Edebî Dil Unsurları Açısından Prens Kalyanamkara ve Papamkara Hikâyesi
Emine Temel AlemdarTürk dili tarihinde Eski Türkçe dönemi, MS VI. yüzyıl ile XI. yüzyıl arasını kapsamaktadır. Eski Türkçenin Köktürkçeden (VI.-IX. yy.) sonra gelen ikinci evresini Eski Uygur Türkçesi dönemi (IX.-XI. yy.) oluşturmaktadır. Eski Uygur Türkçesinin sözvarlığı, Köktürkçeden farklı olarak, benimsenen pek çok değişik inanç sistemi (Maniheist, Buddhist, Hristiyan ve Müslüman çevre) ve yerleşik yaşam tarzının da etkisiyle çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Bu makalede Eski Uygur Türkçesi dönemi Buddhist çevre metinlerinden olan ve Prens Kalyanamkara ve Papamkara Hikâyesi adı ile tanınan İyi ve Kötü Prens Öyküsü (çatik, jataka), edebî dil unsurları açısından ele alınacaktır. Eski Uygur Türkçesinde kaleme alınan, X. yüzyıla ait olduğu tahmin edilen ve her bir sayfası bazen 7 bazen de 8 satırdan oluşan toplam 80 sayfalık bu el yazması metni edebî kılan ölçütlerin başında içerdiği tekrar grupları (taŋ adınçıγ , uluγ kiçig, adruq adruq, satıγ yuluγ,…), kavram öbekleri (el törü, el adaq, busan- ıγla-,…), benzetmeler (ärdini täg, tütär-çä, antaγ, ança,…), metaforlar (ämgäk ämgän-, lenxua, kün täŋri,…), metonimiler (qolγuçı, yer täŋri, içgärü, qapaγ,…), deyimler (yazuqqa tüş-, köŋlin bert-, yol ayu ber-,…), morfolojik tekrarlar (belçä boγuzça, turγalı aşlaγalı, buşuş*luγ qadγu-luγ,…) ile sözdizimi hususiyetleri (hitap ifadeleri, soru cümleleri,…) gelmektedir. Bu makalede, Paris Bibliothéque Nationale’de Pelliot Chinois 3509 ile British Museum’da Or. 8212 (118) numaralı el yazmalarının ortak incelemesinden oluşan Hamilton neşrinin, Türk Dil Kurumu tarafından 2011 yılında 2. baskısının yapıldığı ve Vedat Köken’e ait İyi ve Kötü Prens Öyküsü adlı çeviri metni esas alınacaktır.
In Terms of Literary Language Elements Story of Prince Kalyanamkara and Papamkara
Emine Temel AlemdarThe Old Turkish period in the history of Turkish language covers the VIth and XIth century AD. The Old Uighur Turkish constitutes the second part of the Old Turkish after Kokturkish. The vocabulary of the Old Uighur Turkish varies with the influence of different belief systems (Manichaeism, Buddhism, Christianity and Islam) which they adopted unlike Kokturkish. In this article, İyi ve Kötü Prens Öyküsü (çatik, jataka) or The Story of Prince Kalyanamkara and Papamkara which belongs to the Buddhist Environment of the Old Uyghur Turkish Texts will be examined with regard to literary language elements. Criterions of the literary language of this manuscript which has been written in Old Uighur Turkish, forecasted to belong to the Xth century, each page consists of 7 lines whereas the others 8 lines, a total 80 pages are: Repeat groups (taŋ adınçıγ , uluγ kiçig, adruq adruq, satıγ yuluγ,…), concept phrases (el törü, el adaq, busan- ıγla-,…), emulatings (ärdini täg, tütär-çä, antaγ, ança,…), metaphors (ämgäk ämgän-, lenxua, kün täŋri,…), metonymias (qolγuçı, yer täŋri, içgärü, qapaγ,…), idioms (yazuqqa tüş-, köŋlin bert-, yol ayu ber-,…), morphological repetitions (belçä boγuzça, turγalı aşlaγalı, buşuş*luγ qadγu-luγ,…) and syntax properties (address forms, question sentences,…). The study will be grounded on the second edition of Turkish Language Association and Vedat Köken’s translation (2011) of James Russell Hamilton’s publication. Vedat Köken’s study have consisted examination of Pelliot Chinois 3509 in Bibliothéque Nationale and Or. 8212 (118) in British Museum.
