Yasin

Harran is a historic county in Şanlıurfa and one of the rarest points in the world carrying traces of many civilizations throughout history due to its geographical location within the Fertile Crescent. Harran, meaning road in the Akkadian language, is said to have been first mentioned in the Mari tablets around 1,750 BC and connects Iraq and Syria to Anatolia, as well as the Silk Road to Mosul and Aleppo. Turkish tribes had migrated from the Eurasian geography westward, which had important historical, cultural, and demographic consequences at different periods in history. Turks had raided Anatolia since early times. Being located at the crossroads of migration routes, Harran had practically become a center where Turkish tribes intersected. The region had been attacked by the Hun Turks prior to the Victory of Manzikert and remained under the rule of many Turkish states, including the Kharezmites, Ayyubids, Mamluks, Seljuks, and Ottomans.&nbsp;Turks have engraved Turkish symbols, figures, tribal marks, and inscriptions they consider sacred on the rocks located on the high peaks of the mountains at many points over the broad Eurasian geography from Mongolia to Anatolia. The sacred deer and mountain goat figures that are often encountered in rock painting areas in this geography signify ancient traces of the Turks. The rock paintings were likely to have been drawn by Turkish tribes during their migration and are the oldest and most well-established Turkish works in Harran.The symbols in the markings drawn in Şanlıurfa and Harran as well as the symbols in Turkish runic letters, Orkhon inscriptions, Turkish tribal marks, carpets, rugs, and other materials have cultural unity and integrity. Apart from the fact that the rock paintings are located in Harran, the traces of Turkish culture found in the carved motifs are among the most important examples of material cultures carried into the present day and indicate cultural unity and integrity. The marks of tribes, hordes, and families have historical significance in terms of Turkish culture. Rock paintings, gravestones, old Turkish inscriptions, and many different items and household goods such as carpets, rugs, and munitions are seen to have been stamped.Examples of engravings belonging to Turkish tribes exist in various regions of Turkey.&nbsp; Turkish tribal engravings are found on the surviving parts of the walls surrounding the Grand Mosque of Harran. Most of the walls surrounding the Grand Mosque were ruined and destroyed, yet Turkish tribal marks are still present on the surviving arch. The stamp of the Kayi tribe, one of the most important tribes of the Oghuz Turks who’d founded the Ottoman Empire, is seen on the left side of the arch.The marks of the Salur tribe are located at different points of the arch surrounding the Grand Mosque of Harran. The Salurs were a tribe who played an important role in the history of the Oghuz Turks regarding the conquest and settlement of Anatolia as well as the establishment of a ruling body in Iran with their name. Arrows, bows, and other markings that are indispensable items for Turks were also drawn on the arch of the Grand Mosque of Harran.Urfa and Harran underwent intensive Turkic migrations throughout history and were the homeland of Turkish tribes, especially in the Middle Ages and after as a result of settlement policies during the Ottoman era. The engravings marked onto the arches surrounding the Grand Mosque of Harran were possibly formed as a result of the first Hun migrations to Anatolia or as a result of Turkish tribal raids in the Middle Ages. When establishing connections with the other rock painting areas in Anatolia, the Turkish motif markings and their traces of an important cultural tradition as well as the traces of the Turkish tribal marks found around Urfa strengthen the possibility that the engraved drawings in Harran belong to the early days when Turks had come to Anatolia.Material elements of Turkish culture in the Harran region have been found, from Turkish rock paintings; engravings with Turkish motifs; and markings of the Kayi, Salur, and other Turkish tribes to the Orkhon letters on the arches of the Grand Mosque of Harran. Turkish tribal marks have been used in rock paintings, on gravestones, inscribed stones, memorials, mausoleums, cases, material items, rugs, carpets, and munitions as well as on the stonework of inns, mosques, mansions, and even grazing animals in different geographies.I Traces of Turks in Anatolian geography can be concluded to have been present before 1071 AD (the Victory of Manzikert) in terms of cultural integrity, and these traces have a well-established framework when evaluated alongside the rock paintings, markings, and tribal engravings in Harran and other places involving historical Turkish migrations.&nbsp;

