16. Yüzyıl Kasidelerinde Savaşçı Hükümdar Portresi
Devlet ve din büyüklerinin övüldüğü kasidelerde memduhun şanı yüceltilir, başarılarının devamı dilenir. Memduha iyi dileklerde ve dualarda bulunulur. Kasidelerde memduh övülürken dönemin insanının zihninde ve kalbinde yer alan ideal yöneticinin vasıfları ortaya konulur. Bu vasıflar genel itibariyle cömertlik, adalet, bilgelik, şairlik yeteneği, dine hizmet olarak sıralanabilir. Hükümdarın dine hizmeti İslamın korunması, yeni yerlerin fethedilmesi, İla-yı Kelimetullah, küfrün yok edilmesi gibi görevleri beraberinde getirir. Bu görevlerin yerine getirilebilmesi büyük ve güçlü bir ordunun yanında iyi bir savaşçı olmayı gerektirir. Allah tarafından İslama hizmet için görevlendirildiğine inanılan Osmanlı padişahları bir savaşçıda bulunması gereken bütün vasıflara sahip şekilde kasidelerde tasvir edilirler. İyi bir komutan ve şehsüvardırlar. Müminlere karşı merhametli, din düşmanlarına karşı acımasızdırlar. Haşmet ve heybetleriyle düşmanların kalbine korku salar, askerlere güven ve cesaret aşılarlar. Fethettikleri yerlerde huzur ve güveni tesis ederler. Osmanlı tarihinde fetihler yüzyılı olarak adlandırılan 16. asır padişahları bizzat seferlere katılmış, ordusunu yönetmiş, savaş meydanlarında savaşmıştır. Padişahların bu savaşçı kişilikleri eserlere konu olmuş, Selimnâmeler, Süleymânnâmeler, Fetihnameler kaleme alınmıştır. Bu yazıda ise 16. yüzyıl padişahlarının savaşçı yönleri kasidelerden hareketle ele alınmıştır. Farklı meslek gruplarından şairlerin divanları taranarak Osmanlı padişahlarının savaşçı özelliklerinin anlatıldığı beyitler tespit edilerek incelenmiş, divan şairinin zihnindeki ideal savaşçı hükümdar portresi ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır.
Portrait of Warrior Monarch in the 16th Century Qasidas
In qasidas in which the dignitaries and great priests are praised, the glory of the praised is exalted and last of his success is required. Good wishes and pray are made for the praised one. When the praised is appraised, features of ideal governor in the mind and heart of person in the period is exposed. These features can generally counted as generosity, justice, wisdom, poetry and service to religion. Service of ruler to religion brings the missions such as protecting Islam, conquering new places, spreading Allah’s name and exterminating infidelity. Fulfilling this mission necessitates being a good warrior besides huge and strong army. In the qasides the Ottoman sultans who were believed to be charged by Allah to serve Islam, are described as having all features which a good warrior must have. They are good commanders and heroes. They are merciful to Muslims and merciless to enemies of Islam. With their majesty and grandeor they give fear to enemies heart, but they give trust and courage to the soldier. They establish peace and trust in the places they conquered. Sultans in 16th century which was named conquest century in the Ottoman History, participated in campaigns, directed their armies, fought war areas. That warrior caracter of sultans has been subject to works, Selimnames, Suleymannames, Fetihnames has been written. In this paper, warrior features of sultans of the 16th century are examined according to qasides. Divans of poets from different work groups were searched and couplets were found in which the warrior features of the Ottoman sultans were explained, and they were examined, so the sultan portrait in the mind of divan poet was tried to be shown.
The Ottoman Empire, which united communities with different ethnic and religious roots for centuries under its sovereignty, is an Islamic state in terms of the management of understanding and social life. Because of the close relation of the Ottoman State with the Islamic religion, Ottoman lands were called “Memalik-i Islam,” Ottoman sultans were called “Islam sultan,” and Ottoman soldiers were called “Asakir-i Islam.” In the Ottoman Empire, the sultan alone used the state power. Since the sultans represented the state institution, they were obliged to prevent persecution among people in order to preserve justice and to spread Islam on earth. In the eulogiums, the rulers are portrayed with their warrior and heroic personalities, and their heroism is praised. According to the eulogiums in the divan poetry, a warrior is one who is courageous, assiduous, powerful, ambitious, and pitiless. Also, a warrior should have a holy purpose to fight. This holy purpose differs from century to century or from one society to another society. Religion is one of the holy purposes of wars. According to Islam, the purpose of war is to spread Islam and Allah’s holy name (İlâ-yı Kelîmetullâh). Holy war is called “cihad” in Islam. Salvation is on the other shore of war. Islam and Islamic ideals are at the center of the Ottoman government’s mind. If Muslims want to approach Allah, they should go to the cihad. Paradise is found under the shadow of the Muslims’ swords. If Muslims want salvation from Allah, they should fight for him; this is obligatory in Islam. In the Middle Ages, fighting for Allah was the main purpose of wars for Muslim kingdoms. One of these kingdoms was the Ottoman Empire. At the foundation of the Ottoman Empire, there is a cihad ideal; thus, cihad is one of the most important tasks of the Ottoman sultans. In Ottoman poetry, a eulogium is a kind of poem in which great priests and politicians are praised. In these poems, poets bless and pray for politicians and speak about the perfect sultan. Some qualities of the perfect sultan are generosity, judiciousness, piety, and good poesy. One of basic qualities of ideal sultans is to fight for Allah and Islam, so sultans should fight for cihad. In this article, we explain some qualities of warrior sultans from the 16th century on the basis of eulogiums in divan poetry. To collect material for our research, we determined couplets in the eulogiums of divans of different poets from the 16th century. Some are first-class poets. Another occupation of a poet is to be a warrior in the Ottoman army. So, we need to understand these two kinds of poets to reveal the main topic. In divans of these poets, we examine eulogiums to explain the ideal warrior monarch in the Ottoman poets’ minds. In the eulogiums, sultans are the sword of Islam. They are sultans of Islam and their soldiers are soldiers of Islam. Sultans’ swords are a representation of cihad. They are victorious in the holy wars, and they owe their victories to Allah. One of the characterisctics of sultans is majesty. Their majesty comes from their heroism in the holy wars. Enemies fear the sultans because of their majesty in the cihads. In the eulogiums, there are some characteristics of sultans regarding their heroism. Sultans are fearless and cruel people. They do not have pity on their enemies because their enemies are also Allah’s enemies, and they must be destroyed by the Islam army. Monarchs should have a powerful army and they should become good soldiers to accomplish the gazâ mission. In the kasides, Ottoman sultans are explained as good soldiers who have all the qualities of a perfect soldier. Ottoman sultans are good commanders and heroes. They are merciless to Islam’s enemies and they are merciful to Muslims. They are frightening to enemies, and they give courage to soldiers in the Ottoman army. They rule with equalitiy and peace in the conquered countries. Poets simulate sultans to some mythological and historical heroes like Ali (who is the nephew of Prophet Muhammed), Darius, The Great Alexander, Cem, Sâm, Nerîman, etc. Most of these heroes come from the Şeh-nâme of Firdevsî. In conclusion, some sultans of the Ottoman Empire such as Bayezid II, Selim I, Süleyman I, Selim II, Murad III, and Mehmed III are praised in the eulogiums by divan poets for their heroism in the holy war cihads. Warrior profiles of sultans are ideal warrior profiles for divan poets. When we investigate eulogiums, we can understand what the ideal “gazi” profile is according to divan poets in the 16th century.