Cumhuriyet Dönemi Sanayi Kentinin Biyografisi: Kırıkkale
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluş sürecinde ulusal kalkınma çabalarının, kırsal ve kentsel yerleşmelerin mekânsal ve işlevsel gelişim sürecinde etkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu süreçte, kırsal bağlamda Cumhuriyet Köyü olarak tanımlanan ideal köyler kurulurken kentsel bağlamda ise Kırıkkale, Gölcük, Karabük, İskenderun, Batman gibi askeri ve stratejik yatırımlar odaklı ilk sanayi kentlerinin kurulduğu görülmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı; milli silah imalatında uzmanlaşmış askeri ve stratejik sanayi kenti olarak kurulan Kırıkkale kentinin, mekânsal, işlevsel ve demografik gelişim sürecinin, ilk kuruluşundan günümüze dek uzanan süreçte analiz edilmesidir. Bu çerçevede, araştırmanın yöntem kurgusu üç aşamadan oluşan bir süreç tasarımına dayandırılmıştır. Birinci aşama, Kırıkkale kentinin sosyal–kültürel ve mekânsal tarihine ilişkin olarak yazılı kaynaklardan elde edilen verilerin ayrıntıda değerlendirilmesidir. İkinci aşama, Kırıkkale kentinin nüfus gelişme eğilimlerine ilişkin istatistiki verilerin incelenerek, göç olgusu bağlamında Kırıkkale kenti üzerindeki mekânsal ve işlevsel etkilerinin yorumlanmasıdır. Üçüncü aşama ise mekânsal ve işlevsel analizlerden elde edilen veriler esas alınarak üretilen şemalar eşliğinde Kırıkkale kentinin tarihsel gelişim sürecinin tanımlanmasıdır. Bu araştırmanın sanayi yatırım kararlarının kentleşme süreci üzerindeki mekânsal, işlevsel ve demografik etkilerinin tartışılmasına akademik bağlamda katkı koyacağı yanısıra kentleşme ve sanayileşme süreçleri arasındaki etkileşim bağlamında geleceğe dönük planlama kararları için Kırıkkale örneğinde analitik bir çerçeve sunacağı düşünülmektedir.
Biography of an Industrial Town of Republican Era: Kırıkkale
It is known that national development efforts in the foundation process of the Republic of Turkey happened within the spatial organization and functional development processes of the settlements that took place both in urban and rural contexts. Thus, the effects of these policies in the rural context had been the design of new ideal villages called the Republican Villages (Cumhuriyet Köyü in Turkish), in order to regenerate and improve the agricultural production and also rural life. As for their reflections in the urban context, it can be said that it was founded in the early industrial towns like Kırıkkale, Gölcük, Karabük, İskenderun, Batman which were specialized in military and strategic industries which depended on weapon, steel and iron manufacturing. The aim of this study is to analyze the development process of the spatialization, functionalisation and demographic changes of the city of Kırıkkale. The city of Kırıkkale was founded as an industrial town specialized in weapon manufacturing, which was improved with the development process of the city. The methodological framework of this study consists of three main stages. The first stage is assessing the data from written resources related to the socio– spatial history of the city of Kırıkkale. The second stage is examining the statistical data about demographic trends of Kırıkkale, and also the interpretation of the migration phenomenon and its effects on the city of Kırıkkale in the spatial and functional contexts. The last stage is defining the historical development process of the city of Kırıkkale by using schemas which were prepared using the information of spatial and functional analyses. It is considered that this study contributes to the academic context by discussing the spatial, functional and demographic effects of industrial investment decisions on urbanization processes. Also, it is thought that it presents an analytical framework for the Kırıkkale case, in terms of planning decisions and strategies for the future in the context of the interaction between the industrialization and urbanization processes
It is known that national development efforts in the foundation process of the Republic of Turkey happened within the spatial organization and functional development processes of the settlements that took place both in urban and rural contexts. Thus, the effects of these policies in the rural context had been the design of new ideal villages called the Republican Villages (Cumhuriyet Köyü in Turkish), in order to regenerate and improve the agricultural production and also rural life. As for their reflections in the urban context, it can be said that it was founded in the early industrial towns like Kırıkkale, Gölcük, Karabük, İskenderun, Batman which were specialized in military and strategic industries which depended on weapon, steel and iron manufacturing.
The aim of this study is to analyse the development process of the spatialization, functionalisation and demographic changes of the city of Kırıkkale. The city of Kırıkkale was founded as an industrial town specialized in weapon manufacturing which was improved with the development process of the city. These analyses are examined under 4 (four) headings including the city’s spatial background, historical past, planning experiences and socio–cultural context.
The methodological framework of this study depends on a process including three stages. The first stage is the assessment of data which was gathered from written resources related with the socio–spatial history of the city of Kırıkkale. The second stage is the examination of the statistical data about the demographic trends of Kırıkkale, and also the interpretation of the migration phenomenon and its effects on the city of Kırıkkale in the spatial and functional context. The last stage is the definition of the historical development process of the city of Kırıkkale by using schemas which were prepared by depending on information from the spatial and functional analyses.
It is considered that this study contributes to the academic context by discussing the spatial, functional and demographic effects of industrial investment decisions on the urbanization processes. Also, it is thought that it presents an analytical framework for the Kırıkkale case, in terms of planning decisions and strategies for the future in the context of the interaction between the industrialization and urbanization processes.
Consequently, the findings which were revealed from the spatial and functional analyses of the city of Kırıkkale are outlined below. At first, it can be stated that the spatial development process in Kırıkkale began as a planned town by constructing the military industrial complex with logistical facilities including housing and social buildings. As for the following process, the city of Kırıkkale developed as an unplanned town without having social and cultural facilities. Also, its technical infrastructure was insufficient because of the over urbanization and rapid population growth with unexpected migration that depended on the interaction between industrialization and urbanization. Secondly, Kırıkkale as an industrial town, was established in 1925, without an origin of historical settlement and also developed by autonomous investment decisions. Then, the first spatial development plan for Kırıkkale city was prepared in 1948. In this respect, it can be said that Kırıkkale, which is one of the first planned towns of the early Republican period, has an important urban experience in the history of Turkish urban planning. Thirdly, it can be said that the planning experiences focused on the city of Kırıkkale lagged behind the current urban development dynamics such as spatial, functional and demographic indicators.
For this reason, it is stated that the urban growth of Kırıkkale city had been directed by revision plans due to unmanaged and not well-planned spatial, functional and also demographic development processes. And lastly, Kırıkkale had been opened to growth by the immigrants from different regions of Central Anatolia because of the employment opportunities in industry. So, it can be said that Kırıkkale developed as a multicultural town lacking urbanity awareness.