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Journal of İstanbul Faculty of Medicine (J Ist Faculty Med) is an international, open access, peer-reviewed and scientific publication of İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine. It is published quarterly on January, April, July and October. The publication language of the journal is English.

Journal of İstanbul Faculty of Medicine (J Ist Faculty Med) aims to contribute to the literature by publishing manuscripts at the highest scientific level on all fields of medicine. The journal publishes original experimental and clinical research articles, reports of rare cases, invited reviews that contain sufficient amount of source data conveying the experiences of experts in a particular field, and letters to the editors as well as brief reports on a recently established method or technique or preliminary results of original studies related to all disciplines of medicine from all countries.

The journal’s target audience includes researchers, physicians and academicians who are interested or working in all medical disciplines.

The editorial and publication processes of the journal are shaped in accordance with the guidelines of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), World Association of Medical Editors (WAME), Council of Science Editors (CSE), Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), European Association of Science Editors (EASE), and National Information Standards Organization (NISO). The journal is in conformity with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (doaj.org/bestpractice).

Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine is currently indexed in Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), TUBITAK ULAKBIM TR Index, CABI Global Health Database, EBSCO-Academic Search Complete, EBSCO Biomedical Index, DOAJ, Scopus and SOBİAD. Articles published in our journal can be used in TUBITAK ULAKBIM TR-Index and international publication categories in associate professorship applications.

Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. No fees are requested from the authors at any point throughout the evaluation and publication process.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the İstanbul University.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

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Journal of İstanbul Faculty of Medicine (J Ist Faculty Med) is an international, open access, peer-reviewed and scientific publication of İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine. It is published quarterly on January, April, July and October. The publication language of the journal is English.Journal of İstanbul Faculty of Medicine (J Ist Faculty Med) aims to contribute to the literature by publishing manuscripts at the highest scientific level on all fields of medicine. The journal publishes original experimental and clinical research articles, reports of rare cases, invited reviews that contain sufficient amount of source data conveying the experiences of experts in a particular field, and letters to the editors as well as brief reports on a recently established method or technique or preliminary results of original studies related to all disciplines of medicine from all countries.The journal’s target audience includes researchers, physicians and academicians who are interested or working in all medical disciplines.

Aim and Scope

Web of Science Core Collection - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)SCOPUSTÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR IndexDOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)CABI Global Health DatabaseEBSCO Academic Search CompleteEBSCO Biomedical IndexGale CengageSOBIAD<a href="https://about.proquest.com/en/products-services/Ulrichsweb/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Ulrichsweb</a>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li>There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li>It contains plagiarised content. </li><li>It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li>It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li>There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li>It reports unethical research. </li><li>There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li>The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li>Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li>A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li>The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li>The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li>The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li>The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li>There is a significant risk to public health. </li></ul>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

The Artificial Intelligence Policy, prepared in light of developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and practices in scholarly publishing, sets out the editorial and ethical principles that authors, reviewers, and editors should follow when using such technologies. The following sources have been considered in the preparation of the AI policy:Committee on Publication Ethics <a href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/cope-position/authorship-and-ai-tools" target="_blank">(COPE) - Authorship and AI tools</a>; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four" target="_blank">(ICMJE) - Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology; World Association of Medical Editors  (WAME) Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts</a><a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four"></a>AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) can develop and produce a wide variety of content, including text, images, audio, and synthetic data. When used ethically and safely, these capabilities can increase productivity and foster innovation, but when used without human guidance, they pose risks such as inaccurate and biased results, omissions and errors in citations, deficiencies in protecting privacy and intellectual property rights, and potential violations of authors' and publishers' rights. IUPress adopts the following core principles to avoid these risks in the use of AI:  <ul><li>Details of any AI used in the production of content (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) must be declared and clearly explained in the appropriate section of the paper (as an acknowledgement and/or in the methods section). </li><li>No AI tool may be listed as an author in any scientific paper. </li><li>Authors are responsible for the accuracy, completeness, and originality of their work, even if AI is used in any way; they are responsible for the proper referencing and attribution of others' ideas, data, words, or other materials. </li><li>Reviewers and editors must not upload submitted work, in whole or in part, to any generative AI application.</li></ul>In the editorial processes of IUPress publications, tools are available to assist editors in identifying AI-generated content. On the other hand, it is common to use AI tools that provide suggestions for improving and enhancing readability, language, and grammar, and such AI tools can be used in IUPress publications under the supervision of editors and authors.

