Nazrin

Energy is an essential factor in providing and improving people’s daily welfare requirements and it must be produced definitely. Energy is obtained from both traditional and alternative resources. However, these resources are not equally distributed globally. Also, some countries are categorized as energy-rich because of their hydrocarbon reserves, while others are rich in renewable energy resources.Although most of the energy reserves used throughout the world is obtained from traditional energy sources, it is also true that these reserves are not environmentally friendly. Therefore, to protect the environment and prevent excessive consumption of primary energy resources, countries are trying to meet their national requirements with renewable energy sources. However, it is known that although alternative energy reserves are environmentally friendly, superior technology and financial means are needed to exploit them sufficiently. In this context, it is appropriate to evaluate the potential of green energy, which has become one of the most researched issues.Removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, traditional energy resources such as coal, gas, and oil have begun to be replaced by sustainable energy sources. At the same time, it should be emphasized that “green” and “renewable” energy do not necessarily mean the same thing. Although the terms are frequently encountered together and are closely related, they do have small but important differences. Therefore, the concept of green energy will be discussed, and then the differences between the two terms will be identified.The world’s increasing energy demands and countries’ attempts to utilize the best management strategies to meet this demand are well known. Azerbaijan is one of these countries. In terms of Azerbaijan, the green energy potential of the Karabakh region will be discussed; then state-supported green energy projects will be examined in the post-war period. Nagorno-Karabakh is a region rich in green energy resources. Therefore, the diversification of Azerbaijan’s energy production resources is an important issue.It is possible to list many advantages on this axis. The transition to inexhaustible energy will also reduce the number of carbon emissions released into the atmosphere and ensure environmental sustainability. In addition, natural gas, which is the main source of electricity production, will be saved. It will have a positive effect on increasing the country’s foreign&nbsp;exchange earnings through expanding export opportunities. At the same time, renewable energy sources can meet the energy needs of areas where natural gas extraction is technically impossible or economically inefficient. On this axis, considering the high mountainous terrain of Kalbajar and Lachin districts, the use of renewable energy resources will be more efficient.The development of renewable energy sources is also necessary for the sustainability of Azerbaijan’s energy system. Attracting new investments to liberated lands and exploiting the renewable energy potential will play a vital role in Azerbaijan’s international recognition as green energy. Hydroelectric dams are expected to account for most of the renewable energy generation in the Karabakh region. Moreover, the implementation of renewable energy projects across Karabakh will provide the Azerbaijani leadership’s vision to reduce the country’s dependence on fossil fuel–based electricity. These plans are also in line with Baku’s plans to transform Karabakh’s war-damaged lands into smart cities and villages.&nbsp;

Karabakh’s Green Energy Potential

Ramile

Assoc. Prof.

Implementation of the UN Security Council Resolutions on the  Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict by the Republic of Azerbaijan and  Results

Kaan

Assist. Prof.

