Tarih Dergisi

GÖNDERBİLGİ
EnglishTürkçe

Araştırma Makalesi


DOI :10.26650/iutd.1496002   IUP :10.26650/iutd.1496002    Tam Metin (PDF)

Demokrasi ya da İstikrar: ABD'nin Turkiye'nin Demokrasi Deneyimine Yönelik Politikası 1945-1980

Murat Özata

Demokrasi kavramı ABD dış politikasında önemli bir role sahiptir. Amerikan Başkanları demokrasiyi dünya genelindeki politikalarının motive edici gücü olarak kullanmaktadır. Bu araştırma, 1945-1980 yılları arasında Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde yaşanan demokratik gelişmelere ve darbelere ilişkin Amerikan yönetimlerinin politikalarını incelemektedir. Liberal demokrasinin en önemli savunucusu olan ABD yönetiminin Türkiye’nin çok partili hayata geçişi üzerindeki etkisi, Türkiye’de gerçekleşen 27 Mayıs, 12 Eylül darbesine ve 12 Mart muhtırasına yaklaşımı Amerikan kaynaklarına dayanarak ele alınacaktır. Amerikan Ulusal Arşivinin yanında Kongre Tutanakları, Resmi Yayınlar, döneme ait basın ve Türkiye’de görev yapmış diplomatların hatıraları araştırmada birincil kaynaklar olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu kaynaklar, Türk demokrasisinin gelişim sürecinin Amerikan perspektifinden değerlendirilmesine imkân sağlamıştır. ABD'nin Türk demokrasisi karşısındaki tutumu, demokrasinin ABD'nin Türkiye'ye yönelik dış politikasının bir hedefi mi yoksa aracı mı olduğunu da ortaya koyacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Demokrasi, ABD, Darbe, Askeri Müdahale
DOI :10.26650/iutd.1496002   IUP :10.26650/iutd.1496002    Tam Metin (PDF)

Democracy or Stability: The US Policy Towards Turkish Experiment in Democracy 1945-1980

Murat Özata

The concept of democracy plays an important role in the US foreign policy. American Presidents use democracy as a motivating force for their policies worldwide. This study examines the policies of the American administrations concerning the democratic developments and coups in the Republic of Turkiye between 1945 and 1983. The influence of the US administration, as the most important proponent of liberal democracy, on Turkiye's transition to multi-party rule and its approach to the coups of May 27, September 12, and the March 12 memorandum will be discussed based on the American sources in the present study. In addition to the American National Archives, Congressional Records, Official Publications, the American newspapers of the period, and the memoirs of diplomats who served in Turkiye were used as the primary sources of the study. These sources enabled the evaluation of the development of Turkish democracy from the American perspective. The US attitude towards Turkish democracy will also reveal whether democracy is a goal or a tool of the US foreign policy towards Turkiye.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Democracy, Coup, Military Intervention, USA

