Fatma

Res. Assist.

The Epic of Nibelungen, which is the subject of our study, gives some unique information about European Huns and Kagan Attila. Since Attila has a very old and glorious past and built a great khanate, he had a great impact on all communities with whom he had a relationship in terms of cultural values. Thus, it is natural for researchers to have researched this great ruler and his legacy for centuries, which included this great khagan in the epics of nations. Besides the superiority attributed to Attila by the Nibelungen Epic, there are much cultural information related to the Huns, such as their weapons which have great historical value, the location of Attila’s headquarters, the vast geography of the Huns etc. The Nibelungen Epic is thought to have been written in the 1200s by an unknown author in the regions of Austria near the Danube River. Another explanation about the period when the epic was written is that although its subject belongs to the 5th century, the writing of the epic was started in 1160, together with the enlightenment period that began in German literature in the second half of the 12th century to the first half of the 13th century. No authors have been found in any of the copies of the epic. Therefore, the work has been accepted as anonymous. The manuscripts of the epic, which consist of thirty-nine chapters, are classified as A, B, C and D. The B copy is the Donaueschingen copy, which is thought to have been written between 1225 and 1250 and it thought to be the oldest manuscript. The A copy is the copy thought to date between 1275-1300 and was unearthed in the Hohenems region and found in the Bavarian State Library (Munich) in 1779. The D copy was written by the customs officer Hans Ried between 1504-1516 by order of Emperor Maximillian I. It is included in the work named as “Ambras Heroes Book”. The C copy was found in 1755 by Hermann Obereit in Hohenems, and in 1757 it was published by his teacher J. J. Bodmer after comparing it with Homer. Much work has been done on the Nibelungen Epic, which includes immortal and invincible heroes, warrior women and typical epic features. However, the fact that the epic belongs to a very old time and has discontinuities between its elements, make it necessary to constantly research it.&nbsp;Attila in the Nibelungen Epic confronts us as someone who wants to marry with the princess of Burgundy Kriemhild. King Etzel, who had a very influential authority and majesty, was a pagan.The Huns, with their own culture in the Nibelungen Epic, have existed for centuries. Even in an epic like Nibelungen in which many nations find their share, they have been able to live without losing their identity. One of the best examples of this is that of the Bulgarians, who are considered to be the successors of the Huns, who also found a place in the new arrangements of this epic.&nbsp;The Nibelungen Epic is an important work that introduces the high military and diplomatic rank of the European Hun Khanate and its great ruler Attila to the world. Although it seems to have an inconsistency due to the fact that it is fed from different copies at the point of plot, it is remarkable in terms of reflecting the Hun culture. In addition, since it is the national epic of the Germans and contains many elements from different cultures, most research that has been done on it has shed light on history. The importance of this epic in terms of Turkish history is that the Huns and Attila had a great share in creating an indelible perception in the world for centuries. What is described in the epic is not just epic information; it has played a major role in the announcement of the European Hun culture to the world by being processed in many fields such as theater, opera and cinema.&nbsp;

Nibelungen Epic and the Khagan Attila

Murat

Assoc. Prof.

Undoubtedly, one of the most basic needs of human beings since the day they existed is belief. Therefore, a history of humanity without belief is absolutely unthinkable. Beliefs have constantly changed and varied throughout history. Each new belief that emerges has brought new powers and new interpretations and new formations with them. It is possible to verify this with various examples: sects in the heavenly religions are the most obvious example of this. However, these interpretations and occurrences sometimes reached extreme points and were sometimes described as heretic. This diversity of beliefs has reached different dimensions that can be called heretic, sometimes due to geography, sometimes to culture, and sometimes to the thoughts of a respectable person.One of these heretic currents are Bogomils. By bringing new interpretations, different approaches to Christianity, they developed a perverted view. Although it is thought to have originated in the Bulgarian geography, it was developed by Priest Bogomil and spread over a wide geography in a short time. It is clear that the Bogomils had seriously different religious interpretations and that they developed a belief with contrary views of that period. The Bogomil believed that the Prophet Jesus was born from the Virgin Mary, was crucified and ascended to the sky, but that the Prophet Adam and Eve were not created by God, but by Satan, and that the Old Testament was written by Satan. The different ways of praying, attitudes towards icons, and attitudes towards clergy did not match up with the basic views of Christianity. For this reason, Bogomils were cursed, excommunicated and punished in 1167 Kathar Council. This was normal and common in the medieval period.However, when we look at the geography where it has spread and when we look at the people who follow this belief, we can easily see that these are in fact socially low, living standards are not developed, and continue their lives in rural areas. People in this stratum were generally traditionalists, closed to innovations and especially those who could not adapt to Christianity. Such people are already present in many regions, different religions and cultures. It is not an easy situation to break away from the ancestors cult and to adopt a new belief and to try to adapt to its rules. Those who adopt new beliefs will surely bring something new from their old beliefs and want to add to these new beliefs. Therefore, it is not quite possible to say that anyone has given up their old belief completely, because reading one’s inner world, reading intentions, is one of the most difficult jobs in the world. We can only comment on what the person has done. It is a very natural situation that people who change their beliefs cause problems in their region or are seen as a threat by those in the region. For this reason, they may be under constant pressure and even be forced to leave their homeland.Despite all these negativities, we can easily say that new formations are pregnant with new pains and this birth often fails. Apart from this, it is sometimes stated that the Bogomils are not worth investigating by some historians, but it is a fact that such movements have nestled and reappeared in different periods even in the periods when they were suppressed throughout history. As the most frequent example of this, where the Knights Templar was said to be over in the XIV. century, after the execution of Louis XVI. after the French Revolution, a citizen went up to the execution platform and shouted, “The revenge of Jacques de Molay was taken”. It is understood from here that although centuries have passed, such currents have not completely disappeared and have somehow continued their existence.&nbsp;

