Özkan

PhonoBot: A Chatbot for Sound Changes

Gamze

The issue of writing words in languages as either adjacent or separate by means of orthographic symbols, in other words, writing with spaces in between, shows variations both among different languages and within the same language. It is noted that at the beginning, period (.) was used to separate words, and after the 7th century A.D., the habit of separating words using spaces became evident (Başkan, 2003). Even though compound words exhibit universal common features morphologically, syntactically, and semantically, the orthographic spaces between the components of a CW may not display a distinct pattern. Notably, there is an ambiguity in the spelling of compound words both within and across languages: some compound words are written together, while others are written separately. For instance, in German, a compound word like "Kinderbuchclub" does not require orthographic spaces, whereas in Turkish, a writing form like *çocukkitapkulübü is considered incorrect. Although word boundaries and how they are reflected in spelling are issues concerning a language, matters related to the spelling of compound words are often excluded from linguistic debates. This study will discuss the fundamental phonological, morphological, semantic, and syntactic characteristics of compound words in Turkish instead of providing a detailed classification. It will examine whether there is a pattern in the tendency of language users while writing compound words with a space or adjacent, based on these CWs’ linguistic features.&nbsp;Research Question: Is there a pattern in the writing of compound words in Turkish based on a) semantic transparency/opacity, b) the lexical category of components, and c) the parameter of centrality?Research Sub-Questions: 1. Does the transparency or opacity of the meaning to which the compound word refers (see 3a-c) significantly affect users’ orthographic tendencies? 2. Does the lexical category of the elements constituting the compound word (see 4a-f) significantly affect users’ orthographic tendencies? 3. Does the presence of the semantic head inside or outside the compound word—the centrality issue - (see 6a-c) significantly affect users’ orthographic tendency? 4. Does the formation of a compound word with the compound marker–(s)I significantly affect the users’ orthographic tendency?In this study, a quasi-experimental design, one of the quantitative research methods, was used. An offline lexical decision task (LDT) was administered to participants via Google Forms for data collection. The test items used in the task are listed in Appendix 1. All the test items are newly coined compound words that do not exist in Turkish but can be compounds. Participants were first presented with an online Consent Form and asked to fill in their education, age, and gender information. Afterwards, in Test 1, the participants were asked to decide whether the given compound word definition should be written adjacent or with a space (see 9a). Those who completed Test 1 were then directed to Test 2. In Test 2, the compound words defined in Test 1 were presented within sentences, and participants were asked to mark "Correct" if they found the spelling (in terms of adjacency or separation) correct, or "incorrect" if they found it wrong (see 9b).The test items presented to the participants were labelled based on semantic transparency/ opacity, semantic headedness, and the lexical categories of the components of CW. Subsequently, a 3 (endocentric, exocentric, coordinate) X 4 (noun+noun, noun+noun-(s)I, noun+verb, verb+verb) X 2 (semantically opaque, semantically transparent) mixed-design ANOVA (repeated measures mixed ANOVA) was used to analyse the data from the participants’ responses in the study. For post hoc multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni correction was applied.According to the descriptive statistical results (see Table 2), it has been found that semantically opaque words (e.g., karga.tüy, kamçı.bacak; see Appendix 1A) tend to be written together more frequently compared to semantically transparent compounds (66.4% and 50.6%, respectively). To determine the statistical significance of this percentage difference, a repeated measures ANOVA was applied. It was found that the difference between semantically opaque and semantically transparent compound words was statistically significant (F=7,975, p&lt;.001). In other words, semantically opaque compound words significantly increase the tendency to be written together. Additionally, compound words formed with the compound marker –(s)I significantly influenced the writing tendency (whether to be written adjacent or with a space) of semantically opaque and transparent compounds (F=7.786, p&lt;.001). According to the pairwise comparison results (see Table 3), the percentage difference in the writing of transparent-∅ and opaque-∅ compound words (72.8% and 78.4%, respectively) was not statistically significant&nbsp;(p=.788), indicating that participants tended to write both semantically opaque and transparent words together when there was no compound marker –(s)I. However, the percentage difference in the writing of the transparent and opaque compounds formed with the compound marker was statistically significant (28.4% and 54.4%, respectively) (p&lt;.001). In summary, semantically transparent compound words formed with the CM -(s)I significantly increase the tendency of participants to write them separately.When examining how the lexical category of the components of a CM (noun+noun, noun+noun-(s)I, noun+verb, and verb+verb) affects the writing