Artificial Intelligence Policy

<ul><li>Authors are required to declare if they have used AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) in the creation of their submitted work. </li><li>Authors should explain, both in the cover letter and in the appropriate section of the submitted paper (as a footnote and/or in the methods section), which AI tool and which version of it they have used and for what purpose. </li><li>Authors should also indicate how they used the AI tool and how they assessed the validity of the results obtained using this technology, and what aspects of the paper, manuscript content, data or supporting files were influenced by the use of the AI tool or were generated by AI.</li><li>It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy, validity and appropriateness of content and citations generated by AI-assisted technologies and to eliminate potential errors, inconsistencies and biased results. </li><li>Authors should always check the original sources to eliminate possible plagiarism, recognising that there is a potential for plagiarism in texts produced with AI-assisted technologies. They should confirm that they have checked and that the sources are original.  </li><li>AI-assisted tools (such as ChatGPT) cannot be listed as authors because they cannot be responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the work, and these responsibilities are essential to authorship. Therefore, authors are responsible for all material involving the use of AI-assisted technologies. Authors should ensure that all statements in the article that state the hypotheses, interpretations, conclusions, limitations, and implications of the study represent their own opinions.  </li><li>Studies created by authors using AI tools in the following ways, which substitute for the basic researcher's and author's responsibilities, violate the principles of scientific publishing and publication ethics, and such studies are not eligible for inclusion in publications: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Generation of text or code without rigorous review, </li><li>Generation of synthetic data to replace missing data without a robust methodology, </li><li>Creation of any inaccurate, synthetic content, including abstracts or supplementary materials, </li><li>Creation and manipulation of images and figures (pictures, graphs, data tables, medical images, image snippets, computer codes and formulae) or original research data (enhancing, hiding, moving, removing or adding a particular feature within an image or figure) using AI.</li></ul></ul>

It is essential to maintain confidentiality in the peer review process and not to share or use the reviewed work in this process. <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/ethical-guidelines-peer-reviewers-cope.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers</a>)<ul><li>Reviewers should not upload a manuscript or part of a manuscript submitted to them for review to generative AI tools or large language models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as uploading content to such AI tools by reviewers violates the authors' privacy and property rights.  </li><li>Reviewing a scientific paper is a responsibility that can only be undertaken by human beings. The critical thinking and original evaluation required for peer review is beyond the scope of this technology, and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the paper. The peer review report and decision letters should reflect the personal assessment of the reviewers and editors of the submitted content. The reviewer is responsible and accountable for the content of his/her report. </li><li>AI tools may be used in a limited way to improve the quality of the language of the peer review report (for translation or language editing) in the context of peer review. If such use is made, the reviewer must declare the use when submitting the report. </li><li>Reviewers who suspect inappropriate or undisclosed use of generative AI in a submission should report their concerns to the editor.</li></ul>

Editors are obliged to ensure that the confidentiality of the manuscripts submitted to the journal is maintained during the evaluation process, and it is essential that the peer-reviewed work is not shared or used outside the parties involved in that process. (COPE - Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors) <a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/Code_of_conduct_for_journal_editors_Mar11.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors)</a>.<ul><li>Editors should not upload a submitted article, or any part of it, to generative Artificial Intelligence tools or Big Language Models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as this may violate authors' privacy and property rights. </li><li>Managing the editorial review of a scientific article implies responsibilities that can only be attributed to humans. Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies should not be used by editors to assist in the evaluation or decision-making process of an article, as the critical thinking and original evaluation required for this task is beyond the scope of this technology and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the article. The editor is responsible and accountable for the editorial process, the final decision and its communication to the authors.</li><li>Editors should not use generative AI tools to compose decision letters or abstracts of unpublished research. </li><li>Editors may use generative AI tools to help find appropriate reviewers.</li><li>If editors suspect the use of generative AI in a submitted manuscript or a submitted referee report, they should conduct an editorial review of the matter and consider the policy.</li></ul>