A Heretical Movement in Medieval Bulgaria: Bogomilism

Onur

The Rus’ people, and the Norse people dealing with the fishing and fur trade in the north of the Baltic Sea in the 8th century, descended to the lands between the Volga and the Dnieper River as of the 10th century and interacted with the Slavic, Finnish and other Turkic communities in the region. Their raids and activities in the region since the 11th century caused them to descend to the south by overthrowing the Khazars, one of the most powerful political authorities of the period. As a matter of fact, Kyiv was captured during the period of Rurik and the city became the center of the Russians in the period of Prince Oleg. Thus, the Kievan Rus’ state, the first Rus’ state in history, was established. They were becoming a dominant power in the north of the Black Sea which inevitably caused them to contact the Byzantines and the Rus’ periodically showed their intention by landing on the Black Sea shores of the empire.Slavic migrations flowing over the Balkans in the 7th century and the Byzantine Empire, which was subjected to attacks by Muslim Arabs in the East, could not do much against these unknown people from the north. Desperate in the face of the given commercial concessions and their direct attacks on the lands of the empire, the empire had to make use of the religious and cultural assimilation card of the Roman heritage. Indeed, one of the most important figures of Kievan Rus’, Olga was baptized in Istanbul and adopted the Orthodox belief and the seeds of Byzantine cultural hegemony over the Russians were sown. However, this effort of Byzantium could not prevent the Rus’ from threatening the empire in the future.In the 10th century, the influence of Byzantium in the Balkans gradually decreased since the 7th century, due to the Bulgarians moving from the north of the Black Sea to the region. Especially during the reign of Tsar Simeon I, the influence of Byzantium in the region decreased greatly and the empire did not succeed against the Bulgarians. This situation disappeared only in 927 with the sudden death of the Bulgarian Tsar. Petro, son and successor of Simeon I, was recognized as the Bulgarian Tsar and was married to Maria Lekapanos, the grandson of Romanos I, establishing Byzantine influence over Bulgaria.There was a period of nearly 40 years of calm after an agreement was reached between Bulgaria and Byzantium in 927 that ended many years of war. Meanwhile, both states prospered, but the balance of power gradually changed in favor of the Byzantines, who made large territorial gains against the Abbāsids in the East and formed a network of alliances against Bulgaria. In 966, Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas refused to renew the annual tribute, which was part of the peace treaty, and declared war on Bulgaria. The emperor decided to conduct the war by proxy, both because he was busy with his expeditions in the East and because the Balkan geography was difficult. As a result, he invited Svyatoslav I Igorevich to invade Bulgaria.Svyatoslav’s campaign against the Bulgarians far exceeded the expectations of the Byzantines, who saw it merely as a means to exert diplomatic pressure on the Bulgarians. The Grand Prince of Kyiv conquered the core regions of the Bulgarian state in the Northeast&nbsp;Balkans in 967-969, captured the Bulgarian Tsar Boris II and effectively ruled the country through him. Svyatoslav sought to advance southward against Byzantium, and Byzantium was worried that this would lead to the establishment of a new and powerful Rus’ state in the Balkans. Byzantine emperor John I won a decisive victory over the Rus’ and their Bulgarian allies at the Battle of Arcadiopolis in 970, and on 5 April 971, he captured the Bulgarian capital Preslav, where Boris II was captured with his whole family. After the three-month siege of the Dorostolon fortress, Svyatoslav accepted the agreement with the Byzantines and withdrew from Bulgaria. John I formally annexed Eastern Bulgaria to the Byzantine Empire.As a result, Svyatoslav’s occupation of Bulgaria is one of the important threats from the West in terms of Byzantine history. Throughout the history of the empire, the Rus’ were different, although they were threatened by various nomadic tribes. Because the Rus’, who had the concept of the state and had regular armies, were a direct threat to the empire. However, Emperor John I, eliminating the Rus’ under the leadership of Svyatoslav, maintained the stability of the empire, which started to rise militarily with his predecessor, and after a long time, by putting an end to the First Bulgarian Empire, he managed to make Byzantium the sole ruling power in the Balkans again.&nbsp;

Rus’ Threat In The Balkans: Prince Svyatoslav's Invasion of  Bulgaria (968-971)

Aydın

Prof.

The wave of excitement and concern that surrounded Europe after the conquest of Jerusalem by Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn b. Ayyūb on 2 October 1187, also heralded a new Crusade to the East. People made their preparations to take back Jerusalem, which they regard as the holiest place of Christianity, and took action from land and sea. The Holy-Roman Emperor Frederich Barbarossa also set out by land with his strong and crowded army, unlike the English and French kings who preferred to go by sea. Emperor Frederich thought that his army would be able to advance along the way without any difficulties, thanks to a number of diplomatic activities he carried out before her movement.That is why, long before, he wrote a letter to Sultan Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn and invited him to fight in the Zoan Plain if he did not give Jerusalem back to Christianity. However in spite of the guarantees given by the Byzantine both the Saldjuḳs in Turkey to Germans they showed from the very beginning that they did not intend to leave the Germans alone freely.In our study will be explained that events which the German Crusaders of the Third Crusade which encountered in the Byzantine land in the Balkans constitute the second stage of the journeys.So much so that the German army has faced many difficulties since entering here. In addition to the risk of epidemic disease caused by swamp lands and mosquitoes, the attacks of bandits of different ethnic identities, which they have thought the Byzantines were guided by, caused losses to them. Even after the tension in the relations, the Byzantine Imperial Army started to intervene in the situation itself. Meanwhile, Serbs and Bulgarians, who were waiting for the opportunity to leave the empire’s nationality and want to gain land in the Balkans, They wanted to provoke Frederich Barbarossa, against II. Isaakios and direct the expedition to Istanbul. On the other hand, this hostile attitude of Byzantium was enough to anger the Germans who were already prejudiced against them. For this reason, they thought that they were acting together with Muslims against them. As a matter of fact, in the sources we have dealt with in relation to this, there is information that they acted in this way because they had an alliance with Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn b. Ayyūb.However, Emperor II. Isaakios Angelos realizing that did not have much of a chance against the dominant power of the German Crusaders ultimately chose to make an agreement with his interlocutor. Thus, the German Army, with Byzantine hostages, passed through the Dardanelles after a five-day effort, and they started the third phase of their journey.

On The Diplomacy Before The Third Crusade and The Campaign  of German Forces in The Balkan Region

Oytun

The final decades of the XIVth century can be regarded as highly important for the history of Southern Europe due to the fact that some very significant events took place in a very short period of time. With the decline of the Byzantine Empire, the Bulgarian and Serbian states were gradually losing their power, while the young Ottoman state began its conquest of the Balkan lands. Clashes between Ottomans and Serbs, beginning from the 1350’s, led to the gory Battle of Maritsa on 26 September 1371. Despite the fact that, after the Battle of Maritsa, some of the powerful Serbian Principalities became vassals of the Ottoman State, this battle, together with the battle of Kosovo, gained an important and emotional place in both Turkish and Serbian history.The battle of Kosovo in 1389 was one of the greatest events in this century. Even though the forces of Prince Lazar represented the last hope for Orthodox Southern Slavs, the war eventually ended with victory for the Ottomans. Moreover, the events that took place in the aftermath of this war strongly contributed to the general perception and the importance of the war.Serbian sources which pertain to the XIVth and XVth century, provide blurry but very important information on the Ottomans and the Anatolian Beyliks. For example Serbian authors David and Pećki Letopis (Annals of Peć) mention that groups such as Tatars, Christian vassals of the Ottomans and also the Anatolian Turkish Emirates of Sarukhanids and Germiyanids along with other Muslims were on the Ottoman side in the battle of Kosovo. In addition to this, Marko Pećki who was a contemporary writer at the time of the battle, mentions “Seven Turkish emirates”, information which can also be found in Ottoman sources like Cihannüma of Neşri.Other Serbian sources are focused on the martyrdom of Prince Lazar (1373-1389) and the death of Ottoman Sultan Murad I (Djumādā I 763-791/March 1362-1389), and they are mainly followed by emotional comments. They also provide precious information in those comments, such as the following: “At the beginning of the battle the Serbs were near the victory but then the Turks changed this situation”. This information is also mentioned in the Ottoman sources.Early Serbian sources of the Battle of Kosovo give brief information about the war, but they mostly focus on the date of the battle, the martyrdom of the Serbian prince Lazar Hrebeljanović and religious Christian Orthodox motifs such as “sins of the Christians”. They provide another view on the Battle of Kosovo.However, Dubrovnik sources which were written at the same time after the war, provide a detailed description of the events during the battle of Kosovo. In fact, the Ragusan chronicles were written significantly later after the war, and they provide more details than the Serbian sources. One of the late sources, written by Ragusan historian Mavro Orbini, who was born in late XVth century, records the name of a Serbian soldier and hero Miloš Obilić, the assasination of the Ottoman Sultan, and the death of the Serbian Prince Lazar who was betrayed by some of his forces. Moreover, according to this source and its author, Orbini, the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 was a Turkish victory. Ragusan historian Orbini, in a very thorough description of the events before the war, offers another information, previously neglected, which states that Vuk Branković’s conduct in the battle of Kosovo was traitorous as he betrayed Lazar Hrebeljanović.The Serbian and Dubrovnik chronicles include significant and distinctive records on both the Ottoman and Anatolian Emirates as well as the Serbian forces and army in the battle of Kosovo. Some of these records, especially the Serbian sources, written by Serbian clerics just a couple of years upon the war, provide relevant and vivid, yet formal and substantial, information about Turks and Serbs on the battlefield.&nbsp;