tendency of native Turkish speakers to write them together or separately, it is observed that compounds formed with noun+noun components have the highest tendency to be written adjacent at 75,6%. The formations with verb + verb components increase the tendency to be written together at a rate of 74,5%, and those from noun + verb components at a rate of 69,6%. Compound words of the noun+noun-(s)I type, formed with the compound suffix, result in a higher tendency to be written separately with a rate of 41.4% (see Table 2). The percentage difference between compound words belonging to different word meanings was statistically significant and the effect size was high (F=4.399, p&lt;.001). Pairwise comparisons were performed to determine the reason for this significant difference. According to the results of the pairwise comparisons (see Table 3), there was no statistically significant difference between the compound words with the N+N and V+V components (p=1.000), and no significant difference between the compound words with the N+V and V+V components (p=.187). However, it was observed that the percentage difference between the compound words formed with the CM , N+N-(s)I and other compound word groups (N+N, N+V, V+V) was statistically significant (p&lt;.05). Therefore, it can be stated that the components of the compound words affect the tendency of Turkish native speakers to write them adjacent or separately, and the presence of the CM –(s)I structure increases the tendency to put an orthographic space between the words among participants.Finally, the study examined how the presence of semantic headless within (endocentric) or outside (exocentric) the compound word or the presence of a compound word being bidirectional (coordinate/two-headed) influenced the tendency of Turkish native speakers to write the words adjacent or separately. Descriptive statistics show that external-headed compounds (e.g., arpa. göz (disease), timsah.beli (fruit), teker.yürür (vehicle); see Appendix 1A) resulted in the highest tendency to write together at a rate of 74%. Participants showed a tendency to write together with coordinate (two-headed) compound words (e.g. çırp.uç, yakar.akar; see Appendix 1A) at a rate of 66.4%, but this tendency decreased to 50.6% in endocentric words (e.g. kedi. bilimi, see Appendix 1A). The percentage difference between the endocentric, exocentric, and coordinate compounds was found to be statistically significant and had a high effect size (F=6.194, p&lt;.001). According to the results of pairwise comparisons to determine the reason for this difference (see Table 3), the difference between the endocentric compound words and both the exocentric and coordinate compounds was statistically significant (p&lt;.001).&nbsp;The findings can be summarised as follows: 1. Semantically opaque compound words increase the tendency to be written adjacently, while semantically transparent ones increase the tendency to be written with an orthographic space. 2. Forming compound words with the CM -(s)I significantly increases the tendency to be written separately in both opaque and transparent compounds. 3. Exocentric compounds increase the tendency to be written separately. 4. Having at least one or both components of the compound word belonging to the verb category significantly increases the tendency of adjacency. 5. Components belonging to the noun+noun category, formed with the CM -(s)I, semantically transparent and endocentric compound words are the test elements that cause the highest tendency to write separately, while opaque and exocentric compound words are the test elements that cause the highest tendency to write together.Based on these data, it can be seen that in the writing process of compound words, both the concept referred to by the compound word and the relational meaning between the components/ elements of the compound are constantly active. It can be said that the compound marker –(s) I may strengthen the semantic relationship between the components regardless of whether the concept referred to by the compound is opaque or transparent, and therefore leads to the tendency to write them adjacently. However, the tendency of the coordinate (two-headed) compounds to be written together may be due to the violation of the semantic hierarchy, since in Turkish, the element that contributes more to the meaning (semantic head) is located on the left side. Lastly, the tendency of having at least one component, which is the verb stem, increases the tendency to write adjacently (e.g. N+V: teker.yürür; V+V: çırp.uç) can be seen as a tendency to reduce ambiguity, emphasising that the speaker's perspective is at the word level, not at the sentence level, which is the structure of this compound word. Differences in the orthography of compound words across languages (leaving spaces during the writing process) might provide clues as to how syntactically related word groups (chunks) are memorised differently by speakers of different languages and answer questions such as "What is a word?" or "What are the boundaries of words?". Because compound words in Turkish are productive, new compounds will continue to be produced. Both intra-lingual differences among the same language speakers and inter-lingual differences should be considered regarding whether compound words are written together or separately. Therefore, instead of determining inflexible criteria for spellings, a descriptive approach that accepts the ambiguous nature of these words while being written, where spelling is influenced by formal, semantic, and syntactic variables simultaneously, could be followed.