An Example of Turkish Stamps from Anatolia Harran Ulu Mosque

İsmail

The mechanization and mass production that started with the Industrial Revolution increased the need for raw materials, which caused the Great Powers to engage in the agony of colonialism. They tried to increase their influence in the Middle East in order to gain a more prominent position in this race and attempted to obtain railway concessions from the Ottoman Empire in order to increase their influence in the region. England, France, Germany, and America especially tried to penetrate the region economically, politically, and militarily by establishing a railway network in the Middle East, which was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire.Western countries, which started mass production with the Industrial Revolution, needed to have influence outside of Europe in order to find raw materials for their factories and markets for their goods. For this purpose, the Great Powers, especially England, France and Germany, entered the railway race in the Middle East. The Middle East, which was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, has been the witness of fierce railway struggles since the 1800s.&nbsp;The imperialist states’ interest in the Middle East, which has a wealth of resources in terms of petroleum, began to increase with the use of petroleum as a fuel in engines and machinery. Every railway began being considered as a tool for exploiting the region’s resources, especially petroleum.England was the state that gave the greatest importance to constructing railways in the Middle East as it wanted to secure the roads to its colonies in India and Asia. England thought that exploiting the underground and aboveground wealth of the region and establishing political and military influence in the region by means of railways would be easier. To do this, British entrepreneurs built the 353 kilometer-long Alexandria-Cairo railway line, which was the first railway outside of Europe. One railway initiative the British had in the Ottoman geography was the İzmir-Aydın railway, which has the distinction of being the first railway built in Anatolia.&nbsp;&nbsp;The British then took over the concession of the Adana-Mersin railway and put the line into operation in 1886. At the turn of the 20th century, the British had a railway network going 373 kilometers from İzmir to Aydın and 67 kilometers from Mersin to Adana, which was a total of 440 kilometers in Anatolia.In the 19th century, the French received concession for the Izmir-Kasaba railway line, a length of 168 km. In addition to this, they obtained permission to construct a 100 km line from Manisa to Soma. France also obtained the privilege of extending this line to Afyonkarahisar in 1896. In addition to the railway concessions in Anatolia, they also obtained the privilege of constructing the Damascus-Homs-Aleppo railway in Syria. The privilege of constructing a steam tram line between Jerusalem and Jaffa was also obtained under the joint venture between France and Belgium. France expanded its railway network in the Middle East by gaining the privilege to operate the trains between Damascus and Beirut.The given railway concessions had turned the Ottoman geography into a concession area for England and France in particular. Abdülhamid II was disturbed by this and thus leaned towards German capital and initiative as an antiliberation regarding railway concessions in order to inhibit the British, French, and Russian expansionism. In this process, the riches of the Middle East began to attract the attention of German investors. Germany thought it could reach its desired goal in the Middle East through the railway project that would extend from Baghdad to Basra. Thereupon on October 6, 1888, the Germans were given the privilege of operating the Haydarpaşa-İzmit line and extending this line to Ankara. The stipulation was also made that this railway would be extended in the future to Baghdad by way of Samsun, Sivas, and Diyarbakır. Finally, a concession agreement was signed between the Ottoman Government officials and the investors from the Baghdad Railway Project on January 16, 1902. However, England, France, and Russia were strongly opposed to the Baghdad Railway Project.&nbsp;While England continued its attempt to gain a railway concession in the Middle East at full speed, it did not look kindly upon the establishment of a railway network in the region by any power other than itself. England even went against the Hedjaz Railway, which the Ottoman Empire had thought to build without any foreign support based on the decision Abdülhamid II had made. Despite the British and French opposition, this line was partially completed.Due to the European states having embarked on their railroad and petroleum struggles in the Middle East, America also did not want to fall behind in this race, attempting through the Chester Project to be included in this race, but this project could not be realized.The countries that took the lead in the race for petroleum resources in the Middle East were England, France, Germany, and America. Although the Great Powers struggled with each other regarding the exploitation of the Middle East’s resources, they did try to maintain their influence in the region by occasionally agreeing with each other. Petroleum of the Middle East was split among the Ottoman American Development Company represented by the Brit William Knox D’Arcy, the German Deutsche Bank represented by Admiral Colby M. Chester,&nbsp;&nbsp;and the Royal-Dutch/Shell group (a Dutch-England partnership with the Royal Dutch being a Dutch company and Shell being a British company), the American Standard Oil company, and the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC), a British company. As a matter of fact, the Great Powers’ struggle for the railway and petroleum in the Middle East gained momentum with the outbreak of World War I.The effects from World War I in the Balkans in the end were felt the most in the Middle East. This war had provided an opportunity for the Great Powers to share the riches of the Middle East. The imperialist states shared the petroleum regions of the Middle East among themselves with the Sykes-Picot Agreement as well as other agreements made during World War I in 1916. What remained was a Middle East that had been taken from the Turks, a Middle East whose borders had been drawn by rulers according to the locations of petroleum resources. Even Mosul, which is within the borders of the National Pact as identified by the Ankara government, had been occupied by the British just because it was rich in petroleum resources. Therefore, the great powers that had entered the Middle East with the excuse of railway concessions since the beginning of the 19th century have continued exploiting the petroleum resources of the region with a variety of excuses up to the present. Unfortunately, this will continue as long as the people and states of the Middle East are unable to extricate and operate their own resources.&nbsp;