Journal of İstanbul Faculty of Medicine is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.Each manuscript is reviewed by at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

The Journal takes as principle to comply with the ethical standards of <a href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/" target="_blank">World Medical Association (WMA) Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects</a> and <a href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-statement-on-animal-use-in-biomedical-research/" target="_blank">WMA Statement on Animal Use in Biomedical Research</a>.An approval of research protocols by the Ethics Committee in accordance with international standards mentioned above is required for experimental, clinical, and drug studies and for some case reports. If required, ethics committee reports or an equivalent official document will be requested from the authors. For manuscripts concerning experimental research on humans, a statement should be included that shows that written informed consent of patients and volunteers was obtained following a detailed explanation of the procedures that they may undergo. For studies carried out on animals, the measures taken to prevent pain and suffering of the animals should be stated clearly. Information on patient consent, the name of the ethics committee, and the ethics committee approval number should also be stated in the Materials and Methods section of the manuscript. It is the authors’ responsibility to carefully protect the patients’ anonymity. For photographs that may reveal the identity of the patients, signed releases of the patient or of their legal representative should be enclosed.

The journal requires the authors and all individuals taking part in the evaluation process to disclose any existing or potential conflict of interest (such as financial ties, academic commitments, personal relationships, institutional affiliations) that could unduly influence one’s responsibilities.  To disclose potential conflicts of interest, the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0D18F9F25EB04EEBB6812AFEBC35ACB1" target="_blank">ICMJE Potential Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form</a> should be filled in and submitted by authors as explained in the Author Form of the journal. Cases of a potential conflict of interest are resolved  within the scope of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE Conflict of Interest Flowcharts</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/about-icmje/faqs/conflict-of-interest-disclosure-forms/" target="_blank">ICMJE Conflict of Interest guidelines</a>Besides conflict of interest, all financial support received to carry out research must be declared while submitting the paper.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1F1D4998DD2A4A0EB09BD38701E69DD6" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