On the Perception of Orthographic Gaps in Compound Words: Is There a Pattern in the Spelling of Compound Words?

Derya

In the historical progression of languages, the inadequacy of existing vocabulary to meet emerging needs often leads to the creation of new words and expressions. Languages employ various methods to address this necessity, and one such method is the formation of formulaic language units through the combination of multiple words. These units, which include compounds, reduplications, idioms, proverbs, and other formulaic expressions, are pivotal in demonstrating the developmental level of a language. They are intricately linked to the cultural and social dimensions of the language community.Historically, these elements have served as potent tools of expression in all periods of the Turkish Language, particularly in texts where they enhance both the semantic and syntactic richness. The Turkish written language, which developed between the 15th and 20th centuries and is described as the continuation of Karakhanid Turkish and Khwarezm Turkish, is called Chagatai.Turkish. Chagatai Turkish, one of the most powerful periods of the Turkish Language, is also one of the richest periods in terms of the number of literary works. Although the works written in Chagatai Turkish vary in terms of content, they also contain many concepts and terms.A noteworthy manifestation of this can be seen in the Classical Period of Chagatai Turkish, especially within the works of the poet Babur Shah. His work, Mübeyyen, is remarkable for its effective use of formulaic language units involving organ names. This study aims to highlight the rich and potent structure of Chagatai Turkish, showcasing its significant capacity for using formulaic language units, a critical area in linguistic studies. This exploration not only sheds light on the linguistic intricacies of Chagatai Turkish but also underscores the broader implications of formulaic units in understanding the evolution and functionality of languages.Organ names have been widely used in texts since the earliest periods of the Turkish Language. It is seen that organ names have an important place in the construction of formulaic units, which are formed when words combine with another word, lose their original meaning and take a new form. Organ names are one of the most basic elements in the vocabulary of the language. When the texts in Chagatai Turkish, which is one of the content-richest&nbsp;and grammatically strongest periods of the Turkish language, are examined, it is seen that organ names have a very important place in the vocabulary. Organ names are very useful in Chagatai Turkish in terms of usage both alone and in word groups. The frequency of use of formulaic language units, especially those formed by organ names, in the Chagatai Turkish texts is remarkable. In this study, in which the formulaic language units created with organ names were examined in the work titled Mübeyyen by Bâbür Şah, one of the Chagatai Turkish poets of the Classical Period, 47 organ names were identified in the work. It was determined that stereotyped language units were formed with 30 of these organ names. In the study on Mübeyyen, which is a very remarkable work in terms of the active use of formulaic language units created with organ names, it is aimed to show how rich and functional the Chagatai Turkish has in terms of the use of formulaic language units, which have a very important place in linguistic studies. Additionally, in the studies carried out on Bâbür's work called Mübeyyen, compounds and idioms formed with organ names were identified and examined in the work, but no ambiguities, proverbs and formulaic expressions formed with organ names were found. It is likely that this is due to the limited content of Mübeyyen, the book of fiqh.