Oğuz

It is widely acknowledged that the stability and survival of multinational states, nation states or even those communities with a minimal administrative structure depend on the extent and quality of their demographic configuration. It is also known that a demographic examination carried out only in the sense of quantitative and qualitative analysis can result in a variety of failures when taking many cultural, administrative, and security issues into account. Starting from this perspective, every aspect of the population factor should be taken into consideration in the geopolitical risk analysis of a country or similar organization.In any region of the world, it is obviously the coherence of land, language, faith, ideals and culture which is a defining feature of a state and keeps its population together. On that basis, this study tries to focus on the changes, developments and population quantities and potentials in the “past-present-future” triangle of the Central Asian countries throughout the historical process. Due to the difficulties involved in obtaining the exact numbers, detailed studies on the demographic structure of the region can only be conducted in relation to the period from the 19th century up to the present day. Thus, we focused on the three periods in this publication - the Russian Empire after the 19th century, the USSR period and the post-independence period. Specifically, because of globalization, the changes in geopolitical elements - especially in the changing geopolitical elements - prompted a necessity to rely on new elements and inspired us to make this publication.In this study, which deals with the place and significance of the Central Asian population on a regional and global scale from the past to the present via geopolitical factors, first of all, in order to understand and organize the subject, academic journals, books, Encyclopedias, Graduate Theses, Institutional Reports, National and International Papers were reviewed, researched, examined and analyzed and subsequently the obtained data was transferred to the Endnote system in order to avoid any confusion. As a research method, one of the literature evaluation types, namely the context evaluation method, was used in order to get a broader view of Central Asia, and a historical evaluation was also conducted so as to learn the subject from a more comprehensive historical perspective. However, a methodological or theoretical evaluation could not be made due to the lack of studies examining the subject-specific geopolitics in terms of population. As a result of the in-depth literature review:• Geopolitics and Population Relationship • The Post-19th Century Russian Empire Period • The USSR Period (1922-1990) • Post-Independence Demography in Central Asia (from 1991 onwards)were discussed in sub-categories with the aim of understanding the subject more clearly in terms of context and history. During the Soviet Union period, censuses took place in 1926, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1977 and 1989. In the light of these, maps were created in accordance with the ArcGIS 10.7 program to digitize some of the censuses that took place in the above years. However, it was further clear in the development of the publication that the studies on the region were limited, and thus, the relevant parts of the old works written in Cyrillic alphabet in the libraries in Tashkent, Bishkek and Almaty were translated between 12 and 27 September 2021, and then they were published in many institutions, organizations and libraries and afterwards this work was concluded by executing one-on-one field observations.FindingsThe Relation Between Geopolitics and PopulationFrom past to present, population – characterized above all by its size – has been a dominant factor in geopolitical weight and power in relations between nations (Demeny, 2012). In this respect, it is widely known that powerful states and organizations have been launching demographic interventions directly or indirectly (Foucault, 2001; Moisio and Paasi, 2013) either by promoting birth rates or by directing the influx of people into certain regions or activities. The key geopolitical forces have traditionally been regarded as a combination of the strategic value of a land, capability of the society/country, and self-identity of the population (democratic data in general) (Putkaradze, 2008). As it can easily be seen, the population factor is very important. The countries identified 11 demographic factors and processes in order to analyze the population factor geopolitically. These were population size, birth rate, death rate, population quality, age structure, ethnic and religious diversity, gender structure, family structure, population density, population displacement types and migration processes (Bezverbny, 2015). In accordance with these factors, Central Asia is an important region of the world in many respects. This subject has been examined in three sub-titles (1. The post-19th century Russian Empire period, 2. The USSR period, 3. The post-independence period) in order to explain the phases of the demography of the region in the context of its population, space, and time.The Post-19th-Century Russian Empire PeriodDuring the 19th century, it was not possible to carry out censuses in the regional countries because of the ongoing nomadic lifestyle in the region. Thus, this was a preventing factor for&nbsp;&nbsp;us to acquire a clear knowledge of the population in this era. In addition, the written and oral sources indicate that many of the instances of war, invasion, and famine throughout history in Central Asia resulted in rapid changes in the population. We know that 4 million people used to live in Central Asia in the beginning of the 19th century, and this number reached 5 million by the mid-century. It is estimated that 3 million of this population lived in the Bukhara Emirate, 1.5 million in the Kokand Khanate and 500 thousand in the Khiva Khanate. The historical residues indicate that people chose to settle in places like Amu Darya and Syr Darya which are quite fertile lands and have strong potential to sustain life. looking atcthe