Research Article


DOI :10.26650/iukad.2023.qe00006   IUP :10.26650/iukad.2023.qe00006    Full Text (PDF)

Moving Past Franco’s Art and Censorship: The Case of The Female Flamenco Dancer

Rosemary Cısneros

The Roma culture has always been a marginalised community within Spain yet revered for its performance artistry. This article explores flamenco and female flamenco dancers under the Francisco Franco dictatorship, 1939-1975. I discuss censorship under the political leader and its influence on flamenco as well as investigating the dynamics of women onstage within the flamenco sphere as seen through the documentary series Rito y Geografía (Rite and Geography) (1971-1974). Gender roles are examined through analysis of popular culture during Franco’s Spain and the manner in which he portrayed and romanticised the female flamenco dancer. I argue that he used the flamenco series as the vessel to manipulate discourse. Franco exploited flamenco to promote tourism and capitalised on the female flamenco dancer and used the series to promote a national identity.


PDF View

References

  • Aoyama, Y (2009). Artists, tourists, and the state: Cultural tourism and the flamenco industry in Andalusia, Spain. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 55(1), 80-104. google scholar
  • Bennahum, N. (2013). Carmen, a Gypsy Geography. Wesleyan University Press. google scholar
  • Bizet, G. (1875). Carmen. (Music for the opera). google scholar
  • Brandes, S. (1980). Metaphors of masculinity: Sex and status in Andalusion Folklore. Philadelphia, PA: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. google scholar
  • Carmona, S. (2018). Decolonizing the Arts: A Genealogy of Romani Stereotypes in the Louvre and Prado Collections. Critical Romani Studies, 1(2), 144-167. google scholar
  • Casajus, D. (2000). Caterina Pasqualino, Dire Le chant. Les Gitans Flamencos d’Andalousie. L'Homme, (156), 301-302. google scholar
  • Cañadas Ortega, A. (n.d.). Flamenco. [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.romarchive.eu/ en/flamenco/antigypsy-legislation-spain/] google scholar
  • Chinoy, C., & Lagunas Arias, D. (2022). One Route to Respectability: An Historical View of SocioCultural and Economic Reproduction Among the Gitanos of Lebrija. Journal of Gypsy Studies, 4(1), 3-26. google scholar
  • Christoforidis, M. (2007). Manuel de Falla, flamenco and Spanish identity. In J. Brown (Ed.). Western music and Race, pp. 230-243. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Chuse, L. (2003). The CANTAORAS: Music, gender, and identity in Flamenco Song. New York: Routledge. google scholar
  • Cisneros, R. (2018). Spain: Daniel Baker and Rosamaria Cisneros Collection. Retrieved January 12, 2023, from https://www.romarchive.eu/en/dance/baker-and-cisneros-collection/ google scholar
  • Cisneros, R. (2021). Orientalismo e Decolonialidad na. Danja: Da pesquisa á práctica docente, (J. Silva & T. Conceijao, Eds.). In A. Moraes (Ed.), Narrativas Diversas nas. Artes Cenicas ,Vol. 2, pp. 80-92. Porto Alegre, Brazil: PPGAC. [Retrieved from https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/ portalfiles/portal/58161069/NARRATIVAS_DIVERSAS_NAS_ARTES_CE_NICAS_Volume_ II_CISNEROS.pdf] google scholar
  • Cisneros, R. K. (2010). Flamenco and Its Gitanos. An Investigation of the Paradox of Andalusia: History, Politics and Dance Art (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico-Albuquerque, 2010) (pp. 1-300). Albuquerque, NM. [Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https:// digitalrepository.unm.edu/thea_etds/3.] google scholar
  • Cruces Roldán, C. (2002). Historia del Flamenco: Siglo XXI. Sevilla, Spain: Tartessos. google scholar
  • Cruces Roldán, C. (2014). El Flamenco Como constructo patrimonial. Representaciones Sociales y Aproximaciones Metodológicas. PASOS Revista De Turismo Y Patrimonio Cultural, 12(4), 819-835. google scholar
  • Cruces Roldán, C., & Sabuco i Cantó,, A. (2005). Mujeres flamencas, etnicidad, educación y empleo ante los nuevos retos profesionales. (Instituto de la Mujer., pp. 1-345, Rep.). Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales. google scholar
  • Cruces, C., & Agudo Torrico, J. (2012). El Flamenco. In I. Moreno Navarro (Ed.), Expresiones culturales andaluzas (pp. 219-281). Sevilla, Spain: Aconcagua Libros. google scholar
  • Cuellar-Moreno, M. (2016). Flamenco dance. characteristics, resources and reflections on its evolution. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 5(1), 1260825. google scholar
  • ENAR. (2022, March 17). Antigypsyism. [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.enar-eu.org/ about/antigypsyism/] google scholar
  • Glossary-. (n.d.). [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.romarchive.eu/en/terms/gitano-gitana/] google scholar
