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DOI :10.26650/SP2018-0004   IUP :10.26650/SP2018-0004    Tam Metin (PDF)

Examination of Psychometric Properties of the Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2

Osman Urfa, F. Hülya Aşçı

The purpose of this study is to test the reliability and the validity of the Turkish version of the Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2 (iPBI-2) for athletes. One-hundred ninety-six males and 107 females, a total of 303 athletes, voluntarily participated in this study. The iPBI-2 is the short form of the 28-item Irrational Performance Belief Inventory. The iPBI-2 is a five-point Likert scale that includes 20 items. The iPBI-2 assesses the irrational beliefs of athletes on 4 subscales: Demandingness, Awfulizing, Low Frustration Tolerance, and Depreciation. Confirmatory factor analysis and convergent validity were used to test the construct validity. The Sport Anxiety Scale-2 and the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale were administered to test the construct validity, and the Irrational Belief Scale Short Form was administered to test the convergent validity of the iPBI-2. In addition, internal reliability coefficients were computed for each subscale. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the Turkish scale is consistent with the original four-factor structure. The Pearson correlation analysis for testing the convergent validity revealed significant and positive relationships between the iPBI-2 subscales and sport anxiety, irrational beliefs, and sport perfectionism. The internal consistency of the total scale was .88, and of the subscales ranged between .83 (Demandingness subscale) and .86 (Low Frustration Tolerance and Depreciation subscales). We conclude that the four-factor model of the iPBI-2 is appropriate for measuring irrational beliefs about performance of Turkish athletes.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Irrational belief, Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2, validity, reliability, sport
DOI :10.26650/SP2018-0004   IUP :10.26650/SP2018-0004    Tam Metin (PDF)

Akıldışı Performans İnançları Envanteri–2’nin Psikometrik Özelliklerinin Sınanması

Osman Urfa, F. Hülya Aşçı

Bu çalışmanın amacı Akıldışı Performans İnançları Envanteri-2’nin (APİE-2) Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin sporcularda test edilmesidir. Çalışmanın örneklemini, 18 yaş ve üstünde 196 erkek, 107 kadın olmak üzere toplam 303 sporcu oluşturmaktadır. APİE-2 28 maddeden oluşan Akıldışı Performans İnançları Envanteri’nin (Irrational Performance Belief Inventory) kısa formudur. APİE-2, 5’li likert tipi bir ölçektir ve 20 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Sporcuların akıldışı performans inançlarını Talepkarlık, Felaketleştirme, Düşük Tolerans ve Değersizleştirme olmak üzere 4 faktörde değerlendirmektedir. Faktörlerden ve toplamdan alınan yüksek puan, yüksek akıldışı inanç anlamına gelmektedir. Çalışmanın yapı geçerliği, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve yaklaşan geçerlik ile sınanmıştır. Aynı zamanda yapı geçerliği için APİE-2 ile Sporda Kaygı Ölçeği-2 ve Spora Özgü Çok Boyutlu Mükemmeliyetçilik Ölçeği arasındaki ilişki incelenirken yaklaşan geçerlik kapsamında Akılcı Olmayan İnanç Ölçeği –Kısa Form ile arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. APİE-2’nin güvenirliği için iç tutarlık katsayısı (Cronbach Alpha) hesaplanmıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda, ölçeğin Türkçe formunun orijinal 4 faktörlü yapıyı desteklediği bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliği için yapılan korelasyon analizinde APİE-2 faktörleri ile sporda kaygı, sporda mükemmeliyetçilik ve akılcı olmayan inanç arasında pozitif yönlü anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin tamamına ait iç tutarlık katsayısı .88 iken, faktörlere ait iç tutarlık katsayısı .83 (Talepkarlık faktörü) ile .86 (Düşük Tolerans ve Değersizleştirme faktörleri) aralığında bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak APİE-2 Türkçe formunun sporcuların performanslarına yönelik akıldışı inançlarını ölçmek için geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğu söylenebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Akıldışı inanç, Akıldışı Performans İnançları Envanteri–2, geçerlik, güvenirlik, spor

GENİŞLETİLMİŞ ÖZET


Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), developed by Albert Ellis (Ellis, 1957), is a humanistic and cognitive behavioral approach (Turner, 2016). According to REBT, the reasons for emotional and behavioral problems are irrational beliefs. Irrational beliefs are illogical, extreme, and rigid (Dryden & Branch, 2008; DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2014). REBT, which has been applied for many years for psychological problems of individuals, has recently become widespread in applied sports psychology (Turner, Slater, Dixon, & Miller, 2018). Research shows that irrational beliefs can be associated with performance and psychological skills (Cunningham & Turner, 2016; Deen, Turner, & Wong, 2017; Wood, Barker, & Turner, 2017). One of the most important steps of studies on irrational beliefs is to measure the irrational beliefs of athletes. In this phase, semistructured interviews and quantitative measurement tools can be used (Turner & Barker, 2014). The Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2 was developed to measure irrational beliefs about performance of athletes. The purpose of this study is to test the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2 (iPBI-2) for athletes .