Styled Language Units Created with Organ Names in Bâbür's  Work Called Mübeyyen Der Fıkh

Sevim

Nalan

Speech Acts and Personal Narrative: Analysing Meghan  Markle’s Use of Speech Acts

Mehmet

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

Özlem

Even though Divan poetry is a period poem at the time it was written, with certain rules, metre and its own world of symbols, it is a product of literature that can be considered a classic in that it is still readable. Classical poetry can be seen as a suitable field for linguistic research in terms of its fiction, syntax and semantic world. The syntax-meaning relationship is based on the principle that words and their places in a sentence are not random and coincidental when constructing a text or in a discourse, but are the result of a conscious choice. As revealed by linguistic approaches, it is now a known fact that structure and meaning are an inseparable whole, like two sides of a paper, and that this relationship is not accidental. The purpose of text analysis studies is to identify the invisible sides of this network of relationships and to develop new analysis approaches.In this study, we tried to develop a new and consistent approach while trying to analyse Fuzûlî's ghazal with the rhyme "Görüp" in terms of the syntax-meaning relationship. This approach includes virtual lines and geometric shapes that emerge from their combination. In our previous studies, we called this approach “syntactic virtual line” (Demirel Dönmez, 2020, 2021). In this study, we also focused on word groups and keywords that impact meaning. In the ghazal, the word groups, the semantic relevance of the word groups, the order of the elements of the sentence, the combination of this order with a virtual line, and the shapes created by the virtual lines were determined. These findings are shown in five separate tables. Not all of the word groups in the ghazal, but the most frequently used ones, were discussed; these are adverb-verb, compound verb, adjective phrase and indefinite noun phrase groups. The most frequently used word group in poetry is the adverb group. The subject of the action reported by the gerund is the poet/lover. The gerund also forms the rhyme of the poem and the action it reports is "to see". The adjective phrase group within the adverb-verb group contains a quality belonging to the lover. The lover sees the beauty of his beloved and expresses the states that arise in him as a result, usually with a compound verb group. In poetry, compound verb groups that convey a result in meaning and are the predicate of the sentence are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence. In other words, the poet first talks about the result and then the reason. The main theme of the poem is based on a cause-and-effect relationship. It is the lover’s gaze that connects to the lover with the features that the lover sees/notices and brings the miserable lover to the top. The closest relationship between the lover and the beloved does not go beyond looking; the lover already looks at the beloved at every opportunity and sees &nbsp;him, but it is not easy for the lover to look at the lover. When the beloved looks at the lover, the miserable heart of the lover/poet is saved from loneliness and recovers and comes to his senses. The lover/poet hides these feelings from everyone, but his language betrays him, and even if the lover does not understand, others become aware of this love, which is a result that the lover/poet does not want, and the lover feels like he is trapped. This trap figure emerges in the poem as a pentagon by the combination of predicate and gerund imaginary lines. In the poem, the cycle experienced by the lover is explained. When we look at the virtual lines, the elements that run parallel and are limited in number in the first two couplets begin to diversify with triangles and then right-angle shapes with the 3rd couplet. In the middle of the poem, the number and complexity of figure increases. The poem ends with a pentagon in the 7th couplet. The poet first sees the beauty of the lover and becomes enchanted; his feelings deepen as he goes, and with the gaze of the lover, these feelings reach their peak and he feels satisfied. While he is at peace, he falls into a trap with the new beauty he notices in his lover, and his efforts to hide all this are in vain. Fuzûlî creates a colourful theatre scene with his rhymed ghazals. The two heroes of this scene are the lover and the one in love, and the extras are others/strangers who appear at the end of the play and watch what is happening.

A Study on the Syntax-Meaning Relationship Using a Virtual Line  Approach: Fuzûlî's Ghazel with “Görüp” Redif