The Railway and Petroleum Policies of the Great Powers in the  Middle East

Eyüp

Assoc. Prof.

Macedonia, which was founded in 1991 after the dissolution of the Republic of Yugoslavia, is one of the small countries of the Balkans. The borders of today’s Macedonia were conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the 14th century. In the process following this conquest policy, it has been revealed by the researches that the Turkish population was resettled in the region in a serious sense, and that the majority of the cities were composed of Turks after 150 years. On the other hand, another important effect of this dense population settlement was the economic prosperity in the region and an environment where everyone, Muslim or non-Muslim, lived in peace. However, this positive process failed. It was adversely affected by the long war period after the Battle of II. Vienna in 1683. The city of Skopje was severely hit by this devastating situation, and the negative effects of this devastating effect continued for centuries. In addition to this negative effect, Macedonian lands, which were exposed to an intense population influx with the effect of nationalism that would increase gradually at the beginning of the 19th century, continued to exist as an unshared geography. Especially the problem of sharing Macedonia, which was the biggest factor in the outbreak of the Balkan II. War, continues to exist even today. Macedonian lands became part of the The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which was established in January 1946 under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito upon its liberation from the Nazi occupation. However, although it was stated that he acted with a libertarian understanding, a new Turkish migration started from Macedonian lands after the murder of the members of the Yücelciler, and as of the 1952-1968 period, the number of immigrants from Macedonia reached 170,000. Macedonia, which was a part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which was dissolved after the death of Marshal Tito on May 4, 1980, officially declared its independence on September 17, 1991.The biggest problem of independent Macedonia in the next period was the problems with the Albanians. These problems turned into conflicts over time, and although they did not create a situation similar to the human tragedy in Bosnia, smaller conflicts were also seen in Macedonia. The Ohrid Framework Agreement, signed as a result of the events that started in January 2001 and ended in early August, was adopted by the Macedonian Assembly on 16 November 2001. Especially in the country where a new constitutional order was established with the Ohrid Framework Agreement, the population other than the Macedonians had many rights. However, this agreement could not solve the problems in the country and the protests that started in 2016 caused the parliament to be raided and 77 people, including opposition leader Zaev, were injured. At the end of this process, a change of power took place and, as a result, it caused its approach with Greece, and with the Agreement of Prespa signed in 2018, the name of the country was changed to North Macedonia. Again, the biggest problem of Macedonia at the moment is the discussions about Macedonian historical figures and the Macedonian language, which it is experiencing with Bulgaria, and which hinders the country’s entry into&nbsp;the European Union. The History and Education Commission in Macedonia, created to find solutions to the problems between the two states, seeks solutions for the identities of St. Cyril and Methodius, St. Kliment Ohridski, St. Naum, Tsar Samuel and Gotse Delchev. As a matter of fact, in response to Bulgaria’s thesis that the people mentioned above are Bulgarians and naturally they are a part of Bulgarian history, the Macedonian side proposes that these people be accepted as a common value.It is possible to see the Turkish trace in terms of architectural structures and population density, no matter which city you go to in Macedonia, which has been a bundle of problems for almost 150 years. Cities such as Bitola, Ohrid, Štip, Tetovo, Kumanovo, Kriva Palanka, Kočani, Radoviš, Strumica, Prilep and Dojran, and especially the capital city of Skopje, are the settlements where these traces are more obvious.&nbsp;In this study, the problems faced by the Turks, who are among the original elements of the country and whose population has decreased significantly with migrations and who have been called Evlâd-ı Fatihan in these lands for centuries, after the establishment of the Macedonian State, and policies and solutions that can be developed in response to these problems are examined. The problems and solutions evaluated here are based on the information obatined during time spent in Macedonia between 2011 and 2022, the comments from the people chatting and the country agenda followed on a daily basis. The problems that attracted attention during this time period were determined under 20 headings and solution suggestions were given under the title of the problem. It is hoped that the information given here will guide our compatriots, one of the essential elements of Macedonia, to build a better future.&nbsp;