Method

One hundered ninty six male (Mage= 23.73, SSage = 6.81) and 107 female (Mage= 21.49, SSage = 3.46), totally 303 athletes (Mage= 22.94, SSage = 5.94) voluntarily participated in this study. The iPBI-2 (Turner & Allen, 2018) is the short form of the 28-item Irrational Performance Belief Inventory which was developed by Turner et al. (2016). The iPBI-2 is a five point Likerttype scale and includes 20 items. The iPBI-2 assess the irrational beliefs of athletes on four subscales -Demandingness, Awfulizing, Low Frustration Tolerance, Depreciation-. High scores on the scale mean high irrational performance beliefs. Item analysis was performed to determine the discriminatory properties of the scale items. In this context, mean, standard deviation and corrected item total correlation coefficient of each item were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis and convergent validity were used to test the construct validity. Pearson correlation analysis was used to test the convergent validity. The χ2 (Chi-square for goodness of fit), RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation), RMR (Root Mean Square Residual), CFI (Comparative Fit Index), GFI (Goodness of Fit Index) were examined in this study as fit indexes. The criteria suggested by Byrne (2010), Kline (2011) and Hu and Bentler (1999) as model fit criteria were used. The Sports Anxiety Scale-2, The Irrational Belief Scale Short Form and the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale were administered to test the convergent validity of the iPBI-2. In addition, internal reliability coefficients (Cronbach Alpha) were computed for each subscale.

Results

The mean values of scale items ranged between 2.46 and 3.41. The corrected item total correlation coefficients ranged between .39 and .57. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the results of the construct validity of the Turkish scale were consistent with the original four-factor structure (Demandingness, Awfulizing, Low Frustration Tolerance, Depreciation) of the iPBI-2 (χ2 /df= 2.36, GFI = .89, CFI = .92, RMR = .06, RMSEA = .07). For the scale, standardized factor loadings were between .64 and .80 for all the scale. Pearson correlation analyses revealed significant and positive relationships between Demandingness, Awfulizing, Low Frustration Tolerance and Depreciation subscales and sport anxiety, irrational belief and sport perfectionism (rs = .24 - .51, p < .01). The internal consistency of the total scale was .88, and of the subscales ranged between .83 (Demandingness subscale) and .86 (Low Frustration Tolerance and Depreciation subscales).

Discussion

The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the scale has acceptable fit (Byrne, 2010; Hu & Bentler, 1999; Kline, 2011). This finding is similar to the findings of the original form (Turnet et al., 2016) and of the short form (Turner & Allen, 2018) of the scale. The correlation coefficient between sport anxiety, sport perfectionism and irrational beliefs were investiagted for the construct validity of scale. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant and positive correlations between irrational performance beliefs and anxiety, irrational belief and perfectionism which provided support for the construct validity of the scale. The internal consistency coefficients of the scale factors and the total score indicate that the scale were highly reliable (Field, 2009). These finding are consistent with the ones of the original form of the scale (Turner & Allen, 2018). The corrected item total correlation coefficient of the scale indicates that the items of the scale are distinctive (Büyüköztürk, 2012).

To sum up, it can be concluded that the four-factor model of the iPBI-2 is appropriate for measuring irrational beliefs about performance of the Turkish athletes. It is the first measurement tool to measure the irrational beliefs of athletes about their performance. The adaptation of the scale will contribute to conducting further studies on irrational performance beliefs. Further studies sould investigate the irrational beliefs of athletes from different age and sport groups. Beside, irrational beliefs of diffferent performance-oriented situations such as academia, business, military can be examined. In addition, the psychometric proporties of the scale should be investigated via different methods such as Rash analysis (Andrich, 1988), Multi-trait Multi-method (MTMM; Campbell & Fiske, 1959), Item Response Theory (Hambleton & Swaminathan, 1985).


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DIŞA AKTAR



APA

Urfa, O., & Aşçı, F. (2018). Examination of Psychometric Properties of the Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 38(2), 219-236. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0004


AMA

Urfa O, Aşçı F. Examination of Psychometric Properties of the Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2. Psikoloji Çalışmaları. 2018;38(2):219-236. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0004


ABNT

Urfa, O.; Aşçı, F. Examination of Psychometric Properties of the Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, [Publisher Location], v. 38, n. 2, p. 219-236, 2018.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Urfa, Osman, and F. Hülya Aşçı. 2018. “Examination of Psychometric Properties of the Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2.” Psikoloji Çalışmaları 38, no. 2: 219-236. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0004


Chicago: Humanities Style

Urfa, Osman, and F. Hülya Aşçı. “Examination of Psychometric Properties of the Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2.” Psikoloji Çalışmaları 38, no. 2 (Apr. 2025): 219-236. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0004


Harvard: Australian Style

Urfa, O & Aşçı, F 2018, 'Examination of Psychometric Properties of the Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2', Psikoloji Çalışmaları, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 219-236, viewed 28 Apr. 2025, https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0004


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Urfa, O. and Aşçı, F. (2018) ‘Examination of Psychometric Properties of the Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2’, Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 38(2), pp. 219-236. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0004 (28 Apr. 2025).


MLA

Urfa, Osman, and F. Hülya Aşçı. “Examination of Psychometric Properties of the Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2.” Psikoloji Çalışmaları, vol. 38, no. 2, 2018, pp. 219-236. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0004


Vancouver

Urfa O, Aşçı F. Examination of Psychometric Properties of the Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2. Psikoloji Çalışmaları [Internet]. 28 Apr. 2025 [cited 28 Apr. 2025];38(2):219-236. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0004 doi: 10.26650/SP2018-0004


ISNAD

Urfa, Osman - Aşçı, F. Hülya. “Examination of Psychometric Properties of the Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2”. Psikoloji Çalışmaları 38/2 (Apr. 2025): 219-236. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0004



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