populations of some of the big cities of the era, we can see that Tashkent had 60-80 thousand, Bukhara 70 thousand, and Samarkand 30 thousand people (Халфин, 1960). In terms of ethnic distribution, the cities in Central Asia consisted mostly of citizens of neighboring countries (Arab, Indian, Chinese, Iranian, etc.) along with locals (Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Tajik, etc.). However, it is widely known that before the arrival of Russians in the region, the local people lived in an integrated and intertwined way in cultural, linguistic and religious spheres (Dani and Masson, 1992; Duarte, 2014).We know that the Russians began to appoint state officials and travelers to the region in order to acquire in-depth knowledge in parallel with their increasing interest in these lands as of the 18th century and their expansion to the south. Especially in the period of Peter I, their lack of access to the warm seas in the face of the Ottoman Empire, failures to catch up with the innovations brought by the Reform and Renaissance in Europe, and their awareness of the wealth that Geographical Discoveries brought to European states led them to a long-term political and military orientation to the Central Asian region which was suitable because of proximity and lack of a major authority in the region (Özkan, 2021). Russians disentangled the local nations from each other in a separate state administration and structure and these resulted in the changes in language, religion and culture in the region. In the second half of the 19th century, they captured target lands in Central Asia. They chose the Kazakh steppes as their first settlement in Central Asia because of the geographical proximity and convenience (Roy, 2018). In the seized areas, at first, the places of worship for the Muslims were restored, they took care of the local people, and their needs were met in an attempt to increase the likelihood of their permanence by making purchases from the local people for the military units. However, it cannot be argued that the implementation of their political and military endeavors following their ensuring of the permanence in the region did not really bring very good results for the local peoples. According to the official census of 1897, the Russian population was the highest in Central Asian regions in proportional estimates. After Akmola, the most densely populated Russian region was the Ural region. In general, we see that the Russian population was placed in the parts where the Kazakh population was in a majority, and they chose to settle in Kazakhstan especially in this period.&nbsp;The USSR Period (1922-1990)As a result of the policies implemented by the Russian Empire in Central Asia before the First World War (such as granting privileges to the Russian population, unfair distribution of fertile lands, discrimination against local communities, and the Russification agenda), there were uprisings and social unrest that broke out in the region. The first revolt against the Russian Tsarism started in Hochent and quickly spread to other cities and steppes. The uprisings were suppressed by brute force with the Kyrgyz revolt in particular turning into a one-onone struggle against the Russians. Even though there were losses on both sides, the Russian forces eventually crushed many villages with their military power and an ethnic cleansing was initiated in the region against the Kyrgyz. The Russian stance aimed to eliminate the national identities in Central Asia. According to historians, nearly 200 thousand people died during the uprising, and thousands of Kyrgyz had to flee to China (East Turkestan) in the face of massacres (Dıykanbayeva, 2014). This persecution is now called “Ürkün”. Consequently, the population of Northern Kyrgyzstan decreased by 41.4% (Köylü, 2016). Not only the societies in the south, but also the Kazakhs in the north were among the ones that were deeply affected by the rebellion. Many civilians were killed during the uprising. In 1916, more than 150 thousand Kazakhs had to leave their lands (e-history.kz, 2013). Comparing the population of the Kyrgyz before and after the uprising, there truly was a great loss. In the 1939 census, the Kyrgyz population in Kyrgyzstan barely reached 754 thousand. However, in the census conducted by Russia in 1914, which was 25 years before, there were more than 11 million people in Central Asia, and the Kyrgyz population in Kyrgyzstan was approximately 700-750 thousand people (Kara, 2011). After the revolution that took place in 1917, the Basmacı Movement adopted the slogan “Turkestan belongs to the people of Turkistan” and fought against the Russians for this reason (Hayit, 1997). This national struggle movement, which was iniated against the Russian hegemony, was completely suppressed in 1934 and ended.The gradual settlement by the Russians in Kazakh lands during the period had obvious goals such as weakening and eliminating the national resistance. In countries other than Kazakhstan, for example, in Tajikistan in 1926, the Russian population was 0.7%, in 1939 this rate increased to 9.1%. The Tajik population in the country dropped to 59.5% in this period, while the Turkmen population decreased to 59.2% in 1939 in Turkmenistan, the Russian population increased to 18.6%, while the Kyrgyz population was 51.2% in 1939 in Kyrgyzstan. As it can be seen from Figure 1, the Russian population increased to 20.8%. In this period, the Russian presence, and the increase rate of the Russian population disportionate to the local peoples was remarkable with regard to the changes in the demographic structure of the countries. The years between 1939-1959 was the period that the Russian population most rapidly spread in the region. The best indicator of the population change of the region in this period and the following (1922- 1990) years is detailed in Figures 1,2, and 3.