Irak Türkmen Türkçesinde Moğolcadan Alıntı Sözcükler
Savaş KaragözlüTürkçeyle Moğolca arasındaki dil ilişkisi çok eskilere dayanmaktadır. Aynı dil grubunun içerisinde yer alan bu iki dil, tarih boyunca birbirinden yoğun bir şekilde etkilenmiştir. Farklı dönem ve bölgelerde meydana gelen söz konusu etkileşim bu iki dilin arasındaki sözcük alışverişinin gerçekleşmesine neden olmuştur. Dolayısıyla Moğolcada Türkçe ve Türkçede Moğolca sözcükler yer etmiştir. Bu konu ile ilgili çok sayıda çalışmalar yapılmış; bu çalışmalarda ya Moğolcada Türkçe unsurlar ya da Türkçede Moğolcada unsurlar ele alınmıştır. Bununla birlikte iki dilin arasındaki benzerlik, farklılık, paralellik vb. gibi konular hakkında da çalışmalar mevcuttur. Türkçede Moğolca unsurları konu eden çalışmalardan biri “Irak Türkmen Türkçesinde Kullanılan Moğolca Kelimeler” adlı makaledir. Bu makale, Hamdi Lateef Khairullah’a ait olup 2020 yılında Mecellet Camiat Kerkuk lid-Dirasâtu’l-İnsâniyye adlı bilimsel dergide yayımlanmıştır. Yazar, bu çalışmasında Irak Türkmen Türkçesinde kullanılan Moğolca kökenli 14 sözcük tespit edip incelemiştir. Yazarın tespit ettiği bu sözcüklerin dışında Irak Türkmen Türkçesinde kullanılmakta olan Moğolca kökenli başka sözcüklerin de olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İncelemeye alınmayan sözcüklere dikkat çekmeyi ve bahsi geçen makaleye katkı sağlamayı amaçlayan yeni bir çalışma yapmaya gerek duyulmuştur. Çalışmamızda; Khairullah’ın değinmediği Moğolca kökenli sözcükler ele alınmıştır. Söz konusu sözcüklerin Irak Türkmen Türkçesindeki şekilleri, anlamları, kullanım şekilleri, kullanıldığı bölgeler, (varsa) tarihî ve çağdaş Türk lehçelerindeki şekilleri ve anlamları ile Moğolcadaki şekilleri ve anlamları hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir.
Mongolian Loanedwords In Iraqi Turkmen Turkish
Savaş KaragözlüThe linguistic relationship between Turkish and Mongolian dates back to ancient times. These two languages, which are in the same language group, have been heavily influenced by each other throughout history. This interaction, which occurred in different periods and regions, caused the exchange of words between these two languages. Therefore, there are Turkish words in Mongolian and Mongolian words in Turkish. Many studies have been done on this subject; In these studies, either Turkish elements in Mongolian or Mongolian elements in Turkish were discussed. In addition, there are also studies on topics such as similarities, differences, parallelism and so on between two languages. One of the studies that deals with Mongolian elements in Turkish is the article titled “Mongolian Words Used in Iraqi Turkmen Turkish”. This article belongs to Hamdi Lateef Khairullah and in this study, 14 words of Mongolian origin used in Iraqi Turkmen Turkish were identified and examined. Apart from these words identified by the author, it has been determined that there are other words of Mongolian origin used in Iraqi Turkmen Turkish. There was a need to conduct a new study aiming to draw attention to words that were not examined and to contribute to the mentioned article. In our study; In the mentioned article, words of Mongolian origin that were not examined were discussed. Information is given about the shapes, meanings, usage patterns of the words in question in Iraqi Turkmen Turkish, the regions where they are used, their shapes and meanings in historical and contemporary Turkish dialects, and their shapes and meanings in Mongolian.
The linguistic relationship between Turkish and Mongolian dates back to ancient times. These two languages, which are in the same language group, have been heavily influenced by each other throughout history. This interaction, which occurred in different periods and regions, caused the exchange of words between these two languages. Therefore, Turkish words took place in Mongolian and Mongolian words took place in Turkish. Many studies have been done on this subject; In these studies, either Turkish elements in Mongolian or Mongolian elements in Turkish were discussed. However, the similarities, differences, parallelism, etc. between the two languages. There are also studies on topics such as.
According to some scientists, there are no words of Mongolian origin in Old Turkish. If there is a common word for Turkish and Mongolian languages and the word is detected in Old Turkic texts dating back to the 13th century, the word in question is most likely of Turkic origin and should be examined as a loanword in Mongolian languages. On the other hand, there are scientists who argue that there are Mongolian words in Old Turkish.