The editorial and publication processes of the journal are shaped in accordance with the guidelines of the International <a href="https://www.icmje.org/" target="_blank">Council of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)</a>, the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a>, the <a href="https://www.councilscienceeditors.org/" target="_blank">Council of Science Editors (CSE)</a>, the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://ease.org.uk/" target="_blank">European Association of Science Editors (EASE)</a>, and <a href="https://www.niso.org/" target="_blank">National Information Standards Organization (NISO)</a>. The journal conforms to the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (<a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/" target="_blank">doaj.org/bestpractice</a>).Originality, high scientific quality, and citation potential are the most important criteria for a manuscript to be accepted for publication. Manuscripts submitted for evaluation should not have been previously presented or already published in an electronic or printed medium. The journal should be informed of manuscripts that have been submitted to another journal for evaluation and rejected for publication. The submission of previous reviewer reports will expedite the evaluation process. Manuscripts that have been presented in a meeting should be submitted with detailed information on the organization, including the name, date, and location of the organization.Manuscripts submitted to Journal of İstanbul Faculty of Medicine will go through a double-blind peer-review process. Each submission will be reviewed by at least two external, independent peer reviewers who are experts in their fields in order to ensure an unbiased evaluation process. The editorial board will invite an external and independent editor to manage the evaluation processes of manuscripts submitted by editors or by the editorial board members of the journal. The Editor in Chief is the final authority in the decision-making process for all submissions.An approval of research protocols by the Ethics Committee in accordance with international agreements (World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki “Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects,” amended in October 2013, www.wma.net) is required for experimental, clinical, and drug studies and for some case reports. If required, ethics committee reports or an equivalent official document will be requested from the authors. For manuscripts concerning experimental research on humans, a statement should be included that shows that written informed consent of patients and volunteers was obtained following a detailed explanation of the procedures that they may undergo. For studies carried out on animals, the measures taken to prevent pain and suffering of the animals should be stated clearly. Information on patient consent, the name of the ethics committee, and the ethics committee approval number should also be stated in the Materials and Methods section of the manuscript. It is the authors’ responsibility to carefully protect the patients’ anonymity. For photographs that may reveal the identity of the patients, signed releases of the patient or of their legal representative should be enclosed.All submissions are screened by a similarity detection software (iThenticate by CrossCheck).In the event of alleged or suspected research misconduct, e.g., plagiarism, citation manipulation, and data falsification/fabrication, the Editorial Board will follow and act in accordance with COPE guidelines.Each individual listed as an author should fulfill the authorship criteria recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors(ICMJE - <a href="http://www.icmje.org" target="_blank">www.icmje.org</a>). The ICMJE recommends that authorship be based on the following 4 criteria:1          Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND2          Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND3          Final approval of the version to be published; AND4          Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.In addition to being accountable for the parts of the work he/she has done, an author should be able to identify which co-authors are responsible for specific other parts of the work. In addition, authors should have confidence in the integrity of the contributions of their co-authors.All those designated as authors should meet all four criteria for authorship, and all who meet the four criteria should be identified as authors. Those who do not meet all four criteria should be acknowledged in the title page of the manuscript.Journal of İstanbul Faculty of Medicine requires corresponding authors to submit a signed and scanned version of the authorship contribution form during the initial submission process in order to act appropriately on authorship rights and to prevent ghost or honorary authorship. If the editorial board suspects a case of “gift authorship,” the submission will be rejected without further review. As part of the submission of the manuscript, the corresponding author should also send a short statement declaring that he/she accepts to undertake all the responsibility for authorship during the submission and review stages of the manuscript.Journal of İstanbul Faculty of Medicine requires and encourages the authors and the individuals involved in the evaluation process of submitted manuscripts to disclose any existing or potential conflicts of interests, including financial, consultant, and institutional, that might lead to potential bias or a conflict of interest. Any financial grants or other support received for a submitted study from individuals or institutions should be disclosed to the Editorial Board. To disclose a potential conflict of interest, the ICMJE Potential Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form should be filled in and submitted by all contributing authors. Cases of a potential conflict of interest of the editors, authors, or reviewers are resolved by the journal’s Editorial Board within the scope of COPE and ICMJE guidelines.The Editorial Board of the journal handles all appeal and complaint cases within the scope of COPE guidelines. In such cases, authors should get in direct contact with the editorial office regarding their appeals and complaints. When needed, an ombudsperson may be assigned to resolve cases that cannot be resolved internally. The Editor in Chief is the final authority in the decision-making process for all appeals and complaints.Journal of İstanbul Faculty of Medicine requires each submission to be accompanied by a Copyright Agremeent Form when using previously published content, including figures, tables, or any other material in both print and electronic formats, authors must obtain permission from the copyright holder. Legal, financial and criminal liabilities in this regard belong to the author(s).Statements or opinions expressed in the manuscripts published in Journal of İstanbul Faculty of Medicine reflect the views of the author(s) and not the opinions of the editors, the editorial board, or the publisher; the editors, the editorial board, and the publisher disclaim any responsibility or liability for such materials. The final responsibility in regard to the published content rests with the authors.

Editorial Process

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. Editor-in-Chief provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.​ The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