Ferdi

Mandana

A Bibliometric Keyword Analysis on Lexicography

Yusuf

Introduction Language contact, as described by Thomason (2001), “is the norm, not the exception” for all languages; many linguistic contact cases show a variety of specific sociopolitical, hence sociolinguistic settings. The contact between Kurdish and Turkish is one of them that also presents a more context-bound phenomenon in the largest city of the country, Istanbul. This language contact is placed at the westernmost end of the contact continuum between the Iranian and Turkic languages. Language contact has been investigated in two facades: one of them consists of a typological approach (which studies contact induced grammatical changes), and the other one, of a sociolinguistic approach (which studies plurilingualism in different scales by using the theoretical concepts developed in the literature). In this paper, our aim is to demonstrate some examples of borrowing, code-switching and code-mixing (as described in Cacoullos &amp; Travis, 2021; Matras, 2011; Muysken, 2000; Thomason, 2001) in a typological/functionalist way, and to show, almost at the same time, the discourse developed by plurilingual Kurdish-speakers of Istanbul, analyzed in light of concepts such as epilinguistics (Canut, 1998 &amp; 2000); language ideologies (Gal &amp; Irvine, 2000; Silverstein, 1979). The principal research axis can be described as a better understanding of the sociolinguistic representations of the plurilingual usages induced by the contact case presented above. Therefore, speakers’ discourses are the main resource for the analysis; to obtain this interpretation, a two-pronged approach is privileged. Language mixing and alternating seem to have important significations for the speakers, so the conception of the language heterogeneity considering established and non-established borrowings from Turkish in speakers’ plurilingual usages present considerable phenomenon in their own discourse, reflecting different language ideologies within the group.Method From a methodological standpoint, a qualitative approach is particularly adopted; moreover, it incorporates ethnographic notions developed in other fields of the human and social sciences. These concepts have become increasingly important in recent studies of sociolinguistics since the 2010s, given the increase in mobility (linked to globalization) and migration (Blommaert &amp; Rampton, 2011). Hence, the main goal here is to make the data speak for themselves: speakers are the social actors seen in a dynamic of language practices; their linguistic usages and discourses on languages and utterances evaluate, negotiate and transform sociolinguistic reality. According to this methodological approach, giving voice to the data was conceived as the essential element of this research to provide a better apprehension of this specific case of plurilingualism. In this way, we can imagine this sociolinguistic study of language contact as one of many to which we can compare it and thus arrive at interpretations and better management of plurilingualism in the world. For this reason, it seems more appropriate in the context of this article to set out the uses and discourses of the speakers, and then to present a part of the analysis based on both theoretical concepts and the data collected. In order to apply this methodological objective, which seems relevant to have a better description of the phenomenon presented above, semi-open-ended questions were asked to speakers in face-to-face interviews. These interviews often took the form of a natural discussion on the representation of plurilingualism and plurilingual usages, induced by the contact between Kurdish and Turkish.Main Results As a result, speakers have mixed representations of mixed usages, which are predominant in many plurilingual Kurdish speakers’ everyday speech. These mixed reviews demonstrate an epilinguistic tension within the group. Therefore, a variety of language ideologies can be identified: some speakers are more open to heterogeneous language usages, while others appear to be more tenacious in their discourse regarding the transmission of a homogeneous, purified, and well-preserved language, which might be considered a highly imagined entity in contrast to the reality of languages that cannot be excluded from the impact of language contact. Additionally, the mixed discourses of the speakers also show the representation of foreign languages compared to Turkish, which could thus be interpreted as their own language. This point also demonstrates the issue of determining language boundaries in such a complex sociohistorical language contact case, but in the context of this article, that point will not be developed here. Lastly, the discussion in this study aims to provide a new understanding of the representations of plurilingual Kurdish speakers about their own mixed usages, induced by contact between these two languages, in the context of Istanbul.

Representations of Plurilingual Usages of Kurdish Speakers and Their Approaches Regarding Plurilingualism

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Denis

Prof.

Sémantique structurale et poétique du sens

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Pierre

De la structure élémentaire à la structure translative

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Journal of Linguistics which is the official publication of Istanbul University, Faculty of Letters is an open access, peer-reviewed, multilingual, scholarly and international journal published biannually in April and October. It was founded in 1976. As of 2023 issues, the print version has been stopped. The journal has become an online-only publication.

Journal of Linguistics provides a forum for studies exploring issues related to linguistics in the fields of social sciences and humanities. Journal aims to contribute to the scientific knowledge in linguistics by publishing high quality articles. The target group of the Journal consists of academicians, researchers, professionals, students, related professional and academic bodies, and institutions.