  • Goldbach, T. (2014). Fascism, Flamenco, and Ballet Español: Nacional flamenquismo (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico- Albuquerque, 2014) (pp. 1-117). New Mexico, NM: University ofNew Mexico- Albquerque. [Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://digitalrepository. unm.edu/thea_etds/9/.] google scholar
  • Goldberg, K. M. (2019). Sonidos Negros: On the blackness of flamenco. New York: Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Goldberg, M. K. (1995). Border trespasses: The gypsy mask and Carmen Amaya's flamenco dance. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. google scholar
  • González de Garay Domínguez, B., & Alfeo, J. (2017). Portraying homosexuality in Spanish cinema and television during the Franco regime. L 'Atalante. Revista De Estudios Cinematográficos, 75, 63-79. google scholar
  • Grellmann, H. M. (1807). Dissertation on the Gipseys: Representing Their Manner of Life, Family Economy, Occupations and Trades, Marriages and Education, Sickness, Death and Bural, Religion, Language, Sciences and Arts (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, With an Historical Enquiry Concerning Their Origin and First Appearance in Europe) (M. Raper, Trans.). London: W. Ballintine. [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/ gutbook/lookup?num=62745.] google scholar
  • Halwachs, D. W. (2003). The Changing Status of Romani in Europe. In G. Hogan-Brun & S. Wolff (Eds.), Minority languages in Europe: Frameworks, status, prospects (pp. 192-207). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Hancock, I. F. (2007). We are the Romani People. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press. google scholar
  • Hancock, I. F., & Mulcahy, F. D. (1979). Romani sociolinguistics. The Hague: Mouton. google scholar
  • Hasdeu, I. (2015). The Gypsy Woman: Between imaginary figure and reality. In F. Andreescu & M. J. Shapiro (Eds.), Genre and the (post- ) Communist woman: Analyzing transformations of the central and Eastern European female ideal. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. google scholar
  • Holguín, S. (2019). Flamenco nation: The construction of Spanish national identity. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. google scholar
  • Holguín, S. (2019,). Smithsonian Magazine: The complicated history of flamenco in Spain. [Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/ complicated-history-flamenco-spain-180973398/] google scholar
  • Home. (2022, December 15). [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://antigypsyism.eu/] google scholar
  • Ivanova, A. (1970). The dance in Spain. New York, New York: Praeger. google scholar
  • Jordan, B. (Ed.). (2000). How Spanish is it? Spanish cinema and national identity. In B. Jordan (Author) & R. Morgan-Tamosunas (Ed.), Contemporary Spanish Cultural Studies (pp. 68-77). London: Edward Arnold. google scholar
  • Kenrick, D. (2007). The Romani World: A historical dictionary of the Gypsies. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press. google scholar
  • Koch, S. C., Wirtz, G., Harter, C., Weisbrod, M., Winkler, F., Proger, A., & Herpertz, S. C. (2019). Embodied self in trauma and self-harm: A pilot study of effects of flamenco therapy on traumatized inpatients. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 24(5-6), 441-459. doi:10.1080/15325024.2018.1507472 google scholar
  • Leicester, H. M. (1994). Discourse and the film text: Four readings of Carmen. Cambridge Opera Journal, 6(3), 245-282. doi:10.1017/s0954586700004328 google scholar
  • Leyva, M. O. (2018). Graham Greene’s The Living Room: An Uncomfortable Catholic Play in Franco’s Spain. Atlantis, 40(1), 77-96. [Retrieved April 08, 2023, from https://www.jstor.org/ stable/26453058] google scholar
  • Lopera-Auñón, J., Medina-Orcera, L., & Rodríguez-Jiménez, R. (2021). Emotions and flamenco dance: Introducing the duende in dance movement therapy. Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy, 17(4), 247-265. google scholar
  • Magazine, S. (2019, October 24). The complicated history of flamenco in Spain. [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/complicated-history-flamenco-spain-180973398/] google scholar
  • Malefyt, T. (1997). Gendered authenticity: The invention of flamenco tradition in Seville, Spain. Ann Arbor: UMI. google scholar
  • Matras, Y (2005). The future ofRomani: Toward a policy of linguistic pluralism. Roma Rights, 1, 31-44. google scholar
  • Maya, B. (2022). La Muñeca Subersiva (The Subversive Doll). In K. M. Goldberg & A. Piza (Eds.), Celebrating flamenco’s tangled roots: The body questions (pp. 72-100). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. google scholar
  • Merino, R., & Rabadán, R. (2004). Censored translations in Franco’s Spain: The trace project theatre and fiction (English-spanish). TTR : Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction, 15(2), 125-152. google scholar