The manuscripts should be prepared in accordance with <a href="http://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf" target="_blank">ICMJE-Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals</a>  Author(s) are required to prepare manuscripts in accordance with the <a href="http://www.consort-statement.org/" target="_blank">CONSORT</a> guidelines for randomized research studies, <a href="https://www.strobe-statement.org/" target="_blank">STROBE</a> guidelines for observational original research studies, <a href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/stard/" target="_blank">STARD</a> guidelines for studies on diagnostic accuracy, <a href="http://www.prisma-statement.org/" target="_blank">PRISMA</a> guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analysis, <a href="https://arriveguidelines.org/" target="_blank">ARRIVE</a> guidelines for experimental animal studies, and <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/trendstatement/index.html" target="_blank">TREND</a> guidelines for non-randomized public behavior.<div style="text-align: left;">Manuscripts can only be submitted through the journal’s online manuscript submission and evaluation system. Please click SUBMIT on the menu bar to access the online system. Manuscripts submitted via any other medium will not be evaluated.</div>Manuscripts submitted to the journal will first go through a technical evaluation process where the editorial office staff will ensure that the manuscript has been prepared and submitted in accordance with the journal’s guidelines. Submissions that do not conform to the journal’s guidelines will be returned to the submitting author with technical correction requests.Authors are required to submit informed consent of the patient(s) through the journal’s online manuscript submission and evaluation system. Authors are required to submit the following:•          <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1F1D4998DD2A4A0EB09BD38701E69DD6" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form,</a>•          <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5044F9F7898D4D648E31E507E6B9CB95" target="_blank">Author Form</a> and <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/364EA54A463845E1AD080DE0A363BD31" target="_blank">ICMJE Potential Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form</a> (should be filled in by all contributing authors) during the initial submission. <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/95465AE526E74B648E3BEA4A71D8FF58" target="_blank">Title page</a>: A separate title page should be submitted with all submissions and this page should include:•          The full title of the manuscript as well as a short title (running head) of no more than 50 characters,•          Name(s), affiliations, highest academic degree(s) and ORCID ID(s) of the author(s),•          Grant information and detailed information on the other sources of support,•          Name, address, telephone (including the mobile phone number) and fax numbers, and email address of the corresponding author,•          Acknowledgment of the individuals who contributed to the preparation of the manuscript but who do not fulfil the authorship criteria.Abstract: A Turkish and an English abstract should be submitted with all submissions except for Letters to the Editor. Submitting a Turkish abstract is not compulsory for international authors. The abstract of Original Articles should be structured with subheadings (Objective, Materials and Methods, Results, and Conclusion). Abstracts of Case Reports and Reviews should be unstructured. Please check Table 1 below for word count specifications.Keywords: Each submission must be accompanied by a minimum of three to a maximum of six keywords for subject indexing at the end of the abstract. The keywords should be listed in full without abbreviations. The keywords should be selected from the National Library of Medicine, Medical Subject Headings database (<a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/MBrowser.html" target="_blank">http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/MBrowser.html</a>).

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">Cover letter to the editor</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: left;">The category of the manuscript</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with NLM.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> </ul> </ul><ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1F1D4998DD2A4A0EB09BD38701E69DD6" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a></li> <li style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B546EA252AFE4E0C834BC423EFB2D1EF" target="_blank">Author Form</a></li> <li style="text-align: left;">Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript</li><li style="text-align: left;">Acknowledgement of the study “in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Statement that informed consent was obtained after the procedure(s) had been fully explained. Indicating whether the institutional and national guide for the care and use of laboratory animals was followed as in “Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals”.</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/95465AE526E74B648E3BEA4A71D8FF58" target="_blank">Title page</a></li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: left;">The category of the manuscript</li> <li style="text-align: left;">The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Short title (running head) both in Turkish and in English</li> <li style="text-align: left;">All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li style="text-align: left;">ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul><ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: left;">The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li><div style="text-align: left;">Abstracts both in Turkish and in English. Please consider the table below.<img src="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6E271C288261407297227EC3270C86D7" style="width: 100%;"/></div> </li> </ul> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: left;">Key words: 3-6 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Main article sections</li> <li style="text-align: left;">References</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li style="text-align: left;">All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;">Manuscript Submission</div>You can log in to the online manuscript system by clicking the SEND button on the web page of the journal.<ul type="disc"><li>To upload files; Select the file you want to upload from the Actions button. </li><li>While uploading Main Document (Full Text File) make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document (Full Text File) must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li><li>Additionaly, “Response to Reviewers” must not include any detail that can disclose author identity as well.</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately              <ul><li style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1F1D4998DD2A4A0EB09BD38701E69DD6" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement form</a></li><li style="text-align: left;">Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li><li style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/95465AE526E74B648E3BEA4A71D8FF58" target="_blank">Title page</a></li><li style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B546EA252AFE4E0C834BC423EFB2D1EF" target="_blank">Author Form</a></li><li style="text-align: left;">Main Manuscript Document</li></ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: left;">The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Abstracts both in Turkish and in English (Abstract’s limits are specified in table above.)</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Key words: 3 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Main article sections</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li style="text-align: left;">References</li> <li style="text-align: left;">All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul> </ul> </ul><ul type="disc"><ul type="disc"> </ul> </ul>

