Derleme Makalesi


DOI :10.26650/IUITFD.1558194   IUP :10.26650/IUITFD.1558194    Tam Metin (PDF)

HER YÖNÜYLE ANNE SÜTÜ

Emine Gülbin GökçayElmas Zeynep İnceGonca KeskindemirciAsuman GedikbaşıYeliz GüvenŞerif Emre GökçayFatoş İlkay Alp YıldırımSema Bayraktar

 İlk altı ay sadece anne sütü ile beslenmeyi ve en az iki yaşına kadar emzirmeye devam etmeyi dünya çapında ülkelerin sağlık bakan lıkları önermektedir. Emzirme sadece besleyici değil aynı zamanda immünolojik özellikleriyle de sağlığa katkıda bulunur. Anne sütü, sağlıklı büyümeyi sağlayan benzersiz bileşenlere sahiptir. Büyüme faktörleri, sitokinler, mikroRNA'lar, anne sütü oligosakkaritleri ve hücreler gibi biyoaktif maddeler açısından zengindir. Epigenetik çalışmalar, anne sütü ile beslenen ve mama ile beslenen bebekler arasında gen ifadesinde farklılıklar tespit etmiştir. DNA metilasyo nu (DNAm), emzirmenin uzun vadeli sağlık etkilerinin altında ya tan bir mekanizma olarak öne sürülmüştür. Emzirme, yoğun oral kas aktivitesini uyararak, doğru dudak kapanmasını, mandibular fonksiyonu ve dilin damak üzerinde konumlanmasını teşvik ederek uygun maksillofasiyal büyüme ve gelişmeyi destekler. Ekonomide “erdemli mal” genellikle bireylerin istek ve taleplerinden bağımsız olarak toplumların tüketmesi gereken mal (ürün) olarak kabul edi lir. Erdemli ürünlerin en tipik örnekleri eğitim ve sağlıktır. Belirtilen iktisadi bakış açısı ile anne sütünün ekonomik olarak erdemli bir ürün olduğu ve devletlerin emzirmeyi artırmak için kamu gücünü kullanarak kaynak ayırması gerektiği sonucuna varılabilir. Eczacılar ve hemşireler, emzirme döneminde annelere destek ve yardımcı olma konusunda önemli ve hayati bir role sahiptir. Hemşireler em zirmenin başlatılması ve sürdürülmesinde yaşamın her aşamasın da aktif rol oynamalıdırlar. Bu derlemede anne sütü her yönü ile ele alınarak tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Emzirmesağlıkekonomiimmünolojiepigenetik
DOI :10.26650/IUITFD.1558194   IUP :10.26650/IUITFD.1558194    Tam Metin (PDF)

BREAST MILK IN ALL ASPECTS

Emine Gülbin GökçayElmas Zeynep İnceGonca KeskindemirciAsuman GedikbaşıYeliz GüvenŞerif Emre GökçayFatoş İlkay Alp YıldırımSema Bayraktar

 Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months and continuing to breastfeed until at least 2 years of age is recommended by the Ministries of Health of countries worldwide. Breastfeeding contributes to health not only through its nutritional but also im munological properties. Breast milk has unique ingredients that ensure healthy growth. It is rich in bioactive substances such as growth factors; cytokines, microRNAs, human milk oligosaccha rides, and cells. Epigenetic studies have identified differences in gene expression between breastfed and formula-fed infants. DNA methylation (DNAm) has been suggested as a mechanism under lying the long-term health effects of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding promotes proper maxillofacial growth and development by stimu lating intense oral muscular activity, promoting correct lip closure, mandibular function, and tongue positioning on the palate. In economics, merit good is generally accepted as good (product) that societies should consume regardless of individuals’ wishes or demands. The most typical examples of merit products are education and health. From an economic perspective, it can be concluded that breast milk is an economically merit product, and the states should allocate resources by using their public power to increase breastfeeding. Pharmacists and nurses play important and crucial roles in supporting and assisting mothers during the breastfeeding period. Nurses should always play an active role in initiating and maintaining breastfeeding at every stage of life. In this review, breast milk is discussed in every aspect. 