The scope of Journal of Linguistics includes linguistics, semiotics, literature, translation studies and learning sciences.

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The Journal of Linguistics

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Journal of Linguistics provides a forum for studies exploring issues related to linguistics in the fields of social sciences and humanities. Journal aims to contribute to the scientific knowledge in linguistics by publishing high quality articles. The target group of the Journal consists of academicians, researchers, professionals, students, related professional and academic bodies, and institutions. The scope of Journal of Linguistics includes linguistics, semiotics, literature, translation studies and learning sciences.

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Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of COPE and ICJME are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li>There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li>It contains plagiarised content. </li><li>It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li>It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li>There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li>It reports unethical research. </li><li>There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li>The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li>Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li>A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li>The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li>The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li>The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li>The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li>There is a significant risk to public health. </li></ul>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

The Artificial Intelligence Policy, prepared in light of developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and practices in scholarly publishing, sets out the editorial and ethical principles that authors, reviewers, and editors should follow when using such technologies. The following sources have been considered in the preparation of the AI policy:Committee on Publication Ethics <a href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/cope-position/authorship-and-ai-tools" target="_blank">(COPE) - Authorship and AI tools</a>; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four" target="_blank">(ICMJE) - Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology; World Association of Medical Editors  (WAME) Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts</a><a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four"></a>AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) can develop and produce a wide variety of content, including text, images, audio, and synthetic data. When used ethically and safely, these capabilities can increase productivity and foster innovation, but when used without human guidance, they pose risks such as inaccurate and biased results, omissions and errors in citations, deficiencies in protecting privacy and intellectual property rights, and potential violations of authors' and publishers' rights. IUPress adopts the following core principles to avoid these risks in the use of AI:  <ul><li>Details of any AI used in the production of content (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) must be declared and clearly explained in the appropriate section of the paper (as an acknowledgement and/or in the methods section). </li><li>No AI tool may be listed as an author in any scientific paper. </li><li>Authors are responsible for the accuracy, completeness, and originality of their work, even if AI is used in any way; they are responsible for the proper referencing and attribution of others' ideas, data, words, or other materials. </li><li>Reviewers and editors must not upload submitted work, in whole or in part, to any generative AI application.</li></ul>In the editorial processes of IUPress publications, tools are available to assist editors in identifying AI-generated content. On the other hand, it is common to use AI tools that provide suggestions for improving and enhancing readability, language, and grammar, and such AI tools can be used in IUPress publications under the supervision of editors and authors.

Artificial Intelligence Policy

<ul><li>Authors are required to declare if they have used AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) in the creation of their submitted work. </li><li>Authors should explain, both in the cover letter and in the appropriate section of the submitted paper (as a footnote and/or in the methods section), which AI tool and which version of it they have used and for what purpose. </li><li>Authors should also indicate how they used the AI tool and how they assessed the validity of the results obtained using this technology, and what aspects of the paper, manuscript content, data or supporting files were influenced by the use of the AI tool or were generated by AI.</li><li>It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy, validity and appropriateness of content and citations generated by AI-assisted technologies and to eliminate potential errors, inconsistencies and biased results. </li><li>Authors should always check the original sources to eliminate possible plagiarism, recognising that there is a potential for plagiarism in texts produced with AI-assisted technologies. They should confirm that they have checked and that the sources are original.  </li><li>AI-assisted tools (such as ChatGPT) cannot be listed as authors because they cannot be responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the work, and these responsibilities are essential to authorship. Therefore, authors are responsible for all material involving the use of AI-assisted technologies. Authors should ensure that all statements in the article that state the hypotheses, interpretations, conclusions, limitations, and implications of the study represent their own opinions.  </li><li>Studies created by authors using AI tools in the following ways, which substitute for the basic researcher's and author's responsibilities, violate the principles of scientific publishing and publication ethics, and such studies are not eligible for inclusion in publications: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Generation of text or code without rigorous review, </li><li>Generation of synthetic data to replace missing data without a robust methodology, </li><li>Creation of any inaccurate, synthetic content, including abstracts or supplementary materials, </li><li>Creation and manipulation of images and figures (pictures, graphs, data tables, medical images, image snippets, computer codes and formulae) or original research data (enhancing, hiding, moving, removing or adding a particular feature within an image or figure) using AI.</li></ul></ul>