Evladı Fatihan in Macedonia (Problems-Suggestions of Solution)

Zoya

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

The history of teaching Russian as a foreign language goes back to a long-standing tradition. Russian language teaching also has a rich history in terms of both theoretical studies and applied research. The XXI. century is accepted as the electronic learning age. Therefore, most foreign language experts and authors of foreign language textbooks have come to the conclusion that the future belongs to the distance learning process. Many researchers (A.N. Shchukin, A.N. Bogomolov, M.N. Moiseeva, E.S. Polat, O.A. Uskova, L.V. Ippolitova, N.P. Dmitrenko etc.) have discussed the topic of distance learning of Russian as a foreign language many times.At the beginning of 2020, there were a number of important changes in the process of education around the world including Turkey and Russia due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Like other educational institutions, universities immediately switched to the distance learning system due to the rapid spread of the virus. In order to adapt to the completely new educational conditions, students had to renew themselves. Meanwhile, teachers also needed to review their principles, methods, utilization frequency of modern educational material as well as their approach to distance education. The problems teachers of Russian as a foreign language ran into in such a state of change were about developing both online courses and the materials which make the process of distance education interesting.&nbsp;The main goal of teaching Russian as a foreign language is to create and develop the communicative competence that is essential for communication in different places and situations. The main mission is to teach students all kinds of expressive activities such as speaking, listening, reading and writing. Therefore, teachers use various methods and techniques to create and develop communicative competence as well as teaching speaking, listening, reading and writing. As mentioned above, revision of the organizational form of distance education studies is inevitable due to the circumstances brought by the pandemic. It is essential that the number of independent private studies and creative, applied works qualifying as studies must be increased.All of the requirements mentioned above are fulfilled by the utilization of literary texts in distance teaching of Russian as a foreign language.The utilization of literary texts in distance education and online courses promotes the students’ participation in educational activities, develops interest and positive reinforcement, increases the interactions between teachers and student, moreover making the online communication process closer to “in person” communication. Also, it is thought that the utilization of literary texts helps the emotional and spiritual interaction in the act of distance teaching of language and literature.In the “Obshchiye printsipy online - obucheniya russkomu yazyku kak inostrannomu (The main principles of distance education in teaching Russian as a foreign language)” study, N.P. Dmitrenko, O.N. Kolchina and D.V. Mosova determine the main rules of online teaching Russian as a foreign language and the principles of course development with the help of literary texts for foreign students. Those principles are listed below:1. The utilization of literary texts. General view about the communicative orientation of foreign language teaching involves the utilization of literary texts in distance education. 2. Preliminary analysis of literary texts in terms of lexicological and grammatical difficulty. The general decision about the functional approach to the selection and presentation of linguistic material is associated with the obligatory preliminary analysis of literary texts in terms of lexical and grammatical difficulties. 3. Course glossary. In every online course, there should be a glossary that includes new words or expressions, necessary grammatical explanations and context in which the terms are used. 4. Exercise system. The exercises in distance teaching of Russian as a foreign language should be standardized (exercises that are used for learning reinforcement) and creative (like speaking exercises). 5. Standardized exercise system. Within the scope of the online teaching of Russian as a foreign language, standardized exercises covering all lexical and grammatical materials of literary texts should be included substantially. 6. Instructions for the exercises. Every standardized exercise should be presented with instructions written in Russian, native language or in the intermediate language. 7. Creative exercise system. Creative exercises aim to improve oral and written expression skills in Russian. Students complete these exercises by themselves.Thus, it is possible to create online courses that both increase motivation and meet the needs of foreign students learning Russian as a foreign language by using literary texts and revealing the rules and principles of distance education. This makes the activities of reading, writing, listening and speaking more effective, helps individual learning and creates an interactive environment between teacher-student and student-student relationships, thus increasing students’ motivation and class participation. Utilization of a literary text as a material will affect positively the process of education when used with multimedia activities in the period of distance learning.&nbsp;