First Battle of Kosovo According to Contemporary Serbian and  Dubrovnik Sources

Muallâ

During the two centuries of the Russian Empire lasting roughly between 1721and 1917, Russian historiography progressed to a great degree and produced many important studies. Scientists, especially those who study ancient Russian history, have found Turks, with whom they have lived neighbor relations for centuries, as the first nation while writing their works. Yet, they had a big trouble on writing this history as they didn’t have enough knowledge and methodology about how they would manage this historiography. In order to overcome this challenge, during the era of Peter I, they invited foreign historians, particularly from Germany to the Petersburg Academy of Sciences beginning from 1725, with the aim of revising and rewriting Russian History. So, these scientists paved the way for redefining Russian history. We can mention G. Z. Bayer (1694-1738), G. F. Miller (1705-1783) ve A. L. Schletzer (1735- 1809) as the most prominent German scholars in the course of first half of the 18th century of Russian historiography.The writing of Russian history by foreign scientists instead of Russian historians was harshly criticized by V. N. Tatišev (1685-1750), one of the rare Russian historians for these dates and this criticism was also mentioned by other Russian historians later. In the end, this struggle of him came to an end with the transition to the understanding of local historians in the period of Catherine II (1762-1796) after his death. M. V. Lomonosov (1711-1765) was the first person who wrote about the history of the Russian people.The most commonly used sources of Russian historians in writing the history of the Russians, are the general and local chronicles written in churches and monasteries during the reign of the Kiev Princedom and the Tsardom of Moscow. These chronicles were academically published with the name of “Polneye Sobraniye Russkih Letopis” with the most contribution made by Tatisev. In writing Russian history, the Russian historians called the struggle that they had with other nations on this geography as “the Struggle of Forest with Steppe”. Russians were living in forests, on the other hand Turks were living in steppes. This viewpoint lasted during 200 years of Russian Empire and affected all the works written based on Russian chronicles, including information on Russian people and history. Furthermore, these historians accepted all Turkish tribes such as the Khazars, Pechenegs, Uzs, Cumans, Berendis and Qaraqalpaqs as one nation and so they presented the knowledge about them in this perspective. N.M. Karamzin, N.H. Ustriyalov, S.M. Solovyev, H.I. Kostomarov and D.I. Ilovayskiy can be counted among those who have written on the history of Russia in this period. Albert, one of the priests of the Trium Fontium Monastery, was the first to give information about these Turkish tribes in the works they wrote. Later, Kunik, Burackov, Aristov, Kostormarov et al followed him.The basis of our study consists of two studies specifically written about the Pechenegs in the second half of the 19th century. First one is “Vizantiya i Pečenegi (Byzantium and the Pechenegs)” written by V. G. Vasilevsky and the latter is the study of P. G. Golubovsky published with the title “Uzs, Pechenegs and Cumans until Mongol Invasion”.Vasilyevskiy used all the sources written up to his time, especially Byzantine sources in his article.. He mentioned only about the political history of Pechenegs. While writing this history in detail, he tried to give message that Pechenegs were perceived quite incorrigible by the Byzantines.He says that the Pechenegs filled the gap that emerged as a result of the collapse of the Bulgarian Tsarism. He said that they were no less terrible enemies for Byzantium in the 11th and 13th centuries than their brothers in Asia, the Seljuk Turks. Therefore, he said that although the Byzantine sources that gave information about them were essentially true, they contained quite a lot of Byzantine rhetoric in them. For this reason, he emphasizes that more careful comments should be made about the lives of these nations and they should be evaluated better.&nbsp;Vasilyevsky was the first to link the reason of the First Crusade to the help request of Byzantium which was squeezed by the Seljuk in Anatolia and Pechenegs in Balkans. Later, he described in detail the struggle between the two Pecheneg leaders, Turak and Kegen, in the Danube region. Vasilevsky then mentioned extensively about how the Pechenegs and Uzs were used by the Byzantines as military power. Additionally, he stated that the Pechenegs were going along with the Bogomils (Paulicians) and that the Bogomils were quite much affected by Manichaeism. The work of Vasilevsky gives us historical information till 1094 but it is not possible to find any data about Lebunium Battle on which Pechenegs lost historically their existence.The next work that we can focus on, belongs to Golubovsky. It was the first academic work that was prepared according to the scientific principles, based on the sources and all the researches on this subject. Golubovskiy explained the Pecheneg, Uz and Cuman-Kipchaks, who ruled in the steppes of South Russia until the Mongol invasion period, and their relations with the Russian princedom in the region and their decisive influence on Russian history. For this reason, Golubovskiy’s work has the characteristics of a source work that includes important evaluations, written as a result of an extensive research on these Turkish tribes, whose details about their history can only be learned from sources written by the historians of the states they have relation.According to Golubovskiy; Pechenegs, Uzs and Cumans were the last nations that moved from Asia to Europe in the Middle Ages. In fact, this process ended with the Mongols who were blowing like a hurricane in the 13th century. The mentioned Turkish tribes started to play an important political role with their emergence in the steppes of South Russia. They occupied the area from the Ural River to the Danube River and entered into a struggle with many states. They were able to draw attention to themselves, sometimes with their military campaigns, sometimes by mediating trade with eastern countries, sometimes with their military forces that were always ready to enter into the service of the country which paid them most, and their names were included in Russian, Polish, Hungarian, Byzantine and Arab chronicles. Their reputation has spread to Western Europe.He begins his work by saying “In order to understand how and to what extent the neighbor of the nomads influenced the political life of ancient Russia, it is necessary to study how the relationship between Turks and Slavs was.” First of all, he emphasized the characteristics of the South Russian geography and explained living conditions in these lands.Golubovsky, then, focused on the origin of the Pecheneg word, the meaning of it and where it came from. He argued that Uzs, Cumans and Pechenegs came from the same ethnical race, but he tried to reveal that they were different tribes. And, he pointed out that;&nbsp;1. Pechenegs, Uzs, Cumans, Seljuk Turks, Ottoman Turks represented a single Turkish race. 2. All of these tribes were the branches of a nation that once lived the steppe life in Turkestan region.As we mentioned above, Golubovsky explained the relations between the Pechenegs and the Russians, the Hungarians, the Byzantines in the geography extending from the Volga River to the Balkans by trying to use all the sources of his time. According to Golubovsky, the Turkish tribes were dangerous enemies of the Russians, but they also represented a force that was always ready to support the desired work for a certain fee.Golubovsky agreed with Vasilyvsky’s view that both the Pecheneg Turks and the Seljuk Turks were effective in the destruction of the Byzantine Empire. Contrary to Vasilyvsky, Golubovkiy gave information about the cultural lives of Turkish tribes. However, he complained about the lack of information on the culture of these Turkish tribes and gave the following information briefly: The Pechenegs, Uzs and Cumans were all Turk, all of them lived in the steppe, so their traditions and customs would have to be in common. They brought them from their homeland, Turkestan, and kept them without changing. He added that the culture of their new neighbors had an impact on them as well, but this effect was not deeply penetrated; only Turks settled in the cities, which were not too crowded, could have lost their fundamental traditions. And then, in particularly with an evaluation of knowledge presented by Byzantine Emperor, he continued, after the death of the chieftain, the uncle’s children obtained political power; there was a council, named as “komenton” and composed of public; both in peacetime and in wartime, they adjudicated here all the important events; the power of the chieftain and their effects in these councils were quite insignificant.As a result, in this study, we tried to make a comparison of two works written on Pechenegs, in the period when Panslavism was highly effective. The common aspect of both studies was that the Pechenegs, who prevent the Russians reaching the Black Sea, were not shown in a state organization.&nbsp;

