Psikoloji Çalışmaları

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DOI :10.26650/SP398724   IUP :10.26650/SP398724    Tam Metin (PDF)

54-66 Aylık Çocuklarda Olumlu Sosyal Yalan Davranışı ile Zihin Kuramı ve Yönetici İşlevlerin Bağlantıları

Neslihan Oğuz, Hatice Şeyma Kara

Bu araştırmanın amacı olumlu sosyal yalan davranışının (beyaz yalan) zihin kuramı ve yönetici işlevlerle olan bağlantılarının 54-66 aylık çocuklarda incelenmesidir. Katılımcı grubu, İstanbul ilinde yer alan beş okul öncesi devlet ve özel eğitim kurumundaki 54-66 aylık (4.5 - 5.5 yaş) 96 çocuktan (54 erkek, 42 kız) oluşmaktadır. Çocukların olumlu sosyal yalan davranışı iyi resim-kötü resim görevi ve hayal kırıklığına uğratan hediye paradigması ile ölçülmüştür. Zihin kuramı ölçümünde görünüş gerçeklik görevi, beklenmedik içerik görevi ve beklenmedik yer değişikliği görevi; yönetici işlevlerin bileşenlerinden bilişsel esneklik ölçümünde boyut değiştirerek kart eşleme görevi, inhibisyonel kontrol ve çalışma belliği ölçümünde ise gündüz gece görevi kullanılmıştır. Sonuçta inhibisyonel kontrol ile hayal kırıklığına uğratan hediye paradigmasının takas aşaması arasındaki ilişki haricinde diğer değişkenler arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Ayrıca çocukların olumlu sosyal yalan söyleme davranışlarını ölçmek amacıyla kullanılan iyi resim-kötü resim görevinde yalan söyleme oranları ile hayal kırıklığına uğratan hediye paradigmasındaki oranların oldukça farklı değerler aldığı gözlenmiştir. Katılımcılar küçük ve büyük çocuklar olarak iki ayrı yaş grubuna ayrıldığında -yaş kontrol edildiğinde- ise görece küçük çocuklarda (4.5 - 5 yaş) inhibisyonel kontrol ile iyi resim-kötü resim görevi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki görülmüştür. Büyük çocuklarda (5 - 5.5 yaş) ise yalan davranışı ile bilişsel becerilerin bağlantısı bulunmamışken uygulamacıya bağlı farklılığın bulunması sebebiyle motivasyonel faktörlerin olumlu sosyal yalan davranışında etkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Dolayısıyla bilişsel becerilerin küçük çocukların olumlu sosyal yalan davranışında hem gerekli hem de yeterli olduğu; fakat yaş arttıkça bilişsel becerilerin yeterli olmaktan çıkıp sosyal ve motivasyonel faktörlerin devreye girdiği yorumu yapılabilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: beyaz yalan, zihin kuramı, Olumlu sosyal yalan, yönetici işlevler
DOI :10.26650/SP398724   IUP :10.26650/SP398724    Tam Metin (PDF)

The Relationships Between Children’s Prosocial-Lie Telling Behavior, Theory of Mind and Executive Functions in 54-66 Months

Neslihan Oğuz, Hatice Şeyma Kara

This research examined the relationship between prosocial lie-telling behavior, theory of mind, and executive functions in children aged 54–66 months. The sample consists of 96 children (54 boys, 42 girls) aged 54–66 months (4.5–5.5 years) enrolled at five public schools and private schools in Istanbul. The children’s prosocial lie-telling behavior is tested by the good and bad drawing task and the dissapointing gift paradigm. Two false belief tasks and one appearance-reality task were used to measure theory of mind (ToM). Along with the measures for theory of mind, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhitory control were measured by the dimensional change card sort (DCCS) and day-night Strooplike test, respectively. As a result, there was no significant differences between the children’s cognitive scores (ToM, DCCS, Stroop) and pro-social lying tasks. However, there were significant predictive relationships with the DCCS and the disappointing gift paradigm’s swap condition. When age was controlled, Stroop and prosocial lie-telling in the good and bad drawing task correlated significantly in young children. White-lie-telling scores are differentiated, according to researchers, in older children. Thus, it is thought that social and motivational factors may affects children’s prosocial behavior. In this study, the disappointing gifts paradigm and good and bad drawing tasks were used to measure children’s prosocial lie-telling behavior, and it was discovered that there were quite different values for children’s lying rates.
Anahtar Kelimeler: theory of mind, Prosocial lie-telling, white-lie-telling, executive functions