It is essential to maintain confidentiality in the peer review process and not to share or use the reviewed work in this process. <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/ethical-guidelines-peer-reviewers-cope.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers</a>)<ul><li>Reviewers should not upload a manuscript or part of a manuscript submitted to them for review to generative AI tools or large language models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as uploading content to such AI tools by reviewers violates the authors' privacy and property rights.  </li><li>Reviewing a scientific paper is a responsibility that can only be undertaken by human beings. The critical thinking and original evaluation required for peer review is beyond the scope of this technology, and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the paper. The peer review report and decision letters should reflect the personal assessment of the reviewers and editors of the submitted content. The reviewer is responsible and accountable for the content of his/her report. </li><li>AI tools may be used in a limited way to improve the quality of the language of the peer review report (for translation or language editing) in the context of peer review. If such use is made, the reviewer must declare the use when submitting the report. </li><li>Reviewers who suspect inappropriate or undisclosed use of generative AI in a submission should report their concerns to the editor.</li></ul>

Editors are obliged to ensure that the confidentiality of the manuscripts submitted to the journal is maintained during the evaluation process, and it is essential that the peer-reviewed work is not shared or used outside the parties involved in that process. (COPE - Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors) <a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/Code_of_conduct_for_journal_editors_Mar11.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors)</a>.<ul><li>Editors should not upload a submitted article, or any part of it, to generative Artificial Intelligence tools or Big Language Models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as this may violate authors' privacy and property rights. </li><li>Managing the editorial review of a scientific article implies responsibilities that can only be attributed to humans. Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies should not be used by editors to assist in the evaluation or decision-making process of an article, as the critical thinking and original evaluation required for this task is beyond the scope of this technology and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the article. The editor is responsible and accountable for the editorial process, the final decision and its communication to the authors.</li><li>Editors should not use generative AI tools to compose decision letters or abstracts of unpublished research. </li><li>Editors may use generative AI tools to help find appropriate reviewers.</li><li>If editors suspect the use of generative AI in a submitted manuscript or a submitted referee report, they should conduct an editorial review of the matter and consider the policy.</li></ul>

Journal of Linguistics –Dilbilim Dergisi is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), to access the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelinesnew/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelinesnew/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publisher) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

Journal of Linguistics –Dİlbilim Dergisi adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules. <ul><li>Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.</li><li>The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.</li><li>The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.</li><li>Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.</li><li>Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.</li><li>The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest must be disclosed.</li><li>In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.</li><li>If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.</li><li>In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.</li></ul>

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced. All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/9DEE427D05694919AB13FE558474BD1E" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form. </a>The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section. All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment. When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-inChief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