Pechenegs in the Historiography of the Russian Empire

Ömer

Although Egypt was conquered by Selīm I (Yavuz) at the beginning of 1517, it continued to be the favorite of France and England in the race for global supremacy. As a matter of fact, France invaded Egypt in 1798 in order to establish its dominance on the road to India.This occupancy paved the way for the appointment of Mehmet (Muḥammad) ʻAlī Pasha of Qawāla as the governor of Egypt in 1805 by the Ottoman State. Mehmet ʻAlī Pasha, as a leader who understood his era correctly in many aspects, exhibited a successful administration after becoming a governor. He ensured public order and adopted a centralized practice by reviving the agricultural production, trade and craft fields. Mehmet ʻAlī Pasha, whose aim was to establish a great empire independent from the Ottoman Empire as the first representative of the dynasty of Turkish origin, which would continue until 1953 under the rule of Egypt, later made efforts to modernize the country with all his might. For this reason, he has been accepted as the “Founder of Modern Egypt” due to the innovations he brought to Egypt in the first half of the 19th century and many important modern institutions he established.Dynasty of Qawāla, which maintained its existence until 1953, held the rule of three separate consecutive states which were the Khedive (Khidīw) of Egypt from 1805 to 1914, the Sultanate of Egypt from 1914 to 1922, and the Kingdom of Egypt from 1922 to 1953. Three names stand out among the members of this dynasty within the scope of our subject. These are Egyptian Khedive Tawfīq Pasha, his eldest son ʻAbbās Ḥilmī Pasha II and his brother Amīr Mehmet (Muḥammad) ʻAli Pasha.Although Amīr Mehmet ʻAli Pasha was the crown prince for many years, he lived a life away from politics, remained on the agenda mostly with his travels and he ensured that the notes he kept during these travels were published later. Due to his education in Europe, he visited many countries here many times, but not content with that, he traveled to different parts of the world such as North and South America, Java Island in Indonesia, Japan, Damascus and Bosnia-Herzegovina.The travel book of Amīr Mehmet ʻAli Pasha to Bosnia-Herzegovina is interesting in that it reflects the characteristics of the geography in which the writer belongs and travels. As an Eastern native who grew up with European culture, Amīr’s knowledge and comments on Bosnia and Herzegovina, of course, reflect his own perspective. Besides, the political events he observed during his travel and heard from the notables of the region and the troubles the people experienced provide valuable information about the period. Amīr, who was treated&nbsp;as an Ottoman representative with his outfit and manner, emphasized Ottomanism in many places and expressed his wishes/desire for this geography to be under Ottoman rule again. In addition, he explicitly stated that he also collected some information for his brother ʻAbbās Ḥilmī Pasha. As a matter of fact, he compared many issues he witnessed during his travel to similar ones in Egypt and used expressions of praise for his own country.It is observed that Amīr, who plans his trip as a civil citizen despite having an official identity, generally prefers to be out of sight and wants to get to know them more closely by mingling with the public. As a matter of fact, he has expressed this intention many times. In addition, the detailed human descriptions and comments in his travel book can be cited as evidence for this.In this work written in a waxed language, verses, poems and proverbs related to the subject are included when necessary. An open, sincere and natural style has been used so that there is no room for any doubt that it came out of a master pencil. The author, who speaks French, German, English and Turkish, used these languages during his travel, and applied to translators in Slavic languages. It is possible to come across Turkish words in various parts of the travel book. We can list these words together with their page numbers as follows: stew (18), quilt (22), winter quarters (27), restaurant (31), paint (32), wood (33), and commander (46). These features, which reflect the author’s broad culture, add both fluidity and charm to his work. With the full text of this travel book we have discussed, I believe that another travel book of Amīr, al-Riḥla al-Shāmiyye (Travel Book of Damascus) should be translated into Turkish. Because both travel books contain useful information about regions that were close to us and remained under the Ottoman rule for many years.&nbsp;

Amīr Mehmed Ali Pasha’s Travelogue to Bosnia-Herzegovina

Esra

The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan  Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies

Mustafa

Metin

Gülseren

When the illustrious Emperor Justinian died in 565 AD, a new era began in the Eastern Roman Empire that would come to be known as the Byzantine Empire and involved various historical cases. Of course, this was also valid for the Balkans region, which had been under imperial rule for many years. In particular, the arrival of the Avars in the Balkans to the north of the Danube River, their strengthened position there, and the actions Slavs took are seen as remarkable developments in the second half of the 6th century AD.According to historical sources, the first contact between Eastern Romans and the Avars took place in the last years of Emperor Justinian I. The emperor had applied policies such as partnership or tribute payments to the Avars. But after Justinian I, Justin II ascended the throne and rejected these policies. In addition, the Avars had dominated many tribes, destroyed the Gepids, and caused the Lombards to move toward Italy. Justin II adopted an uncompromising method while the Avars were establishing their authority in regions of Southeastern Europe. Thus, the Avars and some tribes under their rule started to attack, to which the empire reacted and subsequently made a treaty. Although this treaty provided peace in the Balkans and its frontiers for a while, it caused the empire’s alliance with the Göktürks against the Sassanians to break down. Nevertheless, the treaty was requisite for the presence and security of the empire. The prominent figure in providing peace was Tiberius II, who was commander of Justin II. Tiberius II had personally contacted the Avars, both through fighting and negotiating.After these developments, the commander Tiberius II Constantine came to rule the Eastern Roman Empire in 574 AD as Caesar and then in 578 AD as Augustus. The relations between the Avars and the empire increased and intensified during his reign. Contrary to the policy of his predecessor, Tiberius II contemplated using diplomacy as a Byzantine tradition due to his experiences with the Avars. However, the extensive invasion of the Slavs and the&nbsp;beginning of their settlements in the Balkans also had occurred for the first time during this period. This was an important event in a historical context. Large crowds had entered the Balkans, started invading the entire region including Thrace and setting up new settlements, and also devastated Greece. The Empire could not sufficiently respond to this invasion due to other problems the empire was experiencing, such as the Sassanian wars in the east and a lack of military forces. Therefore, Emperor Tiberius II Constantine asked the famous leader of the Avars, Bayan Khagan, for help. Khagan accepted and organized attacks on Slavic tribes, entering the territory of the empire. This seems to have been the right method for the empire and was successful. The Slavs had been defeated, and the Avars had acted as allies in this situation.Despite its convenient appearance, Tiberius II Constantine’s policy did not last long, for the Avars were demanding Sirmium again. This city was an important center for empire due to it being located at the intersection of the Danube and Sava rivers and having been an outpost over the Balkans for a long time. For the Avars, Sirmium was an important target that functioned as a gateway to the lands south of the Danube River. The Gepids had captured this city while it belonged to the Eastern Romans. Afterward when the Avars had eliminated the entire Gepid Kingdom, Eastern Romans recaptured the city. Thus, the Avars claimed that they should have Sirmium and sent envoys to the emperor to take the city without a fight. The emperor met with them twice but could not achieve a successful outcome, as the Avars’ demands were unacceptable to him. At the same time, he commanded to prepare for war. There were not enough soldiers in the Balkans. As a result, he wanted to form an alliance with the Lombards. However, this plan failed before it even started.While Emperor Tiberius II Constantine was dealing with these conjunctures, the Avars laid siege to Sirmium. Much time passed, and inconclusive battles had also been started, but the empire remained unable to succeed in this war. Once famine began in the city and the people fell into difficult situations, the emperor was forced to make peace with the Avars. The terms of the treaty involved the evacuation of the inhabitants, tribute being paid by the empire, and the city being surrendered to the Avars. This took place in 582 AD, shortly before the death of Tiberius II Constantine. In the years that followed, the Avar threat would increase alongside the Slav problems, and Eastern Roman authority would decline in the Balkans. The status of the Avars in the Balkans and their activities toward the empire were also observed during the reigns of the Emperors Maurice, Phocas, and Heraclius.&nbsp;

Eastern Roman and Avar Relations in the Balkans During the  Reign of Emperor Tiberius II Constantine (572- 582)

Süleyman

With the capture of Constantinople by the armies of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, a Latin Empire was established based in Constantinople. Afterward, the Latins signed a treaty in order to seize the lands owned by the former Byzantine Empire. Thus, a period of intense military and political struggle began with rivals in both Anatolia and the Balkans. The greatest competitor in the Balkans was the Second Bulgarian Empire, while the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea drew attention in Anatolia. In this context, the Latin Empire of Constantinople’s struggle between 1204-1207 with the Second Bulgarian Empire constitutes the subject of the article.The main reason for the disagreements between the Latins and the Bulgarians is that the Bulgarians also laid claim to the lands belonging to the former Byzantine Empire. However, the Latins’ conceited point of view toward the Bulgarians in particular led to an increase in mutual enmity. The Byzantine locals in the region, especially in the area of Thrace, requested support from the Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan against the Latins, which gave the Bulgarians the opportunity they had sought, and they started war with the Latins on this point.The first phase of the struggle was the Battle of Adrianople in April 1205. When the Latins besieged the city in order to suppress the rebellion in Adrianople, Tsar Kaloyan responded to his Byzantine allies’ call for aid. After Kaloyan’s first campaign in Thrace, the Latins and Bulgarians engaged in a tight struggle, with the winner of this battle being the Second Bulgarian Empire. As for the Latins, they’d been severely defeated, Emperor Baudouin I had been captured, and many vital nobles had been killed. The Latins retreated under the reorganizational efforts of Geoffrey of Villehardouin, a leading figure in the Latin army. Afterwards, the Latins were left without a leader due to Baudouin I’s capture and appointed Henry of Flanders, the brother of the ex-emperor, first as regent and then as emperor in August 1206.During the reign of Henry of Flanders, the Latins’ struggle with the Bulgarians continued under a different understanding. The first target of Tsar Kaloyan, who’d since embarked on his second campaign to Thrace with his army consisting of Bulgarians, Cumans, and Vlachs at the beginning of 1206, was the Latın advanced garrison in Rousion (Keşan in modern Turkey). The Latins, had to retreat as a result of the fierce attacks of the Bulgarian joint armies and suffered heavy losses. Tsar Kaloyan’s next target was Adrianople and Didymoteicho, two important cities of Thrace. By this point, the local Byzantines in the region had grown afraid of Tsar Kaloyan’s cruelty and sought an alliance with the Latins. Meanwhile, Henry of Flanders saw this offer as an opportunity to disrupt the alliance between the Byzantines and Bulgarians and to reorganize the balance in the region. Thus, the Latins and Byzantines became allies against the Bulgarians. Meanwhile the Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan lifted his sieges on Adrianople and Didymoteicho and withdrew once he became aware of the friendly relations that had been established between the two sides.After this critical phase in Latin-Bulgarian relations, the Latins began gaining the upper hand against the Bulgarians under the leadership of Henry of Flanders. As a matter of fact, the Latins who’d infiltrated the Bulgarian borders and attacked were able to obtain a massive booty, whereas the Bulgarians could only attempt an offensive once the Latins intensified their struggle in Anatolia.The Latin rule had increased roughly between 1205-1207 with regard to Latin-Bulgarian political relations and entered a new phase with the unexpected death of the Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan in October 1207.&nbsp;

The Conflict with the Second Bulgarian Empire During the  Establishment of the Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204-1207)