Original Articles: This is the most important type of article since it provides new information based on original research. The main text of original articles should be structured with Introduction, Material and Method, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion subheadings. Please check Table 1 for the limitations for Original Articles.Statistical analysis to support conclusions is usually necessary. Statistical analyses must be conducted in accordance with international statistical reporting standards (Altman DG, Gore SM, Gardner MJ, Pocock SJ. Statistical guidelines for contributors to medical journals. Br Med J 1983: 7; 1489-93). Information on statistical analyses should be provided with a separate subheading under the Materials and Methods section and the statistical software that was used during the process must be specified.Units should be prepared in accordance with the International System of Units (SI).Editorial Comments: Editorial comments aim to provide a brief critical commentary by reviewers with expertise or with high reputation in the topic of the research article published in the journal. Authors are selected and invited by the journal to provide such comments. Abstract, Keywords, and Tables, Figures, Images, and other media are not included.Invited Review Articles: Reviews prepared by authors who have extensive knowledge on a particular field and whose scientific background has been translated into a high volume of publications with a high citation potential are welcomed. These authors may even be invited by the journal. Reviews should describe, discuss, and evaluate the current level of knowledge of a topic in clinical practice and should guide future studies. The main text should contain Introduction, Clinical and Research Consequences, and Conclusion sections. Please check Table 1 for the limitations for Review Articles.Case Reports: There is limited space for case reports in the journal and reports on rare cases or conditions that constitute challenges in diagnosis and treatment, those offering new therapies or revealing knowledge not included in the literature, and interesting and educative case reports are accepted for publication. The text should include Introduction, Case Presentation, Discussion, and Conclusion subheadings. Please check Table 1 for the limitations for Case Reports.Letters to the Editor: This type of manuscript discusses important parts, overlooked aspects, or lacking parts of a previously published article. Articles on subjects within the scope of the journal that might attract the readers’ attention, particularly educative cases, may also be submitted in the form of a “Letter to the Editor.” Readers can also present their comments on the published manuscripts in the form of a “Letter to the Editor.” Abstract, Keywords, and Tables, Figures, Images, and other media should not be included. The text should be unstructured. The manuscript that is being commented on must be properly cited within this manuscript.Table 1. Limitations for each manuscript type<table class="MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td width="160" nowrap=""> Type of manuscript </td> <td width="139" nowrap=""> Word limit </td> <td width="133" nowrap=""> Abstract word limit </td> <td width="123" nowrap=""> Reference limit </td> <td width="103" nowrap=""> Table limit </td> <td width="179" nowrap=""> Figure limit </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="160" nowrap=""> Original Article </td> <td width="139" nowrap=""> 3500 </td> <td width="133" nowrap=""> 250 (Structured) </td> <td width="123" nowrap=""> 50 </td> <td width="103" nowrap=""> 4 </td> <td width="179" nowrap=""> 5 or total of 10 images </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="160" nowrap=""> Invited Review Article </td> <td width="139" nowrap=""> 5000 </td> <td width="133" nowrap=""> 250 </td> <td width="123" nowrap=""> 50 </td> <td width="103" nowrap=""> 4 </td> <td width="179" nowrap=""> 5 or total of 10 images </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="160" nowrap=""> Case Report </td> <td width="139" nowrap=""> 1000 </td> <td width="133" nowrap=""> 200 </td> <td width="123" nowrap=""> 15 </td> <td width="103" nowrap=""> 2 </td> <td width="179" nowrap=""> 3 or total of 5 images </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="160" nowrap=""> Letter to the Editor </td> <td width="139" nowrap=""> 500 </td> <td width="133" nowrap=""> Not applicable </td> <td width="123" nowrap=""> 5 </td> <td width="103" nowrap=""> 1 </td> <td width="179" nowrap=""> 1 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="160" nowrap=""> Editorial Comment </td> <td width="139" nowrap=""> 700 </td> <td width="133" nowrap=""> Not applicable </td> <td width="123" nowrap=""> Not applicable </td> <td width="103" nowrap=""> Not applicable </td> <td width="179" nowrap=""> Not applicable </td> </tr> </tbody></table>