GENİŞLETİLMİŞ ÖZET


In daily life, there are times when most people say that they liked a meal in order not to hurt the feelings of the person who served them, even if they did not really like it. In such cases, these lies should be regarded as a prosocial lie (white lie). To tell a successful lie, children have to be able to prevent the right information, produce false information, and remember the components of these lies. Thus, two components of executive functioning, working memory and inhibitory control, are associated with white-lie-telling (Gombos, 2006). In addition, cognitive flexibility may be directly related to the lie behavior because all lie-tellers need to be able to relocate cognitively between the reality and the lies they propose (Talwar, Crossman, & Wyman, 2017).

The current study examined children’s theory of mind (ToM) and executive function (EF) in relation to prosocial lying among children 54–66 months. It is thought that the child who can understand the mental state of the other person can use this skill to manipulate someone else’s mental state. On the other hand, it is thought that the child should have acquired the skills of mental transition (cognitive flexibility), intellectual retention (working memory), and correct information suppression (inhibitory control) between true and false information in order to be able to tell a prosocial lie. For these reasons, children with better developed executive functioning skills and theory of mind understanding will be more likely to tell a white lie. 

Method

Participants

The sample of the study was consisted of 94 children at 54 - 66 months (42 girls, 54 boys) from five preschools in Istanbul. The mean age of children was 60.88 (SS = 3.07).

Measures

Good and Bad Drawing Task. For the measurement of children’s white lie telling behavior good and bad drawing task (modified version) was used (Warneken & Orlins, 2015). The lowest point and the highest point of good and bad drawing task were 0 and 1 respectively. 

The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS). This task which is thought to measure the transition ability (cognitive flexibility) from one rule to another (Yıldız & Akbaş, 2017) is developed by Frye, Zelazo, and Palfai (1995). The lowest point and highest of DCCS were calculated as 0 and 6 respectively.

Day and Night Strooplike Test. This test has been developed by Gerstadt, Hong and Diamond (1994) in order to measure children’s inhibitory control and working memory. The lowest point and highest of the test were calculated as 0 and 16 respectively.

Theory of Mind (ToM). For the measurement of ToM; Appearance-Reality task, Unexpected Content Task and Change of Location Task were used. The lowest point and the highest point of ToM were 0 and 7 respectively.  

Disappointing Gift Paradigm. Another pro-social lie telling was observed using a disappointing gift paradigm which was developed Saarni (1984). The lowest point and the highest point of the task were 0 and 1 respectively.

Procedure

Participants were tested in one session. In the session “good and bad drawing, DCSS, ToM tasks, Strooplike test and disappointing gift paradigm” were applied respectively. 

Results

The bivariate correlation results showed that there was only significant relationships with Strooplike and disappointing gift paradigm’s swap condition (r(94) = -.20, p < .05). When analysed using a linear regression dissappointing gift paradigm’s swap condition as the predicted variable, Strooplike was only significant predictor (R2 = .04, F(1, 94) = 4.00, p < .05). When age was controlled young children’s (4.5-5 age) Strooplike scores predicted prosocial lie telling in good and bad drawing task (R2 = .14, F(1,30) = 5.20, p < .05). In additon, older children’s (5-5.5 age) lie telling behaviour changed from experimenter (χ2 (1) = 17.75, p < .001). Among participants, 52.1% of children in the good and bad drawing task, 2.1% of children in the disappointing gift paradigm and 51% of children in the disappointing gift paradigm’s swap condition told prosocial-lie.