Tatiana

Bedirhan

Ivan Mazepa (1639-1709) administered the Cossack Hetmanate as its Hetman for 22 years from 1607 until his death in 1709 and placed significant impacts on Ukrainian lands. His years in the dominion are recognized as one of if not the most successful periods in the history of the Ukrainian Cossack. The education he received from his childhood, his travels to different countries in Europe, and the experiences he gained regarding important tasks during the reigns of his precursors played a great role in Hetman Mazepa becoming an experienced and talented administrator. After becoming Hetman, Mazepa attempted to strengthen his authority in domestic politics and encountered bitter struggles against opposition groups. He reestablished the lease system, which brought large income to the treasury, as well as the regiment system, which was an important administrative military institution. In this way, Ukraine was able to achieve economic stability and welfare. In addition, he managed to unite the Right-bank Ukraine with Left-bank Ukraine and always aimed to preserve Ukraine’s autonomous status. He attached great importance to the progress of art, culture, and science and provided moral and material support to all who were talented in these domains.Hetman Mazepa had attempted to play safe against the regency of Sophia Alekseyevna (1657-1704) and Prince Vasily V. Golitsyn. As a wise and crafty statesman, Mazepa waited for the most favorable conditions and made political and economic gains by supporting Peter the Great (1672-1725) during his political coup against the Regent Sophia. He played an active role in Russia’s domestic and foreign policy throughout the era of Peter the Great. Mazepa supported Peter the Great in solving military issues and found his own place in Russia’s domestic and foreign politics and in the formation of a new intellectual culture. In this way, Mazepa managed to become one of the key figures in the early phase of the Russian Empire’s founding. During the Great Northern War, the conflict between Peter the Great’s plans and Ukrainian interests led Hetman Mazepa to make the most important a decision of his life. At the Battle of Poltava in 1709 between King Charles XII of Sweden (1682-1718) and Peter the Great, Hetman Mazepa defected to the Swedes in his and Ukraine’s interests. Their defeat by Peter the Great at the Battle of Poltava led them to come under Ottoman rule. Mazepa’s defection to the Swedes made him a symbol of treason and evil in Russian historiography. In Ukrainian historiography and in the eyes of the Ukrainian people, however, he is remembered as a successful Hetman and national hero for what he did for Ukraine.From the middle of the 17th century to the beginning of the 18th century when important events eventually occurred for Russia and Ukraine, Hetman Mazepa more wisely continued the policies initiated by his precursors, Doroshenko (1627-1676) and Samoylovych (1630-1690), in the interests of Ukraine. Hetman Mazepa became one of the main characters whose deeds have left their mark on the history of Ukraine and Russia. Our study investigates and explains Mazepa’s life as well as the political events and economic, social, and cultural activities and developments that occurred during his rule. The overriding goal in this study is to introduce Turkish researchers to Ivan Mazepa as an important figure in the history of Ukraine and Russia by taking into account his connections with the Ottoman Empire. The article mainly benefits from Russian archival documents and various primary sources, in addition to also consulting Ukrainian and Polish sources. Ottoman archival sources have been excluded from the study, which only additionally reviewed existing works in the Turkish literature.&nbsp;

A Ukrainian Cossack Hetman According to Russian Archival  Sources: Ivan Stepanovich Mazepa (1639-1709)

An Analysis of the Effect of the 1878 Berlin Treaty on  Diplomatic Policy Making

Nalan

Rumelia refers to the area containing the places the Ottoman State conquered in Europe and covers the entire territory of the Ottoman State in Europe. Skopje was one of the most important cities in the region, as in 1390, the Ottoman-Turkish city had been quickly overtaken by the Ottoman government. Ottoman housing and zoning activities were sufficiently crucial in forming the city’s identity. In the architectural tradition of Skopje in particular, places commissioned by administrators and nobles had special meaning. Examples are found of civic architecture as well as religious and administrative architecture from the past that have survived to the present.The city of Skopje was the center of the Beylerbeyi [city administrators] and had several palaces and mansions that were built there. One of these was the Ali Hıfzî Pasha Mansion in Bardovci village between Skopje and Tetovo and has partially survived to the present.The Skopje Muhtasarrif [Ottoman tax collector] Ali Hıfzî Pasha belonged to a noble family of Albanians from the Dukagjin Highlands, part of the Rec Lok dynasty. Since 1689, he had served the Ottoman Empire, while his brothers served the state alongside their father at the head Recep Pasha. The reign of Ali Hıfzî Pasha as pasha occurred when the Balkans and the Ottoman State were undergoing radical changes in general.The lifting of the Janissary Quarry and the fundamental reforms that followed, the intense currents of nationalism that came with the French Revolution, the heavy consequences of the Serbian uprisings, the rebellions of the Albanian Pashas, and the turmoil in the Peloponnese region had forced the state to change. And in the midst of this, Skopje Nâzır Ali Hıfzî Pasha was given too many duties. He had evidently done these things successfully and been appreciated both by the people and by the state. Ali Hıfzî Pasha gained many rank, particularly during the reign of Mahmud II.&nbsp;As a fair, intelligent, and intellectual Ottoman pasha beloved by the Muslim and non-Muslim peoples, extensive knowledge about Ali Hıfzî Pasha is found in EuropeanAli Hıfzî Pasha Mansion is an outstanding example in all aspects of Ottoman residence architecture in Rumelia. Avzi Pasha Mansion is how it was known by the people of the region and in the literature, as it had made a name for itself when it was being built. This mansion is also said to have been famous as the most ostentatious architectural structure of the region during the period, a mansion even more magnificent than the residences built by the Serbian King Miloš.Architecturally, Ali Hıfzî Pasha Mansion contains the delicacy of Mahmud II dynasty as well as the architecture of the region, and the house is invisible from the outside of the street where the traditional architectural principle had been applied. It is located at the center of a group of buildings designed for different functions and is located on an area of approximately 18-20 decares surrounded by walls. It is surrounded by 8 square bastions and 5-meter high enclosed walls. The Harem and Selamlık buildings of equal size were placed symmetrically, and the mabeyn [room separating the men’s and women’s rooms] structure, which was used as a treasury between the two buildings, was designed as a unifying building. In the kulliye [complex], structures such as an oven, forge, animal barn, kitchen, and outbuildings were placed properly.In addition, the mansion had a magnificent flower garden with plants from various parts of the region, and a small stream adorning the surrounding area attracted attention. The interior design of the mansion draws attention with its oval sofa plan and Turkish Baroque style characteristic of the period. With its unique location and Istanbul style, Ali Hıfzî Pasha Mansion was and remains monumental in the Balkans.After Ali Hıfzî Pasha left Skopje under imperative, the mansion was later passed down to his grandchildren during World War I. The mansion was badly damaged during World War II, after which it was turned into the property of the Yugoslav People’s Army by the Yugoslav State, which was established on these lands in 1958; they demolished many parts of the mansion and erected buildings as they saw fit.Afterward, the mansion was neglected and left to rot. In 1969, the Skopje City Council for the Protection of Cultural Monuments” decided to rebuild this monumental mansion according to its original detailed plan, which was requested by the famous architect Prof. Branislav Kojič. However, although the plan and even the model were made, this decision was unfortunately not realized, and the mansion was left to its fate.Today, Ali Hıfzî Pasha Mansion is under the protection of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of North Macedonia and is in a dilapidated state. Although it has been neglected, the foundations of the mansion, the main entrance gate, and the fortification walls are still standing. Ali Hıfzî Pasha Mansion could neither be preserved nor destroyed, and this resulted in the loss of one of the most magnificent buildings of the period and regional architecture in Ottoman Rumelian lands.&nbsp;

An Ottoman Governor in Skopje: Ali Hıfzî Pasha and His Mansion in Bardovci

Burak

Military test: reform and the armed forces of Russia and  Turkiye in 1860s-1870s

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Oleg

Assist. Prof.