PDF Görünüm

Referanslar

  • National Archives Records Administration (NARA) google scholar
  • National Archives, Record Group 59, Records of the Department of State Relating to Internal Affairs of Turkiye, 1945-1949, Microfilm M1292, Roll 1, 2, 19. google scholar
  • National Archives, Record Group 59, 1945-1949 Central Decimal Files, Box 3392. google scholar
  • National Archives, Record Group 59, Records of the Turkish Affairs Desk 1958-1963, Box 1, 2, 4. google scholar
  • National Archives, Record Group 59, Subject Numeric Files 1970-1973, Box 2637. google scholar
  • National Archives, Carter Library National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Material, Country File, Box 75. google scholar
  • Digital National Security Archive (DNSA) google scholar
  • ProQuest, Digital National Security Archive, National Security Agency Organization and Operations, 19452009. google scholar
  • ProQuest, Digital National Security Archive, Kissinger Telephone Conversations. google scholar
  • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Databases google scholar
  • Central Intelligence Bulletin, January 16, 1960, Document Number: C03031263, Central Intelligence Bulletin Collection. Top Secret. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/ (Online April 1, 2023) google scholar
  • Central Intelligence Bulletin, April 20, 1960, Document Number: CIA-RDP79T00975A005000440001-7, Central Intelligence Bulletin Collection. Top Secret, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/ (Online April 1, 2023) google scholar
  • CIA Report Situation Report-1/1, 22.12.1948, Subject: Turkey, CIA-RDP78-01617A 001400020001-3 https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/ (Online April 1, 2023) google scholar
  • U.S. Congress, Congressional Record, 80th Congress, 1st Session, XCIII/3 (March 31 1947), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 1948. google scholar
  • U.S. Congress, Congressional Record, 80th Congress, 1st Session, XCIII/3 (April 1 1947), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 1948. google scholar
  • U.S. Department of State, The Department of State Bulletin, XLII/1095 (June 1960), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 1973. google scholar
  • U.S. Department of State, The Department of State Bulletin, LXXX/2044 (November 1980), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 1980. google scholar
  • U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of United States, 1958-1960, X, Eastern Europe; Eastern Mediterranean, 1969-1972, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 2007. google scholar
  • U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of United States, 1969-1976, XXIX, Eastern Europe; Eastern Mediterranean, 1969-1972, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 2007. google scholar
  • U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of United States, 1969-1976, XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkiye, 1973-1976, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 2007. google scholar
  • U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of United States, 1977-1980, XXI, Cyprus; Turkey; Greece, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 2014. google scholar
  • Frontline Diplomacy: The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection, Interview With Myles Greene, 22.02.2002, ADST, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, D.C. https://www.loc.gov/ item/mfdipbib000451/, (Online, March 26, 2023). google scholar
  • Frontline Diplomacy: The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection, Interview With Alfred Joseph White, 17.09.1997, ADST, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, D.C., Digital ID: http://hdl. loc.gov/loc.mss/mfdip. 2004whi01 (Online, 16 March, 2023). google scholar
  • Chicago Daily Tribune google scholar
  • Cumhuriyet google scholar
  • The Baltimore Sun google scholar
  • Los Angeles Times google scholar
  • The Boston Globe google scholar
  • The Pittsburg Courier google scholar
  • Washington Post google scholar
  • Ahmad, Feroz, The Making of Modern Turkey, Routledge, London and Newyork 2002. google scholar
  • Alsop, Stewart, “Our Fine Aims Amuse the East”, The Washington Post, April 27, 1947, p. B5. google scholar
  • Athanassopoulou, Ekavi “Western Defence Developments and Turkey’s Search for Security in 1948”, Middle Eastern Studies, XXXII/2 (1996), pp. 77-108. google scholar
  • Erhan, Çağrı and Efe Sıvış. “Determinants of Turkish-American Relations and Prospects for the Future.” Insight Turkey, XIX/1 (2017), pp. 89-116. google scholar
  • Gunn, Christopher. “The 1960 Coup in Turkey: A U.S. Intelligence Failure or a Successful Intervention?” Journal of Cold War Studies, XVII/2 (2015), pp. 103-139. google scholar
  • Güney, Aylın. “Anti-Americanism in Turkey: Past and Present.” Middle Eastern Studies, XLIV/3 (2008), pp. 471-487. google scholar
  • Hale, William, Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774, Routledge, New York 2013. google scholar
  • Henze, Paul, Turkiye ve Atatürk’ün Mirası, çev. Orhan Azizoğlu, Kömen Yayınları, Konya 2003. google scholar
  • Howe, Marvine, “Senator Tower Favors More Assistance for the Turkish Junta”, The New York Times, February 13,1981, p. 8. google scholar
  • Howe, Marvine, “Turks Reassured by Weinberger’s Visit”, The New York Times, December 5, 1981, p. 3. google scholar
  • Howe, Marvine, “Haig Ankara Visit Encourages Turks”, The New York Times, December 13, 1982, p. 17. google scholar
  • Karpat, Kemal, Turkey’s Politics: The Transition to a Multi Party System, Princeton University Press, New Jersey,1959. google scholar
  • Kasapsaraçoğlu, Murat, “ Soğuk Savaş Döneminde Türkiye’de Yapılan Askeri Darbeler ve ABD”, Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, XIX/3 (2020), pp.134-1356. google scholar
  • Okur, Mehmet Akif, “Türkiye-ABD İlişkilerinin 12 Eylül Kavşağı: Amerikan Belgeleri Darbe Hakkında Ne Anlatıyor?”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, X/40 (2014), pp. 67-93. google scholar
  • Lippmann, Walter, “Congress Must Support the Greek-Turkish Bill”, The Boston Globe, April 22, 1947, p. 14. google scholar
  • Mays, Benjamin, “Communism: In Greece, Turkey and U.S.” The Pittsburgh Courier, April 26,1947, p. 7. google scholar
  • McGhee, George, The US-Turkish-NATO Middle East Connection, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 1990. google scholar
  • Sıvış, Efe, ABD Dışişleri Belgeleri Işığında Türkiye’de Çok Partili Hayata Geçiş, Istanbul University Social Sciences Institute Department of Political Science and International Relations, Unpublished Phd Thesis, Istanbul 2000. google scholar
  • Spain, James, American Diplomacy in Turkey: Memoirs of an Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Praeger Publishers, New York 1984. google scholar
  • Yılmaz, Şuhnaz, From Stranger to Allies, Princeton University Department of Near Eastern Studies, Unpublished Phd Thesis, New Jersey 2000. google scholar
  • Walz, Jay, “Role of Military Debated By Turks”,The New York Times, May 8, 1960, p. 2. google scholar