&nbsp;The Post-Independence Population in the Central Asia (From 1991 onward)Following the declaration of independence by 5 countries in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) in 1991, it is known that these countries spent their first years trying to establish their new order. During the transition period after independence in Central Asia, certain problems (ethnic, identity, border, security, economic, water sharing, etc.) emerged. When we consider the populations of these countries in 1991, we can see that Kazakhstan had 16 million 450 thousand, Kyrgyzstan 4 million 463 thousand, Uzbekistan 20 million 952 thousand, Tajikistan 5 million 400 thousand and Turkmenistan 3 million 789 thousand population (World Bank, 2021). Following the declaration of independence in Central Asian countries, certain ethnic groups such as Russians, Germans, Ukrainians, Jews, etc., and then local populations, began to set off for legal or illegal migrations for labor (Myrzakhmetova and Aitbaev, 2015). Despite having affected virtually every country in the region, these migrations caused the greatest population loss in Kazakhstan in comparison with the others.We see that in this period, there can be certain cultural, political and border issues and clashes when the number of neighbours around a certain country is few or too many. For example, the problem of Fergana Valley that was deliberately created during the Soviet period is one of the leading issues that Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan must resolve. Due to this problem, it is an area where there is a risk that war might break out at any moment. It was created in accordance with the strategy of divide-and-conquer in border problems dating back to the Stalin period, and these problems now continue to exist. For example, while Voruh was within the borders of the Tajik Soviet Republic in the early 1920s, it became an exclave land in the Kyrgyz Soviet Republic in the 1950s (Doorov et al., 2014). The ethnic structure of the disputed areas in question has the majority of the citizens of the state from which the region was taken. In today’s Central Asia, we see that there is a general lack of any geopolitical framework in addition to problems such as geographical factors, transportation and the sharing of significant water resources that are all entangled in the deadlock of the problem of borderlines between certain countries.ConclusionHaving focused on the demographic change processes of each of the Central Asian states from the past to the present, this study tries to shed light on how the states in Central Asia interacted with many nations, and most importantly, the ways the population factor was effective in a region or country depending on the political policies implemented during the Russian Tsarist and Soviet Union periods. The process, which first started in Kazakhstan in the region, expanded to the whole of Central Asia. We see that the Russians systematically settled their own people and then the Slavic origin population in these lands in order to ensure their permanence. Especially after the Stalin era, as the Soviet Union needed more labor force in&nbsp;&nbsp;the region, the population of the region was reinforced by immigration from outside (including exiles), and then the population structure of Central Asia became more and more complicated. As a result of the investigations, it was clear that the main purpose of the political policies implemented in the region was to isolate the national identities of the Central Asian peoples and to ensure their own permanence in this geography. This aforementioned process began in the second half of the 19th century and continued up until the late 20th century. Following the establishment of the Central Asian republics in 1991, it has been clear that a large proportion of many ethnic communities, especially Russians, remigrated back to their home country. Despite this reverse migration of a large proportion of the Russian population to their home country, they still live in significant numbers – usually clustered around capitals and big cities – in some states of Central Asia.Considering these developments from a geopolitical point of view, the population as a factor in the sense of both quantity and quality is quite an important demographic parameter that can be relied upon for both domestic policies and in external matters in accordance with the interests of the countries on a political scale. From the fact that some Central Asian countries still have Russian as their second official language even today, we may draw the conclusion that the demographic policies that started in the last century Central Asia were realized only partially. This is one of the best examples of the fact that the population element could be successfully planned, at least by the Russians, in a geopolitical sense.Central Asia is a politically important land in the eyes of Russia for many reasons such as having a large area, being underpopulated in comparison to the border countries of the region (China, India), containing important natural resources, their historical ties and interactions, proximite relations, and socio-economic dimensions. For all these important reasons, the Russians gave importance to the demographic policies they were to implement in the Central Asian republics. Today, the changes in the populations of Central Asian countries differ depending on their level of economic development. The population growth rate in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan is lower whereas it is higher in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. In the possible future, the population growth rate is expected to decelerate even more in relation with the expected improvements in the economic development of these countries. In the light of these, it is obvious that the population of Central Asia will gradually increase over time, and the proportional percentage of core ethnic identities in these countries will also go up. Concerning population as a changing geopolitical element, every country and region needs to make careful plans. When the countries are not strong enough against global powers, they need to establish regional associations in line with their own interests - for example, the Organization of Turkic States – to pursue an effective planning and implementation on the changing and unchanging elements of geopolitics.&nbsp;