Aleksandr I and the First Phase of the Rebellion of 1821

Petersburg: A Mithic and Textual Existence Beyond  The Limits of The Time

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Maja

Valentina

Osmanlı Kültüründe Makedon Şehirlerinin Kent Kavramı

Olga

BYZANTINE DREAM OF ATHENIAN POLITICIANS (XIX-XX CENTURIES)

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

The Journal of South-Eastern European Studies (GAAD) is a scholarly, open access, peer-reviewed official publication of the Istanbul University, the Faculty of Letters published since 1972.

Publication: Biannual (April and October)

Languages: Turkish, English, German, French and the local languages of South-Eastern European countries (for issues approved by the editorial board)

EBSCO

SOBIAD

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

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The Journal of Southeastern European Studies

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Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Book Review Editor

English Language Editor

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The Journal of South-Eastern European Studies aims to contribute to the scholarly knowledge in the field of South-Eastern European history by publishing original papers.The GAAD is an open forum for studies in the field of history and archeology. The journal, however, also publishes research and review articles on art history, literature, economics, religious studies, and linguistics provided that they are related with the history of the South-Eastern Europe. The editorial board particularly promotes papers and reviews on the ancient history and archeology of the South-Eastern Europe as well as the Ottoman historical experience in the region.

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SOBİADEBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source

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The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

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The Journal of Southeastern European Studies is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, to access the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publisher) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

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The Journal of Southeastern European Studies adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.<ul><li>Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.</li><li>The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.</li><li>The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.</li><li>Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.</li><li>Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.</li><li>The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest must be disclosed.</li><li>In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.</li><li>If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.</li><li>In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.</li></ul>

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Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. Editor-in-Chief provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.​ The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review. <div style="text-align: left;font-size: 10pt;">- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?</div><div style="text-align: left;">- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?</div> <div style="text-align: left;">- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?</div> <div style="text-align: left;">- Are the methods described comprehensively?</div> <div style="text-align: left;">- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?</div> <div style="text-align: left;">- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?</div> <div style="text-align: left;">- Is the language acceptable?</div> Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageArticles in Turkish and English are published. Submitted manuscript must include an abstract both in the article language and in English, and an extended abstract in English as well. However extended abstract in English is not required for articles in English.Manuscript SubmissionAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="http://dergipark.gov.tr/login" target="_blank">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a> that can be accessed at <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iugaad" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iugaad</a> and it must be accompanied by a <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/05E04C0DD1F14D8CAEA1B5D00B638831" target="_blank">Title Page</a> specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/938BB34F25B44DE889256E9CD3AE11B7" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.Manuscript Preparation1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 10 font size and line spacing of 1.5.2. The manuscripts should contain between 3500 and 10.000 words and the page numbers must be at the bottom and in the middle.3. The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the right. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).4. Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract between 180 and 200 words in Turkish and English and an extended abstract in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. Underneath the abstracts, five keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English. Extended abstract in English is mandatory only for manuscripts in Turkish.5. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract in English, sections, end notes and references.6. Research article sections are ordered as follows: “INTRODUCTION”, “AIM AND METHODOLOGY”, “FINDINGS”, “DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION”, “ENDNOTES” and “REFERENCES” and “TABLES AND FIGURES”. For review and commentary articles, the article should start with the “INTRODUCTION” section where the purpose and the method is mentioned, go on with the other sections; and it should be finished with “DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION” section followed by “ENDNOTES”, “REFERENCES” and “TABLES AND FIGURES”.7. Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. Otherwise features like demographic characteristics can be given within the text.8. A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/05E04C0DD1F14D8CAEA1B5D00B638831" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).9. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication.10. References should be in accordance with <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5199145D628D46D3A95BFCB71AA7695D" target="_blank">Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA) style 3th Edition.</a>