Discussion 

In this study, a negative relationship was found between the inhibitory control and the swap condition of the disappointing gift paradigm. While there is a link between pro-social lie behavior and cognitive skills in young children, there is no link between white lie and cognitive skills in older children. However because of the older children’s lie telling behaviour changed from experimenter it is thought that motivational factors are effective in white-lie telling. In this study, first order ToM skills were measured instead of secondary ToM which were thought to have been acquired at 6 years of age (Perner, & Howes, 1992), because the sample was composed of children aged 4.5-5.5 years. However, there was no significant relationship between pro-social lie behavior and primary ToM. From these findings, it can be assumed that there are other predictive factors for children’s pro-social lying behavior at below 6 years of age, instead of ToM.


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APA

Oğuz, N., & Kara, H. (2018). 54-66 Aylık Çocuklarda Olumlu Sosyal Yalan Davranışı ile Zihin Kuramı ve Yönetici İşlevlerin Bağlantıları. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 38(2), 129-154. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP398724


AMA

Oğuz N, Kara H. 54-66 Aylık Çocuklarda Olumlu Sosyal Yalan Davranışı ile Zihin Kuramı ve Yönetici İşlevlerin Bağlantıları. Psikoloji Çalışmaları. 2018;38(2):129-154. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP398724


ABNT

Oğuz, N.; Kara, H. 54-66 Aylık Çocuklarda Olumlu Sosyal Yalan Davranışı ile Zihin Kuramı ve Yönetici İşlevlerin Bağlantıları. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, [Publisher Location], v. 38, n. 2, p. 129-154, 2018.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Oğuz, Neslihan, and Hatice Şeyma Kara. 2018. “54-66 Aylık Çocuklarda Olumlu Sosyal Yalan Davranışı ile Zihin Kuramı ve Yönetici İşlevlerin Bağlantıları.” Psikoloji Çalışmaları 38, no. 2: 129-154. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP398724


Chicago: Humanities Style

Oğuz, Neslihan, and Hatice Şeyma Kara. “54-66 Aylık Çocuklarda Olumlu Sosyal Yalan Davranışı ile Zihin Kuramı ve Yönetici İşlevlerin Bağlantıları.” Psikoloji Çalışmaları 38, no. 2 (Apr. 2025): 129-154. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP398724


Harvard: Australian Style

Oğuz, N & Kara, H 2018, '54-66 Aylık Çocuklarda Olumlu Sosyal Yalan Davranışı ile Zihin Kuramı ve Yönetici İşlevlerin Bağlantıları', Psikoloji Çalışmaları, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 129-154, viewed 28 Apr. 2025, https://doi.org/10.26650/SP398724


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Oğuz, N. and Kara, H. (2018) ‘54-66 Aylık Çocuklarda Olumlu Sosyal Yalan Davranışı ile Zihin Kuramı ve Yönetici İşlevlerin Bağlantıları’, Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 38(2), pp. 129-154. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP398724 (28 Apr. 2025).


MLA

Oğuz, Neslihan, and Hatice Şeyma Kara. “54-66 Aylık Çocuklarda Olumlu Sosyal Yalan Davranışı ile Zihin Kuramı ve Yönetici İşlevlerin Bağlantıları.” Psikoloji Çalışmaları, vol. 38, no. 2, 2018, pp. 129-154. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/SP398724


Vancouver

Oğuz N, Kara H. 54-66 Aylık Çocuklarda Olumlu Sosyal Yalan Davranışı ile Zihin Kuramı ve Yönetici İşlevlerin Bağlantıları. Psikoloji Çalışmaları [Internet]. 28 Apr. 2025 [cited 28 Apr. 2025];38(2):129-154. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/SP398724 doi: 10.26650/SP398724


ISNAD

Oğuz, Neslihan - Kara, Hatice Şeyma. “54-66 Aylık Çocuklarda Olumlu Sosyal Yalan Davranışı ile Zihin Kuramı ve Yönetici İşlevlerin Bağlantıları”. Psikoloji Çalışmaları 38/2 (Apr. 2025): 129-154. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP398724



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Kabul11.10.2018

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