Research of Central Asian Geopolitics Over the Population  Parameter

Ahmet

1. The Turkish–Muslim Congresses Held in 1905 and the Manifesto of October 17In 1905, the Ufa Congress, which was the first congress organized by the Turks of Russia, was established. Although the reason for convening the Ufa Congress was perceived by the Government as the regulation of religious needs, the primary goal of this congress was to constitute the first important step in the political unification of the Turks of Russia. This congress was organized under the control of Russian politicians without the religious officials even being intimated about it.The discussion at the congress covered the subjects of integrating the religious administration into one entity; appointing muftis; determining the additional qualifications required as eligibility criteria for muftis; recruiting Kyrgyz–Kazakhs to the mufti administration; enhancing the imamate and müderrislik exams; connecting the law branch of the mufti organization to the Ministry of Justice, the education branch to the Ministry of Education, and the Administrative Branch to the Ministry of Interior; improving the mufti organization; and expanding the mufti staff. Because the congress was held for a short amount of time with insufficient participation, its decisions were not considered satisfactory by some Muslim circles. This perception led to the establishment of a new congress named All-Russian Muslims, which was held in Nizhny Novgorod.2. The Turkish–Muslim Congresses in 1906The publication of a large number of newspapers in various regions of Russia since 1906 enabled the Turks of Russia to participate in political movements and elections in a single body without fragmentation, ensuring the idea of “unity” in all respects. The Second All-Russian Congress of Muslims was held from January 13 to January 23, 1906 at St. Petersburg. The only exceptions were Kazakh representatives. The most important decision was the establishment of the organization “Alliance of Muslims of Russia.”The Third Congress of All-Russian Muslims was held in Nizhny Novgorod from August 16 to August 21, 1906. While the former congresses were held without permission from official authorities, this congress obtained permission from the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Shah Mardan Kuçcigul (Kazakh), a Kazakh from the Astrakhan region, participated in this congress, marking the first instance of a Turkestani’s participation in a congress. Education was the predominantly discussed subject in this congress. This congress facilitated the uniformity of the Turkic language education system in every region. Literary Turkish (Turkish in Turkey) would unite the Turks of Russia. Consequently, the Turkish language was taught through the local dialect.&nbsp;3. The Turkish–Muslim Congresses in 1914On June 15, 1914, over 40 individuals comprising Muslim members of the Duma, the clergy, and dignitaries of Russian Muslims attended the congress held at St. Petersburg. The congress discussed religious freedom, education, and matters pertaining to Muslim women’s marriages.4. The Turkish–Muslim Congresses in 1917The maximum number of congresses was held in 1971, and decisions of autonomy were adopted during this time. The Third Kazakh Congress was held from December 18 to December 26, 1917. At this congress, autonomy was proclaimed within the framework of the Democratic Republic of Russia. Ultimately, a government called Alaş-Orda was established, and Ali Khan Bökey was elected as the Prime Minister in the new government. The most effective congress was that held from May 1 to May 11, 1917 in Moscow. Nearly 900 delegates from different regions of Russia participated in the congress; of these delegates, 112 were women. This congress witnessed the maximum number of attendees among all congresses having been held so far. While other congresses had aimed to solve religious problems, this congress discussed political issues to the best extent possible.ConsequenceThe revolution of 1905 weakened the existing system in tsarist Russia and fueled the fervor for independence among the Turks in Russia. Because the Turks in Russia did not enjoy any military powers, they tried attaining their freedom through political activities. Although the meetings in 1905 primarily constituted demands for the regulation of religious life, the congresses held in 1906 and particularly in 1917 were also centered on the demand for political rights. The exchange between the Bolsheviks and the Turks of Russia was mostly limited to the intellectual sphere. The two movements acted independently of each other. The Turks of Russia perceived the situation as an opportunity to make their own way, but could not make any acquisition.&nbsp;

The Effect of Turkish-Muslim Congresses on the Bolshevik  Revolution in Tsarist and Bolshevik Russia Period