PDF Görünüm

Referanslar

  • The Lancet (Editorial). Breastfeeding: achieving the new normal. Lancet 2016;387(10017):404. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Breastfeeding and the Sustainable Development Goals Factsheet. May 27, 2024. worldbreastfeedingweek. org/2016/pdf/BreastfeedingandSDGsMessaging%20 WBW2016%20Shared.pdf). google scholar
  • Palmeira P, Carneiro-Sampaio M. Immunology of breast milk. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2016;62(6):584-93. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Juncker HG, Romijn M, Loth VN, Ruhe EJM, Bakker S, Kleinendorst S et al. Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Human Milk: Milk Conversion Rates in the Netherlands. J Hum Lact 2021;37(3):469-76. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Keskindemirci G, Karabayir N, Istanbullu Tosun A, Hancerli Torun S, Altay CS, Sebirli F et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigens and antibodies in breast milk. J Ist Faculty Med 2021;84(3):287-92. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Duijts L, Jaddoe VW, Hofman A, Moll HA. Prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of infectious diseases in infancy. Pediatrics 2010;126(1):e18-25. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM. Host-Resistance Factors and Immunologic Significance of Human Milk Breastfeeding. In: Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM, editors. A Guide for the Medical Profession (8th Edition); 2016. p.146-93. google scholar
  • Gökçay G, Keskindemirci G. Breastmilk and COVID-19. J Istanbul Fac Med 2020;83(3):286-90. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Berlutti F, Pantanella F, Natalizi T, Frioni A, Paesano R, Polimeni A, et al. Antiviral properties of lactoferrin—a natural immunity molecule. Molecules 2011;16(8):6992-7018. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Luo Y, Xiang K, Liu J, Song J, Feng J, Chen J, et al. Inhibition of in vitro infection of Hepatitis B virus by human breastmilk. Nutrients 2022;14(8):1561. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Su Q, Sun X, Zhu L, Yan Q, Zheng P, Mao Y, et al. Breastfeeding and the risk of childhood cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. BMC Med 2021;19(1):90. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Dawod B, Marshall JS. Cytokines and Soluble Receptors in Breast Milk as Enhancers of Oral Tolerance Development. Frontiers Immunol 2019;10:16. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Ogawa J, Sasahara A, Yoshida T, Sira MM, Futatani T, Kanegane H, et al. Role of breast milk transforming growth factor beta in the initiation of IgA production in newborn infants. Early Hum Dev 2004;77(1-2):67-75. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Genna, CW. Epigenetics, methylation, and breastfeeding. Clin Lactation 2018;9(3):144-7. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Sherwood WB, Kothalawala DM, Kadalayil L, Ewart S, Zhang H, Karmaus W, et al. Epigenome-wide association study revealed that the duration of breastfeeding is associated with epigenetic differences in children. Int J Environmental Res Public Health 2020;17(10):3569. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Naumova OY, Odintsova VV, Arincina IA, Rychkov SY, Muhamedrahimov RJ, Shneider YV, et al. A study of the association between breastfeeding and DNA methylation in peripheral blood cells of infants. Russ J Genet 2019;55(6):749-55. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Rossnerova A, Tulupova E, Tabashidze N, Schmuczerova J, Dostal M, Rossner Jr P et al. Factors affecting the 27 K DNA methylation pattern in asthmatic and healthy children from locations with various environments. Mutat Res 2013;741-742:18-26. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Obermann-Borst SA, Eilers PH, Tobi EW, de Jong FH, Slagboom PE, Heijmans BT, et al. Duration of breastfeeding and gender are associated with methylation of the LEPTIN gene in very young children. Pediatr Res 2013;74(3):344-9. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Hartwig FP, Loret de Mola C, Davies NM, Victora CG, Relton CL. Breastfeeding effects on DNA methylation in offspring: A systematic literature review. PloS One 2017;12(3):e0173070. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Gialeli G, Panagopoulou O, Liosis G, Siahanidou T. Potential epigenetic effects of human milk on infant neurodevelopment. Nutrients 2023;15(16):3614. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Patuleia SIS, van Gils CH, Cao AMO, Bakker MF, van Diest PJ, van der Wall E, et al. The Physiological MicroRNA Landscape in Nipple Aspirate Fluid: Differences and similarities with breast tissue, breast milk, plasma, and serum. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21(22):8466. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Ishibashi O, Ohkuchi A, Ali M, Kurashina R, Luo SS, Ishikawa T, et al. Hydroxysteroid (17-Ş) Dehydrogenase 1 Is Dysregulated by Mir-210 and Mir-518c That Are Aberrantly Expressed in Preeclamptic Placentas. Hypertension 2012;59(2):265-73. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, França GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, et al. Lancet Breastfeeding Series Group. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet 2016;387(10017):475-90. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Peres KG, Chaffee BW, Feldens CA, Flores-Mir C, Moynihan P, Rugg-Gunn A. Breastfeeding and Oral Health: Evidence and Methodological Challenges. J Dent Res 2018;97(3):251-8. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Thomaz EBAF, Alves CMC, Gomes E Silva LF, Ribeiro de Almeida CCC, Soares de Britto E Alves MTS, Hilgert JB, et al. Breastfeeding Versus Bottle Feeding on Malocclusion in Children: A Meta-Analysis Study. J Hum Lact 2018;34(4):768-88. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Abate A, Cavagnetto D, Fama A, Maspero C, Farronato G. Relationship between Breastfeeding and Malocclusion: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Nutrients. 2020;12(12):3688. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Tham R, Bowatte G, Dharmage SC, Tan DJ, Lau MX, Dai 40. X, et al. Breastfeeding and dental caries risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr 2015;104(467):62-84. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Cheema AS, Trevenen ML, Turlach BA, Furst AJ, Roman 41. AS, Bode L, et al. Exclusively Breastfed Infant Microbiota develop over Time and Is Associated with Human Milk Oligosaccharide Intakes. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23(5):2804. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Salli K, Söderling E, Hirvonen J, Gürsoy UK, Ouwehand AC. 42. Influence of2‘-fucosyllactose and galacto-oligosaccharides on the growth and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans. Br J Nutr 2020;124(8):824-31. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Childers NK, Momeni SS, Whiddon J, Cheon K, Cutter GR, Wiener HW, et al. Association Between Early Childhood Caries and Colonization with Streptococcus mutans Genotypes From Mothers. Pediatr Dent 2017;39(2):130-5. google scholar
  • Leong PM, Gussy MG, Barrow SY, de Silva-Sanigorski A, Waters E. Systematic review of risk factors during first year of life for early childhood caries. Int J Paediatr Dent 44. 2013;23(4):235-50. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Branger B, Camelot F, Droz D, Houbiers B, Marchalot A, Bruel H, et al. Breastfeeding and early childhood caries. Review of the literature, recommendations, and prevention. Arch Pediatr 2019;26(8):497-503. [CrossRef] 45. google scholar
  • Carrillo-Dıaz M, Ortega-Martınez AR, Ruiz-Guillen A, Romero-Maroto M, Gonzâlez-Olmo MJ. Impact of Breastfeeding and Cosleeping on Early Childhood Caries: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med 2021;10(8):1561.[CrossRef] google scholar
  • Begg, D, Vernasca, G, Fischer S, Dornbusch R. Economics. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2014. google scholar