Literary Texts Utilization in Distant Teaching of Russian  Language

Sevinc

On April 28, 1920, armored trains and infantry units of the XI Army of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic entered Baku. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first democratic state in the East, collapsed. The Bolsheviks came to power in Azerbaijan “by force and bayonet”. The events in Karabakh also helped this occupation. The Armenian uprising in Karabakh in March 1920 and the involvement of Azerbaijan there had a negative impact on the course of events. The uprising was aimed at disrupting the internal stability of the republic. The Dashnaks attacked and killed not only Muslim villages, but also Azerbaijani soldiers. In May and June 1920, the Dashnaks invaded Karabakh. Dashnak General Dro led a gang of bandits in Upper Karabakh and attacked the Jabrayil region. On the eve of the attack by Russian troops, Armenian representatives Primov and Zakharyan came to Moscow and offered the Russian government their help for Armenia to overthrow the Azerbaijani government in exchange for territorial concessions. After the defeat of the Ganja uprising, the Armenians became particularly depraved, and engaged in looting. Even the new communists were forced to admit it. These events in Azerbaijan in April 1920 again made the republic dependent on Russia. Moreover, the Dashnaks in the guise of the Bolsheviks expressed their claims to the territory of Azerbaijan and demanded territorial concessions. This was one of the reasons for the future conflict.In 1921-1922, Armenian cadres were involved in the leadership of Nagorno-Karabakh. Even the issue of writing the history of Karabakh and Zangazur was being discussed. Also, given the alleged shortage of personnel in Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia were asked to send personnel here. Apparently, the Dashnak-Bolsheviks, relying on their patrons - the Russian Bolshevik brothers, carried out the work very cunningly and with great skill. The Armenian Bolsheviks, relying on the Russian Bolsheviks, began to work for the establishment of an Autonomous Region for Armenians in Karabakh. As a result of this activity, on July 7, 1923, the decree of the Central Executive Committee of Azerbaijan on the establishment of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was officially issued. The decree established the establishment of an autonomous province in the Armenian part of Nagorno-Karabakh, with Khankendi as its center, as part of the Azerbaijan SSR and the convening of a congress was envisaged. Clerical work, court proceedings, and school education were to be conducted in Armenian. Many TurkishAzerbaijani villages were included in the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. The number of Armenians migrated (XIX century) by the Russians to the Caucasus and Karabakh was very small compared to the Azerbaijani population, and giving them autonomy was the biggest and most tragic mistake. In turn, the issue of granting autonomy to the Azerbaijani population living in Armenia, which at the time was more than the Armenians, was not considered by the Soviet leadership, and was never raised or discussed by the Azerbaijani communists. The territory of Nagorno-Karabakh included 45 villages from the Javanshir district, 92 villages from the Shusha district and 32 villages from the Gubadli district (69 in total). Armenian was officially declared the language of communication with Karabakh. Khankendi being renamed Stepanakert in honor of Shaumyan (September 18, 1923). As a result, the territory of Karabakh was actually given to the Armenians in 1923 by Russia. Although the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was declared an integral part of the Azerbaijani SSR according to the regulations adopted in 1924, the Armenians did not give up their desire to create their own state at the expense of Azerbaijani territory. On February 18, 1929, the last part of Zangazur, which was historically Azerbaijani, crossed the border with Iran and was handed over to Armenia. With this decision, the Nuvedi village of the Jabrayil district of Azerbaijan, the Karkivan, Kilid villages of the Ordubad district, and overall, 11 villages were given to Armenia. In this way, the territory of the Soviet Republic of Armenia reached 29.8 thousand sq. Km. Conflicts between Azerbaijanis and Armenians gradually intensified. In general, beginning in 1965, the Soviet government instigated anti-Turkish sentiment in Armenia. In 1985-1990, the Armenian&nbsp;lobby influenced and pressured the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union and President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev. M.Gorbachev became a supporter of the Armenians. In the 1980s, the aggressive policy of the Armenian nationalists entered a new phase. In the late twentieth century, the Armenians resumed war to realize their previously unfinished plans to create a “Greater Armenia from sea to sea.” Thus, the Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh conflict began in 1988, which was the bitter result of the “activities” of the Russian Bolsheviks together with the Armenian Dashnaks in the 1920s.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Establishment of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region as a  Result of the Armenian Occupier Activities