Şeyma

Following the Soviet Union’s disintegration, important changes occurred in the South Caucasus. In this region, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia declared their independence and sought to rebuild their national identities. During the nation-building process, the Karabakh conflict re-emerged between Azerbaijan and Armenia. This region, long a subject of dispute between the two states, is the defining feature of relations between Azerbaijan and Armenia. Armenia’s struggle to assert control in the Karabakh region has led to conflicts. The First Karabakh War began with Armenia’s occupation of Azerbaijani territory and resulted in a war that affected the whole region. Ultimately, Armenia occupied about 20 percent of Azerbaijan’s territory. Due to the Armenian occupation, Karabakh became a source of serious tension between the two countries. Following the 1994 ceasefire, no progress was made toward resolving the problem. On the contrary, the Armenian side persistently violated the ceasefire regime and provoked a new war. With Armenia’s attack on September 27, 2020, the Second Karabakh War began. Following Azerbaijan’s counterattack, however, the Armenian army suffered a heavy defeat. The war was halted with the signing of the Tripartite Declaration, which established a ceasefire between Russia, Azerbaijan and Armenia on November 10, 2020, under Russia’s supervision. The Second Karabakh War was monitored closely by the global press from beginning to end, and news about the war was given top priority in the Turkish press.In this study, reflections of the Second Karabakh War in the Turkish print media are discussed and the attitude of the Turkish press toward the war is analyzed. Specifically, it examines news articles published between September 27 and November 11, 2020 in the Cumhuriyet and Sabah newspapers, which appeal to distinct segments of Turkish public opinion. The news and comments about the Second Karabakh War in Cumhuriyet and Sabah, both of which have a wide readership, are important in gauging the attitude of the Turkish press on the subject.In general, the Turkish press closely followed developments between Azerbaijan and Armenia, and continuously shared the reality of events in the region with the Turkish public while adopting a fair and objective stance. During the war, many representatives and journalists of Turkey’s press agencies and newspapers went to the battlefront. They relayed news to the Turkish public and to the wider world, including details of developments in the field and of Armenia’s attacks against civilian sites. They also supported the Azerbaijani military’s just struggle with news, articles, commentaries, and images. Through photographs and interviews obtained at the scene of such incidents, the Turkish press exposed Armenia’s position as an occupier and its clear violation of the laws of war and of the international agreements to which it is party. Analysis of newspapers has demonstrated that images taken during the war were frequently given space in the headline news.This study examines news and commentary articles published throughout the war in two newspapers that consistently adopt divergent political stances and publication policies. One of these newspapers is Cumhuriyet, while the other is Sabah.Cumhuriyet gave extensive coverage to developments in the Second Karabakh War between Azerbaijan and Armenia and published many articles on the subject. On September 28, 2020, the newspaper announced the war with the headline “War At The Border” and used the following in the main heading: “Azerbaijan Retakes 7 Villages In The South Of Karabakh.” The text of the news article includes the intermediate heading “Caucasian Fire” and indicates that, following Armenia’s targeting of civilian sites, Azerbaijan commenced an operation toward Karabakh, which had been occupied in 1992. Between October 1 and 31, Cumhuriyet frequently gave space to news concerning the war that between Azerbaijan and Armenia. The headings of relevant news articles on the first page of the newspaper are as followed: “War In The Caucasus,” “There Is A War Going On In The ECHR As Well,” “The Clashes In Karabakh Are Not Slowing Down,” “Dispute With Moscow,” “Residential Areas Are Being Targeted,” “Attack Against