Tables should be included in the main document, presented after the reference list, and they should be numbered consecutively in the order they are referred to within the main text. A descriptive title must be placed above the tables. Abbreviations used in the tables should be defined below the tables by footnotes (even if they are defined within the main text). Tables should be created using the “insert table” command of the word processing software and they should be arranged clearly to provide easy reading. Data presented in the tables should not be a repetition of the data presented within the main text but should be supporting the main text.

Figures, graphics, and photographs should be submitted as separate files (in TIFF or JPEG format) through the submission system. The files should not be embedded in a Word document or the main document. When there are figure subunits, the subunits should not be merged to form a single image. Each subunit should be submitted separately through the submission system. Images should not be labeled (a, b, c, etc.) to indicate figure subunits. Thick and thin arrows, arrowheads, stars, asterisks, and similar marks can be used on the images to support figure legends. Like the rest of the submission, the figures too should be blind. Any information within the images that may indicate an individual or institution should be blinded. The minimum resolution of each submitted figure should be 300 DPI. To prevent delays in the evaluation process, all submitted figures should be clear in resolution and large in size (minimum dimensions: 100 × 100 mm). Figure legends should be listed at the end of the main document.All acronyms and abbreviations used in the manuscript should be defined at first use, both in the abstract and in the main text. The abbreviation should be provided in parentheses following the definition.When a drug, product, hardware, or software program is mentioned within the main text, product information, including the name of the product, the producer of the product, and city and the country of the company (including the state if in USA), should be provided in parentheses in the following format: “Discovery St PET/CT scanner (General Electric, Milwaukee, WI, USA)”All references, tables, and figures should be referred to within the main text, and they should be numbered consecutively in the order they are referred to within the main text.Limitations, drawbacks, and the shortcomings of original articles should be mentioned in the Discussion section before the conclusion paragraph.

<h6></h6>When submitting a revised version of a paper, the author must submit a detailed “Response to the reviewers” that states point by point how each issue raised by the reviewers has been covered and where it can be found (each reviewer’s comment, followed by the author’s reply and line numbers where the changes have been made) as well as an annotated copy of the main document. Revised manuscripts must be submitted within 30 days from the date of the decision letter. If the revised version of the manuscript is not submitted within the allocated time, the revision option may be canceled. If the submitting author(s) believe that additional time is required, they should request this extension before the initial 30-day period is over.Accepted manuscripts are copy-edited for grammar, punctuation, and format. Once the publication process of a manuscript is completed, it is published online on the journal’s webpage as an ahead-of-print publication before it is included in its scheduled issue. A PDF proof of the accepted manuscript is sent to the corresponding author and their publication approval is requested within 2 days of their receipt of the proof.

The type of research ( case report, descriptive, cross sectional ,cohort, case-control, intervention, clinical trials, methodologic) must be written in the article to be sent. For the samples included in the study, the sample size should be indicated. (Type I, Type II error and power) Reporting of Design and Statistical Analysis Follow existing reporting guidelines for the type of study you are reporting, such as CONSORT for randomized trials, ReMARK for marker studies, TRIPOD for prediction models, STROBE for observational studies or AMSTAR for systematic reviews. If study cohort, fully describe cohort selection. Describe the practical steps of randomization in randomized trials. Descriptive statistics should be given according to the characteristics of the measurement level. Do not treat categorical variables as continuous. Avoid categorization of continuous variables unless there is a convincing rationale. The methods used in statistical analysis (parametric and nonparametric tests ) should be explained in detail. Statistical methods should describe the study questions and statistical approaches used to address each question. Statistical methods should be described in sufficient detail to allow replication by an independent statistician given the same data set. Take care interpreting results when reporting multiple p-values. When reporting p-values be clear about the hypothesis tested and ensure that the hypothesis is sensible. Kaynak : Guidelines for Reporting of Statistics for Clinical Research in Urology . Vol. 201, 595-604, March 2019