Having shown up at the stage of history since the VIth century Uyghur Turks gained their independence by putting an end to Kokturk rule in 744 A.D and established the Uyghur State (744-840 AD). Kutluk Bilge Kul Khagan is the first ruler of the Uyghur State whose capital city was Ordu-Balık. The Otuken (Steppe) Uyghur State was forced to disintegrate in 840 A.D with the siege of Ordu-Balık (Karabalgasun) by the Kirgizs and resulted in migrations to various places. One group of the Uyghurs who were forced to migrate arrived in northwestern China, established the Kansu Uyghur State and another group headed to the west and founded the Turfan Uyghur State where today’s Eastern Turkistan is located. Several prosaic and poetic literary works that are produced in Old Uyghur Turkish between the IXth and XIth centuries of the history of Turkish language were written mainly about four religions. Those works belonging to the circle of Manicheism, Buddhism, Christianity and Islam are classified under literary genres such as: koşuk, sudur, çatik, vinaya, abidarma. In this article, we will – in the context of literary language components - deal with one of Buddhist peritexts, namely the Story of Prince Kalyanamkara and Papamkara in which the story of Buddha was embellished by extra-ordinary, fabulous events and is written in the form of çatik. This manuscipt is covered by the registration number Pelliot Chinois 3509 in Paris Bibliotheque Nationale. One sheet text that is considered to be the missing final part of the manuscript is registered in the British Museum by the code Or. 8212 (118). Being written in Old Uyghur Turkish, this text consists of 40 sheets some pages containing 7 lines and others containing 8 lines. Supposedly written in the 10th century, the manuscript has more than ten versions in four languages such as: Chinese, Sanskrit, Tibetan and Turkish. The first academic work on the manuscipt was done by Clement Huart in 1914. Having considered the work as deficient and erroneous, Paul Pelliot re-published the worked in the same year. This study is grounded on the second edition of Turkish Language Association Vedat Köken’s translation (2011) of James Russell Hamilton’s publication The Story of Good and Evil Prince that came forward by the examination of the manuscript numbered Or. 8212 (118) in the British Museum and Pelliot Chinois 3509 in the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris. In this article, the Story of Prince Kalyanamkara and Papamkara is examined as a literary work in the context of language components and basic criteria that render it a literary text are classified in eight subtitles as repetition groups, conceptual phrases, similes, metaphors, metonymia, idioms, morphologic repetitions and syntactical idiosyncracies. The idiosyncracies in the language of the manuscript is the essential part that makes it a very peculiar, sui generis text as opposed to others. Such texts are constituted by various forms of symbols, motifs, images and metaphors that are quite different from ordinary languages and by substituting the original meaning of ordinary words with new contexts or connotations, bridging new aesthetic and literary interconnections in a manner of lexiphanicism. The Story of Prince Kalyanamkara and Papamkara is thus studied in the context of syntactical idiosycracies that emerged in Old Uyghur Turkish syntax, 43 repetition groups brought about by various semantic connections (near-synonim, antonym, exact repetition, hendiadyoin) (taŋ adınçıγ, uluγ kiçig, adruq adruq, satıγ yuluγ,…) in consecutive form, 19 conceptual phrases which came together in different semantic domains (el törü,el adaq,busan- ıγla-,…), 12 similes produced by the inflectional suffix täg and derivational suffix -çA (ärdini täg, tütärçä, antaγ, anca-,…), 17 metaphors constituted either by resembling or imitative elements (ämgäk ämgän-, lenxua, kün täŋri,..), 40 metonymic phrases in which certain creatures are addressed indirectly by intermediary connotations of the others (qolγuçı, yer täŋri, içgärü, qapaγ,…), 14 idioms built up by resemblances (yazuqqa tüş-, köŋlin bert-, yol ayu ber-,…), morphological repetitions consisting in the repetitions of derivatiotal or inflectional suffixes (belçä boγuzça, turγalı aşlaγalı, buşuş*luγ qadγu-luγ,…). The literacy with regards to Manicheism and Buddhism was considered as good merit in God’s sight in the period of the Otuken Uyghur State. However, it was quite difficult for ordinary people to understand those religious texts that were written in Sanskrit, Tibetan, Toharian, Sogdian and Chinese. Those religious systems were re-introduced and publicized within the Uyghur realm by the translations at the time of Uyghur Turks. Old Uyghur Turkish was enriched in terms of vocabulary on the one hand, and new figures of speech were presented to the language by virtue of the translation activities. In this article, we will try to explain the aforementioned literary language elements based on the Story of Prince Kalyanamkara and Papamkara