Ganja,” “It’s Seeking To Pull Russia Into The War,” “Russia Stuck In The Middle,” “Putin Draws The Line,” “Civilians Targeted Again,” “Ceasefire Is Near At The Karabakh Line,” “Fragile Ceasefire At The Karabakh Line,” “Civilians Shot During The Humanitarian Ceasefire,” “Aliyev’s Turkey Proposal Rejected,” “Azerbaijani Civilians Are Weeping,” “Lavrov: Turkey Should Be Transparent About Its Activities In Nagorno-Karabakh,” “Armenia Strikes Anguished Civilians,” “They Have Struck Nakhchivan As Well,” “They Have Struck The Children,” “The Ceasefire Has Been Violated Again,” “Yerevan Threatens&nbsp;&nbsp;To Officialize The Occupation,” “Şentop Is In Ganja,” “Karabakh Traffic,” “Peacekeeping Force To Karabakh,” “The Armenian Military Has Child Soldiers,” “Azerbaijani Leader Aliyev: Turkish Jets Will Fly If External Attack Occurs,” “Armenia Has Struck Civilians.”Between 27 September and November 10, Sabah published numerous news pieces concerning the war between Azerbaijan and Armenia. On September 28, 2020, Sabah announced the Second Karabakh War with the headline “Azerbaijani Slap Against The Occupier Armenia.” The subheading of the news article stated: “Quickly responding to Armenia that was striking Azerbaijani villages with heavy artillery, Azerbaijan has retaken 7 villages in Karabakh that have been under occupation for 30 years.” The actual text of the article includes the intermediate heading “Retaliation In Kind By Azerbaijan” and indicates that many civilians were killed and injured in Azerbaijani villages that had been subjected to heavy bombardment by Armenia’s military. It goes on to emphasize that Azerbaijan’s military retaliated by destroying military equipment and installations belonging to Armenian units, then draws attention to Azerbaijan retaking seven villages in Karabakh that had been under Armenian occupation for 30 years.The following are news headings concerning the war from the first page of the newspaper between October 1 and 31: “Azerbaijan Writes History,” “Rogue State [Armenia], [You Should] Leave Karabakh,” “Armenia Strikes Civilians,” “[Armenia’s] Massive Defeat,” “This Struggle Will Continue Until Karabakh Is Liberated,” “Don’t Fire, We Surrender,” “Azerbaijan To Victory Step By Step,” “Call To Prayer In Karabakh After 27 Years,” “We Will Stand By Azerbaijan Until Victory,” “Shame On You Turkish People,” “They Are Fleeing On Foot,” “Armenian Headquarters Destroyed,” “Seize The Opportunity, Retreat From Karabakh,” “They Will Either Retreat, Or We Will Take It Back Through War,” “Cowards,” “The Armenians Struck Us At Night While We Were In Our Beds,” “Proof Of The War Crime,” “Azerbaijan Weeps For The Orphaned Children,” “We Would Rather Die Than Be Left Without A Homeland,” “Burial In The Dark With Telephone Light,” “My Father’s Most Painful Burden,” “They Killed Our Children At Night While They Were Asleep,” “The Key Town Of Shusha Surrounded,” “One City And 24 Villages Liberated,” “Armenian Battalion Destroyed,” “I No Longer Have A Life,” “Iranian Border Section Of Nagorno-Karabakh Now Under The Control Of Azerbaijan,” “Armenian Soldiers Fleeing En Masse,” “Armenia Paying 600 Dollars To The PKK Members At The Battlefront,” “Armenian Communications Network Disabled,” “Armenia Sending Children to the Battlefront,” “If They Attack, They Will See Turkish F-16s,” “Armenia Violates The Ceasefire Within Four Minutes,” “Massacre By Armenia: 21 Martyrs, 70 Wounded,” “Here Is The Proof Of The War Crime,” “Azerbaijan Pounding At Shusha’s Door.”During the war, the newspapers Cumhuriyet and Sabah generally adopted a similar stance that respected the sensitivity of the Turkish and Azerbaijani publics. Beyond this similarity, however, the two newspapers took different approaches in their presentation of the issue. Sabah, for example, in line with the Turkish government’s firm stance, highlighted Turkish-Azerbaijani unity, Armenian aggression, Azerbaijan’s just war, and the Republic of Turkey’s support for&nbsp;Azerbaijan. It has been observed, however, that some of the articles published in Cumhuriyet showed a more restrained attitude to the war. Nonetheless, despite some exceptions, it can be said that both newspapers demonstrated a fair stance concerning the Second Karabakh War and Azerbaijan’s just position.&nbsp;

