Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics.

Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.

The peer review process is at the core of publishing at Istanbul University Press.

All books and journals published by Istanbul University Press are subject to double blind peer-review process.

Publications of Istanbul University Press are included in reputable indexes.

Istanbul University Press is among the publishers of Web of Science Book Citation Index and Directory of Open Access Books.

Istanbul University Press books indexed by Web of Science Book Citation Index and Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB) can be accessed through Web of Science and DOAB
Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Dr. Yahya Güldiken, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye

Co Editors MEDICINE - DENTISTRY
Prof. Dr. Ahmet Gül, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye
Prof. Dr. Betül Baykan, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yiğit Şirin, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye
Prof. Dr. Tufan Tükek, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye

Co Editors PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Prof. Dr. Sabriye Perçin Özkorucuklu, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye
Prof. Dr. Tansel Ak, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye
Prof. Dr. Ömer Suat Taşkın, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye

Co Editors SOCIAL SCIENCES
Prof. Dr. Veysel Bozkurt, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye
Prof. Dr. Fethi Gedikli, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye
Prof. Dr. Levent Şahin, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye
Prof. Dr. Yunus Kaya, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye

Authorised Comission

Prof. Dr. Yahya GÜLDİKEN, ​Commission President and Vice Rector

Prof. Dr. Yaşar DÜZENLİ, Social Sciences and Humanities

Prof. Dr. Cem GAZİOĞLU, Science and Technology

Operational Management

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özlem ARDA, General Manager, Publishing Operations

Assist. Prof. Dr. Metin TUNÇ, Director, Editorial Relations - Social Sciences

Assist. Prof. Dr. Serkan BAYRAM, Director, Editorial Relations - Medicine

Prof. Dr. Mustafa YILDIZ, Director, Editorial Relations - Physcial Sciences

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bahadır Fatih YILDIRIM, Director, Information Systems and Web

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cenk ŞAHİN, Director, Legal Issues

Sonay TAHMAZ KALECİ, Director, Library

General Manager

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özlem ARDA

Communication Coordinator

Merve ŞATIRER AĞIRGÜN

Chief - Printing and Publishing

Sibel SEVİM ÇİÇEK

Editorial Relations

Assist. Prof. Dr. Metin TUNÇ (Sosyal, Sanat ve Beşeri Bilimler)

Assist. Prof. Dr. Serkan BAYRAM (Tıp ve Sağlık Bilimleri)

Prof. Dr. Mustafa YILDIZ (Fen ve Temel Bilimler)

Information Systems and Web

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bahadır Fatih Yıldırım

Chief – Operations

Esma ÇAVUŞOĞLU

Assistants – Operations

Selin DİZBAY

Eda KOLUKISA DOĞRU

Esra SEMERCİ

Özge KERSE

Gökhan ÇİMEN

Assistants – Technical

Batuhan AYDIN

Ertuğrul YAŞAR

Zeynep ALTINDAĞ

Tarık ŞİMŞEK

Sinem ŞEN

Altuğ ALTIN

Elif Sude DOĞANAY

Muhammed ZÜLFİKAR

Scholary publishing at Istanbul University has a deep-rooted past in parallel with the University’s history.

Istanbul University extends back to 1453 when the New Age began in the world history. On that date, the educational institution called Fatih Madrasa was founded and it paved the way to Darülfünûn (the institutions of higher education) which evolved into Istanbul University in 1933. Throughout centuries, education in a number of sciences and fields (such as medicine, mathematics, astronomy, cartography, geography, history, philosophy, religion, literature, philology, law, etc.) became available.

Books and journals published by Istanbul University date from 1900s. Publishing in a number of subjects from all disciplines across science, medicine, social sciences and humanities, Istanbul University has had an ever-expanding portfolio of over 9 thousand books including monographs, academic reference, textbooks, books for professionals and books for graduate students. Besides books, academic journals published since 1900s constitute another significant asset. Darülfünûn Faculty of Medicine Journal, Darülfünûn Faculty of Letters Journal and Darülfünûn Faculty of Science Journal are the oldest journals that Istanbul University started to publish in 1916. These journals have been continued to be published with the changes in their titles.

  • Contribution to dissemination of scientific knowledge
  • High quality content
  • Adherence to international publishing standards
  • Adherence to ethical standards
  • Open Access
  • Non-Commercial
  • Peer reviewed publication

Web of Science Book Citation Index – BkCI

Directory of Open Access Books – DOAB

Web of Science Core Collection Emerging Sources Citation Index – ESCI

SCOPUS

Directory of Open Access Journals -  DOAJ

Tübitak Ulakbim TR Dizin

BIOSIS Previews

Biological Abstracts

Zoological Record

CABI

CAB Abstracts

CAS Source Index

PubMed

EconLit

Index Islamicus

MLA International Bibliography

Columbia International Affairs Online

The Philosopher’s Index

ERIH PLUS

RePEc IDEAS

RePEc EconPapers

EconBiz

MIAR

Cabells Journalytics

ATLA Religion Database

EBSCO

ProQuest

Social Science Research Network – SSRN

Centre for Islamic Studies – ISAM

Bielefeld Academic Search Engine – BASE

MELA Middle East Librarians Association

ResearchBib

Islamic World Science Citation Center – ISC

Access to Mideast and Islamic Resources – AMIR

International Medieval Bibliography – IMB

Scilit

OpenAIRE

JournalTOCs

Türkiye Turizm Dizini

Turkey Citation Index

Turkish Psychiatry Index

Index of Turkish Education

SOBIAD

Academic Researches Index – Acar Index

Arastirmax

ASOS Index

Academic Journals Index

Istanbul University Press adopts core editorial policies outlined below to ensure the accurate, timely and ethical publication of scientific journals and books.

Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing is followed in shaping the publication process. Recommendations and guidelines of International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICJME) and Council of Science Editors (CSE) are taken into consideration as well.

Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever-growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards.

All submitted manuscripts go through a double blind, non-biased peer review process before publication.

Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviours. Manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication.

Plagiarism

Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance.

Double Blind Peer-Review

After plagiarism check, the eligible manuscripts are evaluated for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted manuscripts and hands over the ones matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Authorship

Individuals named as authors in a manuscript should meet all of the following criteria recommended by International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICJME):

1. Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work;

2. Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content;

3. Final approval of the version to be published;

4. Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Individuals who do not meet all the criteria above or who make contributions in some other aspects, must be listed in the “Acknowledgement” section. No one, other than the ones listed as authors should have contributed to manuscript; ghost writing is not acceptable.

In case of a need to make changes in the authorship of a manuscript or a published article, the changes are implemented according to COPE guidelines.

Publishing correction is considered if minor errors that do not affect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper/content are detected. Retraction is considered if major errors and/or mis-conduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.

An expression of concern is considered if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive.

The guidelines of COPE and ICJME are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

Retraction

Journal follows COPE’s Retraction Guidelines in case of retraction.

The editor has the right to retract an article if:

  • There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).
  • It contains plagiarised content.
  • It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution.
  • It contains material or data without authorisation for use.
  • There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.
  • It reports unethical research.
  • There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.
  • The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.

In case of retraction the following steps are followed:

  • Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents.
  • A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version.
  • The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.
  • The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been "retracted”.

Article Removal for Legal Reasons

In the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article.

  • The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.
  • The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.
  • There is a significant risk to public health.

All publications of Istanbul University are open access and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the  BOAI definition of open access.

The open access content is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.


Authors publishing with the Istanbul University Press retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

All expenses of the publications are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge. There is no processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted manuscripts.

All expenses of the publications are covered by the Istanbul University.  Advertising of any kind is not allowed in journals and books published by the Istanbul University Press.

Works submitted to Istanbul University Press journals and books are regarded as authors’ private, confidential property. Editors and reviewers are required to treat works confidentially.

The Artificial Intelligence Policy, prepared in light of developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and practices in scholarly publishing, sets out the editorial and ethical principles that authors, reviewers, and editors should follow when using such technologies.

The following sources have been considered in the preparation of the AI policy:

Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) - Authorship and AI tools; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) - Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology; World Association of Medical Editors  (WAME) Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts

AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) can develop and produce a wide variety of content, including text, images, audio, and synthetic data. When used ethically and safely, these capabilities can increase productivity and foster innovation, but when used without human guidance, they pose risks such as inaccurate and biased results, omissions and errors in citations, deficiencies in protecting privacy and intellectual property rights, and potential violations of authors' and publishers' rights.

IUPress adopts the following core principles to avoid these risks in the use of AI: 

  • Details of any AI used in the production of content (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) must be declared and clearly explained in the appropriate section of the paper (as an acknowledgement and/or in the methods section).
  • No AI tool may be listed as an author in any scientific paper.
  • Authors are responsible for the accuracy, completeness, and originality of their work, even if AI is used in any way; they are responsible for the proper referencing and attribution of others' ideas, data, words, or other materials.
  • Reviewers and editors must not upload submitted work, in whole or in part, to any generative AI application.

In the editorial processes of IUPress publications, tools are available to assist editors in identifying AI-generated content.

On the other hand, it is common to use AI tools that provide suggestions for improving and enhancing readability, language, and grammar, and such AI tools can be used in IUPress publications under the supervision of editors and authors.

  • Authors are required to declare if they have used AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) in the creation of their submitted work.
  • Authors should explain, both in the cover letter and in the appropriate section of the submitted paper (as a footnote and/or in the methods section), which AI tool and which version of it they have used and for what purpose.
  • Authors should also indicate how they used the AI tool and how they assessed the validity of the results obtained using this technology, and what aspects of the paper, manuscript content, data or supporting files were influenced by the use of the AI tool or were generated by AI.
  • It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy, validity and appropriateness of content and citations generated by AI-assisted technologies and to eliminate potential errors, inconsistencies and biased results.
  • Authors should always check the original sources to eliminate possible plagiarism, recognising that there is a potential for plagiarism in texts produced with AI-assisted technologies. They should confirm that they have checked and that the sources are original. 
  • AI-assisted tools (such as ChatGPT) cannot be listed as authors because they cannot be responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the work, and these responsibilities are essential to authorship. Therefore, authors are responsible for all material involving the use of AI-assisted technologies. Authors should ensure that all statements in the article that state the hypotheses, interpretations, conclusions, limitations, and implications of the study represent their own opinions. 
  • Studies created by authors using AI tools in the following ways, which substitute for the basic researcher's and author's responsibilities, violate the principles of scientific publishing and publication ethics, and such studies are not eligible for inclusion in publications:
    • Generation of text or code without rigorous review,
    • Generation of synthetic data to replace missing data without a robust methodology,
    • Creation of any inaccurate, synthetic content, including abstracts or supplementary materials,
    • Creation and manipulation of images and figures (pictures, graphs, data tables, medical images, image snippets, computer codes and formulae) or original research data (enhancing, hiding, moving, removing or adding a particular feature within an image or figure) using AI.