It is seen that Mongolian has an influence on Iraqi Turkmen Turkish as well as on other contemporary Turkish dialects and it is the case that the words borrowed from the language in question live on. While some of these words are used by the Iraqi Turkmens in general, some of them seem to survive in one or more regions of Iraq. An article entitled “Mongolian Words Used in the Iraqi Turkmen Turkish Language” was prepared that deals with the Mongolian elements in the Iraqi Turkmen Turkish language. This article belongs to Hamdi Lateef Khairullah and was published in the scientific journal Majallat Jamiat Kirkuk lid-Dirasâtu'l-İnsâniyye in 2020. In this study, the author identified and examined 14 words of Mongolian origin used in Iraqi Turkmen Turkish. The words identified are: aġa 'village owner, feudal lord; title given to some noble families; a form of address for grandfather or father', babanaḫla- 'to hum', dalda 'a place to take shelter from the sun's heat, rain, storm, shelter', daldala- ~ dalda ėtmeğ 'to protect something or someone from being seen or from sunlight, cover etc. to cover with', daldalan- 'to cover', em 'a kind of local medicine', küreken 'groom', maral 'female deer', nuḫta 'halter', sileken 'saliva leaking from the mouth', solaḳay 'left-handed', sona 'duck', şülen 'aşure, wheat soup', yėkke 'big, big, huge'. It has come to our attention that there are other words of Mongolian origin used in Iraqi Turkmen Turkish that are not discussed in this article. This study was needed to draw attention to words of Mongolian origin that were not included in the analysis and to contribute to the article in question.
In this study, 33 words transferred from Mongolian to Iraqi Turkmen Turkish were identified and examined. 30 of these words are nouns (ceyran ‘gazelle’, cidav ‘deep-seated wound usually seen in horses and donkeys’, cik ‘flat side of lamb's foot bone (play tool)’, çandavıllığ ‘getting too involved; wander around too much’, çigin ‘shoulder’, çöl ‘1. desert, 2. secluded place’, dasalat ‘ability’, dümüg ‘busy’, ḥeneg ‘joke’, ḳaban ‘wild boar’, ḳabırġa ‘rib’, ḳadaġa ‘prohibited, state of being forbidden’, ḳanḳâvır ⁓ ḳanḳâvur ‘bell, rattle’, ḳanşar ‘front’, ḳantarma ‘bridge connecting the roofs of two houses, bridge connecting the roofs of old houses, vaulted ceiling’, ḳavra ‘file’, ḳeççi ‘scissors’, keḥkül ‘bangs’, ḳoraḳay ‘termite’, ḳubur ‘gun’, ḳuda ‘the father-in-law or mother-in-law of one's child’, salt ‘alone’, savġat ‘gift’, savḫa ‘clothing taken off the dead’, sērin ‘cool, chilly’, şavır ⁓ çavır ‘whistle; flute’, tebene ‘big needle’, teşpi ‘saucer’, toġay ⁓ tugay ‘low places by the river’, ussu ‘water’) and 3 are verbs (araçla- ‘separating two things from each other; 'separating people fighting', ḳadan- ‘get stuck’, tapta- ‘1. a lot eating, 2. beating’). ‘çöl, ḳaban, ḳantar-, ḳada-, ḳuda’ while words such as are used as in Mongolian (without any phonetic changes), it is observed that vowel and consonant sound changes occur in others. ‘dasalat+sız, ḥeneg+siz, serin+le-, keḥkül+lü’ new words were derived from words such as (by adding Turkish suffixes) and compound verbs were formed from some nouns (‘ol-, et-, sıyır-, çal-’ with auxiliary verbs such as). ‘toġay⁓tuġay, ḳanḳavır⁓ḳanḳavur, ḳabırġa⁓ḳabirġ, ḳeççi⁓ḳėçi, dasalat⁓dastalat, teşpi⁓tepşi, şavır⁓çavır, keckil⁓keḥkül⁓keḥkil, araçla-⁓araçala-’ it has been determined that words such as have double/triple usage. It has been determined that two forms of the word 'savġad' (savġat, savḫa) are used and each of them is used in a different sense. It is noteworthy that the words 'savġad, çöl' are also used in Iraqi Arabic. Words such as 'dasalat, ḥeneg, ḳoraḳay, şavır ⁓ çavır' (with these forms and meanings) are not found in other Turkish dialects; It is possible that these words were quoted during the Ilkhanid State (1256-1337). Finally, together with the words examined by Hamdi Lateef Khairullah (14 words), a total of 47 words (excluding controversial and overlooked words (if any) were identified in Iraqi Turkmen Turkish.