Reflections of the Second Karabakh War in the Turkish Press:  “Cumhuriyet” and “Sabah” Newspapers

Didem

Imam Shamil in Ottoman Archives

Seda

Policies Towards the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict

Aynurə

A Comprehensive View of Intellectual History of Azerbaijani

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Bengül

Kemalettin Sami Pasha And Berlın Embassy Actıvıtıes (1924-1934)

A Legal Struggle After Lausanne: Mixed Arbitral Tribunals

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Elşad

The Process To The Khojaly Massacre And Khojaly Massacre In The Turkish Press

Mustafa

Russıa’s Polıcy In Syrıa In The New Geopolıtıcal Envıronment In The Mıddle East

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The Journal of Eurasian Inquiries aims to share scientific studies on the Eurasian region covering the area from Turkistan and Caucasus to Balkans and the Middle East in the field of social sciences, prepared in different disciplines.

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Journal of Eurasian Inquiries (AVID), regarding social scientific fields, aims at sharing interdisciplinary works on Eurasian areas with academic world .AVID, consists of several research areas ranging from political science to cultural studies such as: history, sociology, economics and law.

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The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of COPE and ICJME are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Journal of Eurasian Inquires is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.<ul><li>Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.</li><li>The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.</li><li>The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.</li><li>Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.</li><li>Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.</li><li>The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.</li><li>In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.</li><li>If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.</li><li>In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.</li></ul>

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D6721902505A4BFEAE344C7B9108B155" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

All correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="http://dergipark.gov.tr/login" target="_blank">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a> that can be accessed at <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuavid" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuavid</a> It must be accompanied by a <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/A2037312153941BCAACB13C5FA6294D1" target="_blank">title page</a> specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D6721902505A4BFEAE344C7B9108B155" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted. 1. The journal publishes manuscripts in Turkish, English, Russian. 2. Manuscript should be written in MS Word format, double-spaced and in 11 point Times New Roman font. We kindly ask you not to send a pdf file. The title should be written with capital letters (12 point, bold), sub-headings in lower case letters (11 point, bold). 3. Research and review articles, as well as articles in translation should each include on its title page two abstracts (in the language of article and in English) of 180-200 words each. Key words (max. 10 words each) will also be provided underneath both of the abstracts. No abstract and bibliography are needed for research notes, addendum, book &amp; scientific meeting reviews, and letters to the editor. While uploading addendum, book review and letter to the editor files on the DergiPark system, please enter the first paragraph of the article in the abstract section. 4. Appendixes, with related bibliographical references,are placed after the main text, and before the bibliography. Their references should be included in the bibliography. 5. Short quotations should be given between double quotes within the paragraph. Long quotations (10 points) should have double indentation on the left (only), without quotes. 6. Figures and images should include captions with related bibliographical references. Bibliographical references mentioned in the captions should be included in the bibliography Their captions should be incorporated within the text, and not be collected at the end of the manuscript. Also, they should be separately uploaded to DergiPark system. Captions of images and figures should be numbered separately. Captions should be in 9 points. 7. Notes and bibliography must be in line with journal’s reference style based on Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition). 8. Notes (8 point) should be given at the bottom of every page, signalled by superscript numbers in the main text. Reference numbers should follow the punctuation marks (.35 or ,23).9. Submitted manuscripts and abstracts should be conformed with the grammar and orthography of the language (Turkish, English, Russian) in which they were written. 10. A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/A2037312153941BCAACB13C5FA6294D1" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone, fax number of the author(s) and ORCIDs of all authors (see The Submission Checklist).

Author Guidelines

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D6721902505A4BFEAE344C7B9108B155" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/7E6C614E3B774D91AF14B623030299F4" target="_blank">Title page</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/BA6134942D0E4293B50B7A5B224AD16C" target="_blank">Information for Authors</a>

Ensure that the following items are present: <ul><li>Confirm that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li><li>Confirm that final language control is done. </li><li>Confirm that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed. </li><li>Confirm that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with journals’s reference system based on Chicago Manual of Style.</li></ul>● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D6721902505A4BFEAE344C7B9108B155" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> (will only be sent after the article has been accepted for publication) ● Permission for non-published material ● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1A3A4AF4403D4011A8AC3B849ACA3753" target="_blank">Title page</a> <ul><li>The category of the manuscript </li><li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the manuscript and in English </li><li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses </li><li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number </li><li>ORCIDs of all authors. </li></ul>● Main Manuscript Document <ul><li>Important: Please avoid mentioning the the author (s) names in the manuscript. </li><li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the manuscript and in English </li><li>Abstracts (180-200 words) both in the language of manuscript and in English </li><li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English for the Turkish and Russian articles which are not in English </li><li>Key words </li><li>Manuscript body text </li><li> Acknowledgements, grant supports, conflicts of interest should be indicated </li><li>References and bibliography </li></ul><ul><li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title)</li></ul>

E-ISSN	2147-7469
Period	Biannually
Editor	Mustafa Balcı
The Journal of Eurasian Inquiries aims to share scientific studies on the Eurasian region covering the area from Turkistan and Caucasus to Balkans and the Middle East in the field of social sciences, prepared in different disciplines. The Journal of Eurasian Inquiries (AVID) includes papers related to Eurasian geography from different disciplines such as international relations, political science, history, sociology, economics, law, cultural and regional studies.

Journal of Eurasian Inquiries

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