Dilyaram

The Otuken Uyghur Empire (744-840)

Abdurrahman

Turkish Prisoners in Russia

Kadriye

The Balance of Turkish Identity in the Balkans: North Macedonia and Kosovo

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Bengül

Ahmet

Kemalettin Sami Pasha And Berlın Embassy Actıvıtıes (1924-1934)

Seda

A Legal Struggle After Lausanne: Mixed Arbitral Tribunals

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Elşad

The Process To The Khojaly Massacre And Khojaly Massacre In The Turkish Press

Mustafa

Assist. Prof.

Russıa’s Polıcy In Syrıa In The New Geopolıtıcal Envıronment In The Mıddle East

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

The Journal of Eurasian Inquiries aims to share scientific studies on the Eurasian region covering the area from Turkistan and Caucasus to Balkans and the Middle East in the field of social sciences, prepared in different disciplines.

The Journal of Eurasian Inquiries (AVID) includes papers related to Eurasian geography from different disciplines such as international relations, political science, history, sociology, economics, law, cultural and regional studies.

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Türk Eğitim İndeksi

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Journal of Eurasian Inquiries

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Journal of Eurasian Inquiries (AVID), regarding social scientific fields, aims at sharing interdisciplinary works on Eurasian areas with academic world .AVID, consists of several research areas ranging from political science to cultural studies such as: history, sociology, economics and law.

