore, tracing this question type in Azerbaijani Turkish history requires the determination of the aforementioned “morphological” and “syntactic” signs.
Studying the Turkish of Fuzulî, who is a very important poet not only of Azerbaijan, but also of the whole Turkic world with the language of poetry he has built, in terms of question sentences with intonation is of great importance for Turkic studies.
In this study, the question sentences with intonations used in Fuzûlî’s Turkish Divan were revealed by determining various words and structures that are indicative of such question sentences. The samples revealed were divided into various groups by categorization, and phonetic and the morphological elements which enable these structures to turn into question sentences with intonation were explained. Thus, the subject of the question sentence with intonation, which is only general knowledge in the history of language, was examined by taking into consideration the Fuzûlî sample. In this study, it was found that the question sentences with intonation established with the creativity and meticulousness of Fuzuli have mainly two different structures: Question Sentence Structures Constructed Only with Intonation and Question Sentence Structures with Intonation Supported by the Interrogative Particle. There were 24 examples defined for the first structure, and 11 examples defined for the second. It is expected that the method used in this study, in which a total of 35 examples were determined, is of a quality that can be used for other poets and writers who worked in the history of Azerbaijani Turkish.