Author Guidelines

Reference Style and Format The Journal of South-Eastern European Studies complies with the MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association) style 3th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:- Modern Humanities Research Association. (2013). MHRA Style Guide. A Handbook for Authors and Editors (3th ed.). London.- <a href="http://www.mhra.org.uk" target="_blank">http://www.mhra.org.uk</a>Accuracy of citation is the author’s responsibility. All references should be cited in text. Reference list should be in alphabetical order.Citations in the TextThe bibliographic documentation of the cited sources should be provided in footnotes including the full name of the author (first name and surname), the title of the work, city, publisher, publication date. In case of multiple citations in a footnote, sources should be separated with a (;) mark and should be arranged according to date of publication. Examples:BOOKOne author Footnote: Ömer Gezer, Kale ve Nefer. Habsburg Serhaddinde Osmanlı Askeri Gücü (1699‒1715), İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2020, pp. 109-136. Short note: Ö. Gezer, Kale ve Nefer, s. 109-136. Bibliography: Gezer, Ömer, Kale ve Nefer. Habsburg Serhaddinde Osmanlı Askeri Gücü (1699‒1715), İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2020.Two or three authors Footnote: Mehmet İnbaşı and Eyüp Kul, Balkanlarda Bir Türk Şehri Üsküp. Fetihten XVIII. Yüzyıla Kadar, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2018, p. 40. Short note: M. İnbaşı and E. Kul, Balkanlarda Bir Türk Şehri, p. 40. Bibliography: İnbaşı, Mehmet and Eyüp Kul, Balkanlarda Bir Türk Şehri Üsküp. Fetihten XVIII. Yüzyıla Kadar, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2018.Four or more authors List all of the authors in the bibliography; in the footnote, only the name of the first author should be mentioned followed by et al. Edited or compiled volume(s) Footnote: Novili Ömer Efendi, Tarih-i Bosna. Osmanlı-Habsburg Savaşları 1736‒39, ed. Fatma Sel Turhan, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2016, p. 46. Short note: Novili Ömer Efendi, p. 46. Bibliography: Novili Ömer Efendi, Tarih-i Bosna. Osmanlı-Habsburg Savaşları 1736‒39, ed. Fatma Sel Turhan, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2016. Translated book(s) Footnote: Barbara Jelavich, Balkan Tarihi. 18. ve 19. Yüzyıllar, trans. İhsan Durdu, Gülçin Tunalı, Haşim Koç, 3. ed., İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2013, pp. 110-125. Short note: B. Jelavich, Balkan Tarihi, pp. 110-125. Bibliography: Jelavich, Barbara, Balkan Tarihi. 18. ve 19. Yüzyıllar, trans. İhsan Durdu, Gülçin Tunalı, Haşim Koç, 3. ed., İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2013. ARTICLE Footnote: Vjeran Kursar, “Being an Ottoman Vlach: On Vlach Identity(ies), Role and Status in Western Parts of the Ottoman Balkans (15th-18th Centuries)”, Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, 34 (2013), pp. 120-122. Short note: V. Kursar, “Being an Ottoman Vlach”, pp. 120-122. Bibliography: Kursar, Vjeran, “Being an Ottoman Vlach: On Vlach Identity(ies), Role and Status in Western Parts of the Ottoman Balkans (15th-18th Centuries)”, Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, 34 (2013), pp. 115-161.Online Article without DOI Footnote: Umut Al and Güleda Doğan, “Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü Tezlerinin Atıf Analizi”, Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26 (2012), pp. 355-358. Access address: http://www.tk.org.tr/ Short note: U. Al and G. Doğan, “Hacettepe Üniversitesi”, pp. 355-358. Bibliography: Al, Umut and Güleda Doğan, “Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü Tezlerinin Atıf Analizi”, Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26 (2012), pp. 349-369. Access address: <a href="http://www.tk.org.tr/">http://www.tk.org.tr/</a>Journal Article with DOI Footnote: Steven J. Turner, “Website Statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to Measure Library Website Effectiveness”, Technical Services Quarterly, 27 (2010), p. 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910 Short note: S. J. Turner, “Website Statistics”, p. 266. Bibliography: Steven J. Turner, “Website Statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to Measure Library Website Effectiveness”, Technical Services Quarterly, 27 (2010), pp. 261-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910 CHAPTER or OTHER PART of a BOOKShort note: Emir O. Filipović, “‘Creato Regni’ in the Great Seal of Bosnian King Tvrtko Kotromanić”, A Companion to Seals in the Middle Ages, ed. Laura J. Whatley, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2019, p. 265. Short note: E. O. Filipović, “Creato Regni”, p. 265. Bibliography: Filipović, Emir O., “‘Creato Regni’ in the Great Seal of Bosnian King Tvrtko Kotromanić”, A Companion to Seals in the Middle Ages, ed. Laura J. Whatley, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2019, pp. 263-276. BOOK REVIEWFootnote: Sercan Pektaş, “Dóra Bobory, The Sword and the Crucible: Count Boldizsár Batthyány and Natural Philosophy in Sixteenth-Century Hungary, Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009” (Book Review), Güneydoğu Avrupa Dergisi, 24 (2013), p. 123. Short note: S. Pektaş, “The Sword and the Crucible” (Book review), p. 123. Bibliography: Pektaş, Sercan, “Dóra Bobory, The Sword and the Crucible: Count Boldizsár Batthyány and Natural Philosophy in Sixteenth-Century Hungary, Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009” (Book review), Güneydoğu Avrupa Dergisi, 24 (2013), pp. 123-125. THESIS or DISSERTATIONFootnote: Baki Tezcan, Searching for Osman: A Reassessment of the Deposition of the Ottoman Sultan Osman II (1618–1622), unpublished PhD diss., Princeton University, 2001, pp. 207-209. Short note: B. Tezcan, Searching for Osman, pp. 207-209. Bibliography: Tezcan, Baki, Searching for Osman: A Reassessment of the Deposition of the Ottoman Sultan Osman II (1618–1622), unpublished PhD diss., Princeton University, 2001. CONFERENCE/SYMPOSIUM PAPER(S)Footnote: Zsuzsanna Csiráki, “Hungarian Elements in the Habsburg-Ottoman Diplomacy during the Seventeenth Century”, The Performance of Diplomacy in the Early Modern World, Don Juan Archiv, Stvdivm Fæsvlanvm, Universidad de Granada, 17-18 March 2017, Vienna, Austria. Short note: Z. Csiráki, “Hungarian Elements”. Bibliography: Csiráki, Zsuzsanna, “Hungarian Elements in the Habsburg-Ottoman Diplomacy during the Seventeenth Century”, The Performance of Diplomacy in the Early Modern World, Don Juan Archiv, Stvdivm Fæsvlanvm, Universidad de Granada, 17-18 March 2017, Vienna, Austria. Conference/Symposium Paper Abstract Retrieved Online Murat Çınar, Dilek Doğan and S. Sadi Seferoğlu, “Eğitimde Dijital Araçlar: Google Sınıf Uygulaması Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme” [Abstract], Paper presented at the Conference of Academic Informatics, Anadolu University, Eskişehir. Access address: http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27 Other Sources<div style="text-align: left;">a) Newspaper Article</div><div style="text-align: left;">Çiğdem Toker, ‘Unutma’ notları, Cumhuriyet, 26 June 2015, p. 13.</div><div style="text-align: left;">b) Newspaper Article with no Author</div><div style="text-align: left;">New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.</div><div style="text-align: left;">c) Web Page/Blog Post</div><div style="text-align: left;">David Bordwell, David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post], 18 June 2013. Retrieved from <a href="http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 9pt;">http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/</a></div><div style="text-align: left;">d) Online Encyclopedia/Dictionary</div><div style="text-align: left;">“Bilgi mimarisi”, in Vikipedi, (20 December 2014). Access address: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisi</div><div style="text-align: left;">Alexei Marcoux, “Business ethics”. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (2008). Retrieved from <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 9pt;">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/</a></div><div style="text-align: left;">e) Podcast</div><div style="text-align: left;">Dunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). inFact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from <a href="http://itunes.apple.com/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 9pt;">http://itunes.apple.com/</a></div><div style="text-align: left;">f) Single Episode in a Television Series</div><div style="text-align: left;">D. Shore (Screenwriter), M. Jackson (Screenwriter) and S. Bookstaver (Director), “Runaways [TV Series episode]”, D. Shore (Executive producer),in House M.D. , 2012. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.</div><div style="text-align: left;">g) Music</div><div style="text-align: left;">Fazıl Say, Galata Kulesi, in İstanbul senfonisi [CD], (2012). İstanbul: Ak Müzik.</div>

Ensure that the following items are present:<ul><li>Confirm that the category of the manuscript is specifed.</li><li>Confirm that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li><li>Confirm that disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement is provided.</li><li>Confirm that last control for academic English was done.</li><li>Confirm that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li><li>Confirm that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in with MHRA 3th.</li></ul>● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/938BB34F25B44DE889256E9CD3AE11B7" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>● Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E7DBD54686664E4CABD32B35DEDC21DE" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul><li>The category of the manuscript</li><li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li><li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li><li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li><li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li><li>Grant support (if exists)</li><li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li><li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li></ul>● Main Manuscript Document<ul><li>Important: Please avoid mentioning the the author (s) names in the manuscript</li><li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li><li>Abstract (180-200 words)</li><li>Key words: 5 words</li><li>Extended abstract in English: 600-800 words (for Turkish articles)</li><li>Body text sections</li><li>References</li><li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, explanation, captions)</li></ul>

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/938BB34F25B44DE889256E9CD3AE11B7" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C866C80F0B094D04A18F4767382B156C" target="_blank">Title Page</a>

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Mustafa Hamdi Sayar
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Front Pages (PDF)

The Journal of Southeastern European Studies

ISSUE 36, 2021

Nibelungen Epic and the Khagan Attila

A Heretical Movement in Medieval Bulgaria: Bogomilism

Rus’ Threat In The Balkans: Prince Svyatoslav's Invasion of Bulgaria (968-971)

On The Diplomacy Before The Third Crusade and The Campaign of German Forces in The Balkan Region

First Battle of Kosovo According to Contemporary Serbian and Dubrovnik Sources

Pechenegs in the Historiography of the Russian Empire

Amīr Mehmed Ali Pasha’s Travelogue to Bosnia-Herzegovina

The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies

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