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Index IslamicusResearch Bible (Academic Research Index)Social Science Research Network (SSRN)Türk Eğitim İndeksi (TEİ)EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source SOBİADDOAJ

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Journal of Eurasian Inquires is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.<ul><li>Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.</li><li>The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.</li><li>The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.</li><li>Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.</li><li>Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.</li><li>The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.</li><li>In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.</li><li>If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.</li><li>In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.</li></ul>

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D6721902505A4BFEAE344C7B9108B155" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

All correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="http://dergipark.gov.tr/login" target="_blank">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a> that can be accessed at <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuavid" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuavid</a> It must be accompanied by a <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/A2037312153941BCAACB13C5FA6294D1" target="_blank">title page</a> specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D6721902505A4BFEAE344C7B9108B155" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted. 1. The journal publishes manuscripts in Turkish, English, Russian. 2. Manuscript should be written in MS Word format, double-spaced and in 11 point Times New Roman font. We kindly ask you not to send a pdf file. The title should be written with capital letters (12 point, bold), sub-headings in lower case letters (11 point, bold). 3. Research and review articles, as well as articles in translation should each include on its title page two abstracts (in the language of article and in English) of 180-200 words each. Key words (max. 10 words each) will also be provided underneath both of the abstracts. No abstract and bibliography are needed for research notes, addendum, book &amp; scientific meeting reviews, and letters to the editor. While uploading addendum, book review and letter to the editor files on the DergiPark system, please enter the first paragraph of the article in the abstract section. 4. Appendixes, with related bibliographical references,are placed after the main text, and before the bibliography. Their references should be included in the bibliography. 5. Short quotations should be given between double quotes within the paragraph. Long quotations (10 points) should have double indentation on the left (only), without quotes. 6. Figures and images should include captions with related bibliographical references. Bibliographical references mentioned in the captions should be included in the bibliography Their captions should be incorporated within the text, and not be collected at the end of the manuscript. Also, they should be separately uploaded to DergiPark system. Captions of images and figures should be numbered separately. Captions should be in 9 points. 7. Notes and bibliography must be in line with journal’s reference style based on Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition). 8. Notes (8 point) should be given at the bottom of every page, signalled by superscript numbers in the main text. Reference numbers should follow the punctuation marks (.35 or ,23).9. Submitted manuscripts and abstracts should be conformed with the grammar and orthography of the language (Turkish, English, Russian) in which they were written. 10. A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/A2037312153941BCAACB13C5FA6294D1" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone, fax number of the author(s) and ORCIDs of all authors (see The Submission Checklist).

Author Guidelines

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D6721902505A4BFEAE344C7B9108B155" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/7E6C614E3B774D91AF14B623030299F4" target="_blank">Title page</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/BA6134942D0E4293B50B7A5B224AD16C" target="_blank">Information for Authors</a>

Ensure that the following items are present: <ul><li>Confirm that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li><li>Confirm that final language control is done. </li><li>Confirm that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed. </li><li>Confirm that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with journals’s reference system based on Chicago Manual of Style.</li></ul>● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D6721902505A4BFEAE344C7B9108B155" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> (will only be sent after the article has been accepted for publication) ● Permission for non-published material ● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1A3A4AF4403D4011A8AC3B849ACA3753" target="_blank">Title page</a> <ul><li>The category of the manuscript </li><li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the manuscript and in English </li><li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses </li><li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number </li><li>ORCIDs of all authors. </li></ul>● Main Manuscript Document <ul><li>Important: Please avoid mentioning the the author (s) names in the manuscript. </li><li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the manuscript and in English </li><li>Abstracts (180-200 words) both in the language of manuscript and in English </li><li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English for the Turkish and Russian articles which are not in English </li><li>Key words </li><li>Manuscript body text </li><li> Acknowledgements, grant supports, conflicts of interest should be indicated </li><li>References and bibliography </li></ul><ul><li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title)</li></ul>

E-ISSN	2147-7469
Period	Biannually
Editor	Mustafa Balcı
The Journal of Eurasian Inquiries aims to share scientific studies on the Eurasian region covering the area from Turkistan and Caucasus to Balkans and the Middle East in the field of social sciences, prepared in different disciplines. The Journal of Eurasian Inquiries (AVID) includes papers related to Eurasian geography from different disciplines such as international relations, political science, history, sociology, economics, law, cultural and regional studies.

Journal of Eurasian Inquiries

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