Language Articles in Turkish, English and French are published. Submitted manuscript must include an abstract both in the article language and in English, and an extended abstract in English is prefered for articles in Turkish and French.Manuscript Organization and Submission All correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="http://dergipark.gov.tr/login" target="_blank">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a> that can be accessed at <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iudilbilim" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iudilbilim</a> and it must be accompanied by a <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1491774870154EA4AFAC54C44DB2F662" target="_blank">Title Page</a> specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/9DEE427D05694919AB13FE558474BD1E" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted. 1. Manuscripts should be prepared using the Article Template. Due to double blind peer review, manuscript file must not include any information about the author.2. A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1491774870154EA4AFAC54C44DB2F662" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, ORCID, postal address, phone, mobile phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).3. Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract of 180-200 words both in the language of the article and in English. An extended abstract in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used is prefered to be included following the abstracts for articles in Turkish and French. If the manuscript is in English, extended abstract is not required. Underneath the abstracts, 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in the language of the article and in English.4. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract, sections, references, tables and figures.5. Article Types Research Article: Original research articles report substantial and original scientific results within the journal scope. Original research articles are comprised of Abstract, Key Words, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References and Figures, Tables and Graphics. Abstract: The abstracts in the language of the article and in English must be between 180- 200 words and state aim, method, result and conclusions of the study. If the article is in Turkish or French an extended abstract of 600-800 words in English is preferred to be included as well following the abstracts. Introduction: This section must contain a clear statement of the general and specific objectives as well as the hypotheses which the work is designed to test. It should also give a brief account of the reported literature. It should clearly state the primary and secondary purposes of the article. Only, the actual references related with the issues have to be indicated and data or findings related with the current study must not be included in this section. Methods: This section must contain explicit, concise descriptions of all procedures, materials and methods (i.e. data sources, participants, scales, interviews/reviews, basic measurements, applications, statistical methods) used in the investigation to enable the reader to judge their accuracy, reproducibility, etc. This section should include the known findings at the beginning of the study and the findings during the study must be reported in results section. Results: The results should be presented in logical sequence in the text, tables, and figures, giving the main or most important findings first. The all the data in the tables or figures should not be repeated in the text; only the most important observations must be emphasized or summarized. Discussion: The findings of the study, the findings and results which support or do not support the hypothesis of the study should be discussed, results should be compared and contrasted with findings of other studies in the literature and the different findings from other studies should be explained. The new and important aspects of the study and the conclusions that follow from them should be emphasized. The data or other information given in the Introduction or the Results section should not be repeated in detail. Conclusions: Conclusions derived from the study should be stated.. The conclusions should be linked with the goals of the study but unqualified statements and conclusions not adequately supported by the data should be avoided. New hypotheses should be stated when warranted, but should be labeled clearly as such. Figures, Tables and Graphics: Figures, tables and graphics materials should be “.jpg, .tiff or .jpeg” format and they should be submitted with the article. These materials should be min. 300 pixels and they must not be bigger than page size. The illustrations should not exceed 10 pages. All illustrations should be labelled and a list of figures with captions, legends, and credits should be provided on a separate page. Review Article: Reviews prepared by authors who have extensive knowledge on a particular field and whose scientific background has been translated into a high volume of publications with a high citation potential are welcomed. These authors may even be invited by the journal. Review article should contain title, abstract and keywords; body text with sections, and references. 6. References should be in accordance with American Psychological Association (APA) style 6th Edition. 7. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the journal for publication.

Author Guidelines

The Journal of Linguistics complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 7th Edition for referencing and citations. For more information:American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition. <a href="https://apastyle.apa.org/products/publication-manual-7th-edition" target="_blank">https://apastyle.apa.org/products/publication-manual-7th-edition</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation; (Esin et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci 2007, s. 72)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune and Welch 2000, s. 12–13) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Yazar.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOIAl, U., &amp; Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. http://www.tk.org.tr/e) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a JournalSemercioğlu, C. (2015, June). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseSarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık (Tez No: 218142) [Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi.b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseLupher, S. (2020). From women’s cinema to women’s horror cinema: Genre and gender in the twenty-first century (Order No. 28845183) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.c) Dissertation/Thesis from WebYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B. &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at American Psychological Association meeting, Orlando, FL.g) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineÇınar, M., Doğan, D., &amp; Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Öz]. Akademik Bilişim Konferansında sunulan bildiri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir. http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27h) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105i) Proceeding in Book FormSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu et al. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140). Cham, İsviçre: Springer.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0 j) Paper PresentationÇepni, S., Bacanak A., &amp; Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). 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The Journal of Linguistics

ISSUE 43, 2024

PhonoBot: A Chatbot for Sound Changes

On the Perception of Orthographic Gaps in Compound Words: Is There a Pattern in the Spelling of Compound Words?

Styled Language Units Created with Organ Names in Bâbür's Work Called Mübeyyen Der Fıkh

Speech Acts and Personal Narrative: Analysing Meghan Markle’s Use of Speech Acts

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