  • Bailey, SJ. Public Sector Economics Theory, Policy and 47. Practice. London: Macmillan Press Ltd; 1995. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Gökçay G, Keskindemirci G. Anne sütünün önemi. Telatar B, editör. Aile Hekimliğinde Anne Sütünün Anne ve Bebek Sağlığı Açısından Önemi. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri 48. 2019. p.1-7. google scholar
  • Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. “2018 Türkiye Nüfus Sağlık Araştırması” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Daire Başkanlığı ve TÜBİTAK, Ankara, Türkiye 2019. p.139-58. google scholar
  • International Pharmaceutical Federation. Statement of Policy: Effective Use of Pharmacists in Improving Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health. Available from: https://www. fip.org/file/1582. Last accessed at 19 September 2024. 50. google scholar
  • Sim TF, Hattingh HL, Sherriff J, Tee LBG. Towards the implementation of breastfeeding-related health services in community pharmacies: pharmacists’ perspectives. Res Social Adm Pharm 2017;13(5):980-8. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Prosperi PR, D’Errico MA, Chapin EM, Sciarretta I, Delaini P. Investigation Into the Pharmacist’s Role in Breastfeeding Support in the “Roma B” Local Health Authority in Rome. J Pharm Technol 2019; 35(3):91-7. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Byerley EM, Perryman DC, Dykhuizen SN, Haak JR, Grindeland CJ, Muzzy Williamson JD. Breastfeeding and the Pharmacist’s Role in Maternal Medication Management: Identifying Barriers and the Need for Continuing Education. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2022; 27(2):102-8. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Hale TWH, Kaytlin K (editors). Hale’s Medicines & Mothers’ Milk: A Manual of Lactational Pharmacology 20th Edition; 2023. google scholar
  • Ellingrog VL. Pregnancy and Lactation. In: DiPiro JT, Yee GC, Haines ST, Nolin TD, Ellingrod VL, Posey M, editors. DiPiro’s Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 12th Edition. Chapter 99: 2023. Available at: https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content. aspx?bookid=3324§ionid=276996099. Last accessed: 19 September 2024. google scholar
  • World Health Organization. Ten steps toward successful breastfeeding 2022. https://www.who.int/teams/nutritionand- food- safety/food- and- nutrition- actions- in- healthsystems/ten- steps - to- successful-breastfeeding. Last accessed. 19 September 2024 google scholar
  • Hamnøy IL, Kjelsvik M, Bærug AB, Dahl BM. A balancing act-midwives’ and public health nurses’ experiences with breastfeeding counseling. Scand J Caring Sci 2024;38:92- 103. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Bazzano A, Littrell L, Brandt A, Thibeau S, Thriemer K, Theall KP. Health provider experiences with galactagogues supporting breastfeeding: a cross-sectional survey. J Multidiscip Healthc 2016;9:623-30. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • World Health Organization. Guidelines: Counseling for women to improve breastfeeding practices. 2018. https://iris. who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/280133/9789241550468-eng.pdf google scholar
  • Bowdler S, Nielsen W, Moroney T, Meedya S. What knowledge do nursing students hold about breastfeeding and what factors influence this knowledge: An integrative literature review. Nurse Education Practice 2022;64:103423. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Wang S, Guendelman S, Harley K, Eskenazi B. When Fathers are Perceived to Share in the Maternal Decision to Breastfeed: Outcomes of the Infant Feeding Practices Study II. Matern Child Health J 2018;22(11):1676-84. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Uscher-Pines L, Mehrotra A, Bogen DL. The emergence and promise of telelactation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;217(3):176-8. [CrossRef] google scholar