It is essential to maintain confidentiality in the peer review process and not to share or use the reviewed work in this process. (COPE – Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers)

  • Reviewers should not upload a manuscript or part of a manuscript submitted to them for review to generative AI tools or large language models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as uploading content to such AI tools by reviewers violates the authors' privacy and property rights. 
  • Reviewing a scientific paper is a responsibility that can only be undertaken by human beings. The critical thinking and original evaluation required for peer review is beyond the scope of this technology, and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the paper. The peer review report and decision letters should reflect the personal assessment of the reviewers and editors of the submitted content. The reviewer is responsible and accountable for the content of his/her report.
  • AI tools may be used in a limited way to improve the quality of the language of the peer review report (for translation or language editing) in the context of peer review. If such use is made, the reviewer must declare the use when submitting the report.
  • Reviewers who suspect inappropriate or undisclosed use of generative AI in a submission should report their concerns to the editor.

Editors are obliged to ensure that the confidentiality of the manuscripts submitted to the journal is maintained during the evaluation process, and it is essential that the peer-reviewed work is not shared or used outside the parties involved in that process. (COPE - Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors) (COPE – Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors).

  • Editors should not upload a submitted article, or any part of it, to generative Artificial Intelligence tools or Big Language Models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as this may violate authors' privacy and property rights.
  • Managing the editorial review of a scientific article implies responsibilities that can only be attributed to humans. Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies should not be used by editors to assist in the evaluation or decision-making process of an article, as the critical thinking and original evaluation required for this task is beyond the scope of this technology and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the article. The editor is responsible and accountable for the editorial process, the final decision and its communication to the authors.
  • Editors should not use generative AI tools to compose decision letters or abstracts of unpublished research.
  • Editors may use generative AI tools to help find appropriate reviewers.
  • If editors suspect the use of generative AI in a submitted manuscript or a submitted referee report, they should conduct an editorial review of the matter and consider the policy.

Istanbul University Press adopts double-blind peer review policy in journals and books it publishes. All manuscripts sent to Istanbul University Press for publication are evaluated in accordance with the double-blind policy by proficient editors, experts in their fields and independent external reviewers. Before initiation of the peer-review process, they are subject to preliminary control to ensure that there is no incompetence in terms of the basic requirements, and plagiarism check through iThenticate software. Final decision is given by editor-in-chief in journals. Books are subject to final review of Istanbul University Press Editorial Board and final approval of Istanbul University Press Authorised Commission.

Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review:

Does the work contain new and significant information?

Is the problem significant and concisely stated?

Are the methods described comprehensively?

Are the interpretations and conclusion justified by the results?

Are the ideas and supporting points organized comprehensively?

Is the language acceptable and references are in line with the given format?

Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted work is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.

IUPress adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below.

-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.

-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.

-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.

-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.

-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.

-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.

-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.

-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.

-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

Approval of research protocols from national or local ethics committees must be submitted together with the manuscripts. Manuscripts that report the results of experimental investigation with human subjects must include a statement that informed consent was obtained after the procedure(s) had been fully explained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, authors are asked to include information about whether the legal custodian’s assent was obtained.

Authors, editors and reviewers are required to disclose existing or potential conflicts of interest. Conflict of interest exists when a participant in the publication process (author, peer reviewer or editor) has a competing interest that could unduly influence (or be reasonably seen to do so) his or her responsibilities in the publication process (submission, peer review, editorial decisions, and communication between authors, reviewers and editors).

To disclose potential conflicts of interest, the ICMJE Potential Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form (http://www.icmje.org/) should be filled in and submitted by all contributing authors. Cases of a potential conflict of interest of the editors, authors, or reviewers are resolved by the  Editorial Board within the scope of COPE and ICMJE guidelines.

All financial support received to carry out research must be declared while submitting the paper. The role of the funder in the research must also be declared.

All of IUPress' publications are registered with a DOI and are published in perpetuity. IUPress participates in the Crossmark scheme, a multi-publisher initiative that has developed a standard way for readers to find the latest version of a publication; it is thus committed to preserving the content it publishes and alerting readers to any changes.

The latest version of a publication can be accessed by clicking on the Crossmark logo at the top of the page.

In order to maintain the integrity and completeness of the scholarly record, IUPress applies the Correction, Retraction and Expression of Concern policy when published content needs to be corrected, taking into account best practice in scholarly publishing.


Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.