  • Merino, Á R. (1994). Traducción, Tradicíon Y Manipulación: Teatro Inglés En España 1950-1990. León: Universidad de León. google scholar
  • Miles, J. (2019). The Modern Synthesis of Josephine Baker and Carmen Amaya (Doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico- Albuquerque, 2019) (pp. 1-105). UNM. [Retrieved April 8, 2023, from https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=thea_etds.] google scholar
  • Millán Vázquez de la Torre, M. G., Millán Lara, S., & Arjona-Fuentes, J. M. (2019). Flamenco tourism from the viewpoint of its protagonists: A sustainable vision using Lean Startup methodology. Sustainability, 11(21), 6047. doi:10.3390/su11216047 google scholar
  • Moradiellos, E. (2018). Franco: Anatomy of a dictator. London, UK: I.B. Tauris. google scholar
  • Moreda Rodríguez, E. (2020). What did Franco’s Spain do to Spanish music? - JSTOR DAILY [Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://daily.jstor.org/what-did-francos-spain-do-to-spanish-music/] google scholar
  • Ossona, P. (1984). La Educación por la danza: Enfoque metodológico. Barcelona: Paidós. google scholar
  • Pohren, D. E. (1990). The Art of Flamenco. Madrid: Society of Spanish Studies. google scholar
  • Preston, P. (1994). General Franco as military leader. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4, 21-41. google scholar
  • Puche-Ruiz, M. C. (2021). How ‘Carmen’ became a flamenco doll. Andalusian women and Spanish folklore in films featuring tourists (1905-1975). Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 20(4), 475-498. google scholar
  • Pusca, A. (2010). The Roma Problem in the EU: Nomadisim. Borderlands, 9(20), 1-17. google scholar
  • Pushkin, A. (1824). The Gypsies. (Music for opera). google scholar
  • Reeser, V. (2019). Exploring Female Identity in Francoist Spain. Penn History Review: Journal of Undergraduate Historians, 26(1), 73-101. google scholar
  • Rothéa, X. (2014). Construcción y uso social de la representación de los gitanos por el poder franquista 1936-1975. Revista Andaluza De Antropología, (7), 7-22. google scholar
  • Rtve. (n.d.). Rito y geografía del cante: Tus Programas Favoritos de Tve, EN RTVE play. [Retrieved April 12, 2023, from https://www.rtve.es/play/videos/rito-y-geografia-del-cante/] google scholar
  • Stewart, M. (1989). ‘True Speech’: Song and the moral order of a Hungarian Vlach Gypsy community. Man, 24(1), 79. google scholar
  • Stewart, M. (1997). The time of the Gypsies. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. google scholar
  • Swoboda, H., Flasiková-Beñová, M., & Wiersma, J. M. (2011). Roma: A European minority: The Challenge of Diversity. Brussels: European Parliament. google scholar
  • Thimm, T. (2014). The flamenco factor in destination marketing: Interdependencies of Creative Industries and tourism —the case of Seville. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31(5), 576-588. google scholar
  • Thomas, K. (2002). Flamenco and Spanish dance. Dance Research Journal, 34(1), 98. google scholar
  • Théde, N. (2000). Gitans et flamenco. Les rhythmes de l’ídentité. Paris: L’Harmattan. google scholar
  • Totton, R. (2003). Song of the Outcasts an introduction to flamenco. Portland, Or: Amadeus Press. google scholar
  • Townson, N. (2010). Spain transformed: The late Franco dictatorship, 1959-1975. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Tusell, J. (2007). Spain: From dictatorship to democracy: 1939 to the present. Oxford: Blackwell. google scholar
  • Vandaele, J. (2015). Estados de gracia: Billy Wilder y la censura Franquista (1946-1975). Leiden: Brill Rodopi. google scholar
  • Vargas Rubio, M. (2020). Lecture presented at “Urban Memories and Countryside Mirrors: A History of Romani Performing Arts”. Webinar of European Roma Institute for Arts and Culture - ERIAC. Nov. 3. google scholar
  • Vidal González, M. (2008). Intangible Heritage Tourism and Identity. Tourism Management, 29(4), 807-810. google scholar
  • Washabaugh, W. (1994). The flamenco body. Popular Music, 13(1), 75-90. google scholar
  • Washabaugh, W. (1996). Flamenco: Passion, politics and popular culture. West Sussex: Berg. google scholar
  • Washabaugh, W. (1997). Flamenco music and documentary. Ethnomusicology, 41(1), 51. google scholar
  • Washabaugh, W. (1998). The passion of music and dance: Body, gender, and sexuality. Oxford: Berg. google scholar
  • Wieczorek, M. (2018). Flamenco: W spólczesne Dylematy Badawcze. Lódzkie Studia Etnograficzne, 57, 75. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Cısneros, R. (2023). Moving Past Franco’s Art and Censorship: The Case of The Female Flamenco Dancer. Istanbul University Journal of Women’s Studies, 0(26), 101-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/iukad.2023.qe00006