Atıflar

Biçimlendirilmiş bir atıfı kopyalayıp yapıştırın veya seçtiğiniz biçimde dışa aktarmak için seçeneklerden birini kullanın


DIŞA AKTAR



APA

Gökçay, E.G., İnce, E.Z., Keskindemirci, G., Gedikbaşı, A., Güven, Y., Gökçay, Ş.E., Alp Yıldırım, F.İ., & Bayraktar, S. (2025). HER YÖNÜYLE ANNE SÜTÜ. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 88(1), 72-79. https://doi.org/10.26650/IUITFD.1558194


AMA

Gökçay E G, İnce E Z, Keskindemirci G, Gedikbaşı A, Güven Y, Gökçay Ş E, Alp Yıldırım F İ, Bayraktar S. HER YÖNÜYLE ANNE SÜTÜ. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025;88(1):72-79. https://doi.org/10.26650/IUITFD.1558194


ABNT

Gökçay, E.G.; İnce, E.Z.; Keskindemirci, G.; Gedikbaşı, A.; Güven, Y.; Gökçay, Ş.E.; Alp Yıldırım, F.İ.; Bayraktar, S. HER YÖNÜYLE ANNE SÜTÜ. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, [Publisher Location], v. 88, n. 1, p. 72-79, 2025.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Gökçay, Emine Gülbin, and Elmas Zeynep İnce and Gonca Keskindemirci and Asuman Gedikbaşı and Yeliz Güven and Şerif Emre Gökçay and Fatoş İlkay Alp Yıldırım and Sema Bayraktar. 2025. “HER YÖNÜYLE ANNE SÜTÜ.” İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 88, no. 1: 72-79. https://doi.org/10.26650/IUITFD.1558194


Chicago: Humanities Style

Gökçay, Emine Gülbin, and Elmas Zeynep İnce and Gonca Keskindemirci and Asuman Gedikbaşı and Yeliz Güven and Şerif Emre Gökçay and Fatoş İlkay Alp Yıldırım and Sema Bayraktar. HER YÖNÜYLE ANNE SÜTÜ.” İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 88, no. 1 (Feb. 2025): 72-79. https://doi.org/10.26650/IUITFD.1558194


Harvard: Australian Style

Gökçay, EG & İnce, EZ & Keskindemirci, G & Gedikbaşı, A & Güven, Y & Gökçay, ŞE & Alp Yıldırım, Fİ & Bayraktar, S 2025, 'HER YÖNÜYLE ANNE SÜTÜ', İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 72-79, viewed 5 Feb. 2025, https://doi.org/10.26650/IUITFD.1558194


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Gökçay, E.G. and İnce, E.Z. and Keskindemirci, G. and Gedikbaşı, A. and Güven, Y. and Gökçay, Ş.E. and Alp Yıldırım, F.İ. and Bayraktar, S. (2025) ‘HER YÖNÜYLE ANNE SÜTÜ’, İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 88(1), pp. 72-79. https://doi.org/10.26650/IUITFD.1558194 (5 Feb. 2025).


MLA

Gökçay, Emine Gülbin, and Elmas Zeynep İnce and Gonca Keskindemirci and Asuman Gedikbaşı and Yeliz Güven and Şerif Emre Gökçay and Fatoş İlkay Alp Yıldırım and Sema Bayraktar. HER YÖNÜYLE ANNE SÜTÜ.” İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 88, no. 1, 2025, pp. 72-79. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/IUITFD.1558194


Vancouver

Gökçay EG, İnce EZ, Keskindemirci G, Gedikbaşı A, Güven Y, Gökçay ŞE, Alp Yıldırım Fİ, Bayraktar S. HER YÖNÜYLE ANNE SÜTÜ. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi [Internet]. 5 Feb. 2025 [cited 5 Feb. 2025];88(1):72-79. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/IUITFD.1558194 doi: 10.26650/IUITFD.1558194


ISNAD

Gökçay, EmineGülbin - İnce, ElmasZeynep - Keskindemirci, Gonca - Gedikbaşı, Asuman - Güven, Yeliz - Gökçay, ŞerifEmre - Alp Yıldırım, Fatoşİlkay - Bayraktar, Sema. HER YÖNÜYLE ANNE SÜTÜ”. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 88/1 (Feb. 2025): 72-79. https://doi.org/10.26650/IUITFD.1558194



ZAMAN ÇİZELGESİ


Gönderim01.10.2024
Kabul23.12.2024
Çevrimiçi Yayınlanma02.01.2025

LİSANS


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


PAYLAŞ




İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, uluslararası yayıncılık standartları ve etiğine uygun olarak, yüksek kalitede bilimsel dergi ve kitapların yayınlanmasıyla giderek artan bilimsel bilginin yayılmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları açık erişimli, ticari olmayan, bilimsel yayıncılığı takip etmektedir.