While citing publications, preference should be given to the latest, most up-to-date publications. If an ahead-of-print publication is cited, the DOI number should be provided. Authors are responsible for the accuracy of references. Journal titles should be abbreviated in accordance with the journal abbreviations in Index Medicus/ MEDLINE/PubMed. When there are six or fewer authors, all authors should be listed. If there are seven or more authors, the first six authors should be listed followed by “et al.” In the main text of the manuscript, references should be cited using Arabic numbers in parentheses. The reference styles for different types of publications are presented in the following examples.&#65279;Journal Article: Blasco V, Colavolpe JC, Antonini F, Zieleskiewicz L, Nafati C, Albanèse J, et al. Long-ter¬moutcome in kidneyrecipientsfromdonorstreated¬withhydroxyethylstarch 130/0.4 andhydroxyethyl¬starch 200/0.6. Br J Anaesth 2015;115(5):797-8.Book Section: Suh KN, Keystone JS. Malaria and babesiosis. Gorbach SL, Barlett JG, Blacklow NR, editors. Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams; 2004.p.2290-308.Books with a Single Author: Sweetman SC. Martindale the Complete Drug Reference. 34th ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2005.Editor(s) as Author: Huizing EH, de Groot JAM, editors. Functional reconstructive nasal surgery. Stuttgart-New York: Thieme; 2003.Conference Proceedings: Bengisson S. Sothemin BG. Enforcement of data protection, privacy and security in medical informatics. In: Lun KC, Degoulet P, Piemme TE, Rienhoff O, editors. MEDINFO 92. Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics; 1992 Sept 6-10; Geneva, Switzerland. Amsterdam: North-Holland; 1992. pp.1561-5.Scientific or Technical Report: Cusick M, Chew EY, Hoogwerf B, Agrón E, Wu L, Lindley A, et al. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Risk factors for renal replacement therapy in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study  KidneyInt: 2004.  Report No: 26.Thesis: Yılmaz B. Ankara Üniversitesindeki Öğrencilerin Beslenme Durumları, Fiziksel Aktivitelerive Beden Kitle İndeksleri Kan Lipidleri Arasındaki Ilişkiler. H.Ü. SağlıkBilimleriEnstitüsü, DoktoraTezi. 2007.Manuscripts Accepted for Publication, Not Published Yet: Slots J. The microflora of black stain on human primary teeth. Scand J Dent Res. 1974.Epub Ahead of Print Articles: Cai L, Yeh BM, Westphalen AC, Roberts JP, Wang ZJ. Adult living donor liver imaging. DiagnIntervRadiol. 2016 Feb 24. doi: 10.5152/dir.2016.15323. [Epub ahead of print].Manuscripts Published in Electronic Format: Morse SS. Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis (serial online) 1995 Jan-Mar (cited 1996 June 5): 1(1): (24 screens). Available from: URL: http:/ www.cdc.gov/ncidodlElD/cid.htm.

<ul type="disc"> <li>Cover letter to the editor</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with NLM.</li> </ul> </ul><ul type="disc"> <li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1F1D4998DD2A4A0EB09BD38701E69DD6" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a></li> <li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D1016B3936BE45138907D2FAF86B42A6" target="_blank">Author Form</a></li> <li>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript</li><li>Acknowledgement of the study “in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration.</li><li>Statement that informed consent was obtained after the procedure(s) had been fully explained. Indicating whether the institutional and national guide for the care and use of laboratory animals was followed as in “Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals”.</li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/95465AE526E74B648E3BEA4A71D8FF58" target="_blank">Title page</a></li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Short title (running head) both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul><ul type="disc"> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Abstracts both in Turkish and in English (250 words). (Case report’s abstract limit is 200 words)</li> <li>Key words: 3 - 6 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>References</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>

<ul><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1F1D4998DD2A4A0EB09BD38701E69DD6" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/9A483C731B744412BF731AD165150BFA" target="_blank">Author Form</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/95465AE526E74B648E3BEA4A71D8FF58" target="_blank">Title page</a></li></ul>

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