Atıflar

Biçimlendirilmiş bir atıfı kopyalayıp yapıştırın veya seçtiğiniz biçimde dışa aktarmak için seçeneklerden birini kullanın


DIŞA AKTAR



APA

Özata, M. (2024). Demokrasi ya da İstikrar: ABD'nin Turkiye'nin Demokrasi Deneyimine Yönelik Politikası 1945-1980. Tarih Dergisi, 0(84), 159-182. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1496002


AMA

Özata M. Demokrasi ya da İstikrar: ABD'nin Turkiye'nin Demokrasi Deneyimine Yönelik Politikası 1945-1980. Tarih Dergisi. 2024;0(84):159-182. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1496002


ABNT

Özata, M. Demokrasi ya da İstikrar: ABD'nin Turkiye'nin Demokrasi Deneyimine Yönelik Politikası 1945-1980. Tarih Dergisi, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 84, p. 159-182, 2024.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Özata, Murat,. 2024. “Demokrasi ya da İstikrar: ABD'nin Turkiye'nin Demokrasi Deneyimine Yönelik Politikası 1945-1980.” Tarih Dergisi 0, no. 84: 159-182. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1496002


Chicago: Humanities Style

Özata, Murat,. “Demokrasi ya da İstikrar: ABD'nin Turkiye'nin Demokrasi Deneyimine Yönelik Politikası 1945-1980.” Tarih Dergisi 0, no. 84 (Nov. 2024): 159-182. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1496002


Harvard: Australian Style

Özata, M 2024, 'Demokrasi ya da İstikrar: ABD'nin Turkiye'nin Demokrasi Deneyimine Yönelik Politikası 1945-1980', Tarih Dergisi, vol. 0, no. 84, pp. 159-182, viewed 22 Nov. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1496002


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Özata, M. (2024) ‘Demokrasi ya da İstikrar: ABD'nin Turkiye'nin Demokrasi Deneyimine Yönelik Politikası 1945-1980’, Tarih Dergisi, 0(84), pp. 159-182. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1496002 (22 Nov. 2024).


MLA

Özata, Murat,. “Demokrasi ya da İstikrar: ABD'nin Turkiye'nin Demokrasi Deneyimine Yönelik Politikası 1945-1980.” Tarih Dergisi, vol. 0, no. 84, 2024, pp. 159-182. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1496002


Vancouver

Özata M. Demokrasi ya da İstikrar: ABD'nin Turkiye'nin Demokrasi Deneyimine Yönelik Politikası 1945-1980. Tarih Dergisi [Internet]. 22 Nov. 2024 [cited 22 Nov. 2024];0(84):159-182. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1496002 doi: 10.26650/iutd.1496002


ISNAD

Özata, Murat. “Demokrasi ya da İstikrar: ABD'nin Turkiye'nin Demokrasi Deneyimine Yönelik Politikası 1945-1980”. Tarih Dergisi 0/84 (Nov. 2024): 159-182. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1496002



ZAMAN ÇİZELGESİ


Gönderim04.06.2024
Kabul04.09.2024
Çevrimiçi Yayınlanma30.10.2024

LİSANS


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


PAYLAŞ




İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, uluslararası yayıncılık standartları ve etiğine uygun olarak, yüksek kalitede bilimsel dergi ve kitapların yayınlanmasıyla giderek artan bilimsel bilginin yayılmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları açık erişimli, ticari olmayan, bilimsel yayıncılığı takip etmektedir.