AMA

Cısneros R. Moving Past Franco’s Art and Censorship: The Case of The Female Flamenco Dancer. Istanbul University Journal of Women’s Studies. 2023;0(26):101-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/iukad.2023.qe00006


ABNT

Cısneros, R. Moving Past Franco’s Art and Censorship: The Case of The Female Flamenco Dancer. Istanbul University Journal of Women’s Studies, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 26, p. 101-124, 2023.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Cısneros, Rosemary,. 2023. “Moving Past Franco’s Art and Censorship: The Case of The Female Flamenco Dancer.” Istanbul University Journal of Women’s Studies 0, no. 26: 101-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/iukad.2023.qe00006


Chicago: Humanities Style

Cısneros, Rosemary,. Moving Past Franco’s Art and Censorship: The Case of The Female Flamenco Dancer.” Istanbul University Journal of Women’s Studies 0, no. 26 (Oct. 2023): 101-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/iukad.2023.qe00006


Harvard: Australian Style

Cısneros, R 2023, 'Moving Past Franco’s Art and Censorship: The Case of The Female Flamenco Dancer', Istanbul University Journal of Women’s Studies, vol. 0, no. 26, pp. 101-124, viewed 4 Oct. 2023, https://doi.org/10.26650/iukad.2023.qe00006


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Cısneros, R. (2023) ‘Moving Past Franco’s Art and Censorship: The Case of The Female Flamenco Dancer’, Istanbul University Journal of Women’s Studies, 0(26), pp. 101-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/iukad.2023.qe00006 (4 Oct. 2023).


MLA

Cısneros, Rosemary,. Moving Past Franco’s Art and Censorship: The Case of The Female Flamenco Dancer.” Istanbul University Journal of Women’s Studies, vol. 0, no. 26, 2023, pp. 101-124. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/iukad.2023.qe00006


Vancouver

Cısneros R. Moving Past Franco’s Art and Censorship: The Case of The Female Flamenco Dancer. Istanbul University Journal of Women’s Studies [Internet]. 4 Oct. 2023 [cited 4 Oct. 2023];0(26):101-124. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/iukad.2023.qe00006 doi: 10.26650/iukad.2023.qe00006


ISNAD

Cısneros, Rosemary. Moving Past Franco’s Art and Censorship: The Case of The Female Flamenco Dancer”. Istanbul University Journal of Women’s Studies 0/26 (Oct. 2023): 101-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/iukad.2023.qe00006



TIMELINE


Submitted15.07.2022
Accepted20.11.2022
Published Online30.04.2023

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.