Managing Emerging Destinations: the Case of Azerbaijan
Osman Cenk Demiroğlu, Dieter K. MüllerThis study aims to explore the evolution of governance frameworks in emerging destinations. The literature signals a continuum along which the frameworks move from state-led, formal governance to public-private-partnerships, where more flexible, market-driven systems are in play. In this study, an emerging tourism country, Azerbaijan, is analyzed in terms of its tourism development and institutionalization process. For this purpose, policy documents and six expert interviews were analyzed, followed by a validation process. The results revealed that the country is on the verge of rapid transitions regarding destination governance. Tourism has been prioritized on the political agenda for the past decade, and in the period from the declaration of 2011 as “Year of Tourism” to the COVID-19 pandemic, growth was registered in both supply and demand. Concordantly, institutional transformation has been initiated by launching the national Destination Management Organization (DMO) and three other regional DMOs, with new DMOs underway.
PDF View
References
- Aberg, K. G. & Svels, K. (2018). Destination development in Ostrobothnia: great expectations of less involvement. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 18(1), 7-23. google scholar
- Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan (2013). Economy. Retrieved from http://files.preslib.az/projects/azerbaijan/eng/gl4.pdf 10.12.2020 google scholar
- Altman, G. (2010). Tourism in Azerbaijan-Expedition into an Unknown Environment. Impact Azerbaijan, 8, 10. google scholar
- Arnegger, J. and Mayer, M. (2015). Azerbaijan’s competitiveness as a destination for international tourists. Baku and Greifswald: Azerbaijan Tourism and Management University and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universitat Greifswald. google scholar
- Barrett, J. A. (1958). The Seaside Resort Towns of England and Wales. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of London. google scholar
- Beritelli, P., Bieger, T. & Laesser, C. (2014). The new frontiers of destination management applying variable geometry as a function-based approach. Journal of Travel Research, 53(4), 403-417. google scholar
- Bornhorst, T., Brent-Ritchie, J. R., & Sheehan, L. (2010). Determinants of tourism success for DMOs & destinations: An empirical examination of stakeholders’ perspectives. Tourism Management, 31, 572-589. google scholar
- Brouder, P., Clave, S. A., Gill, A. & loannides, D. (Eds.) (2016). Tourism Destination Evolution. Routledge. google scholar
- Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism Management, 21(1), 97-116. google scholar
- Butler, R. (2006). The Tourism Area Life Cycle: Applications and modifications. Channel View. google scholar
- Butler, R. (2011). Tourism Area Life Cycle: Contemporary Tourism Reviews. Goodfellow. google scholar
- COMCEC Coordination Office (2018a). Destination Marketing Strategies in the Islamic Countries. Ankara: COMCEC Coordination Office. google scholar
- COMCEC Coordination Office (2018b). Destination Development and Institutionalization Strategies In the OIC Member Countries. Ankara: COMCEC Coordination Office. google scholar
- Çetin, G. & Demiroglu, O. C. (2017). Future of winter tourism in Turkey: Destination strategies for the Erzurum-Erzincan-Kars Winter Tourism Corridor (WTC). In M. Vieru & M. Falk (Eds.), The 1 st Workshop on the Future of Winter Tourism (FWT2017) - Collection of Papers (pp. 36-53). University of Lapland. google scholar
- Çetin, G., Demiroglu, O. C., İstanbullu-Dinçer, F. & Dinçer, M. Z. (2017). Destinasyon stratejileri: geliştirme, yönetim, pazarlama. In M. Tuna (Ed.), 3. Turizm Şûrası tebliğler kitabı (pp. 322331). Ankara: T. C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. google scholar
- Christaller, W. (1964). Some considerations of tourism location in Europe: The peripheral regions-under-developed countries-recreation areas. Papers of the Regional Science Association, 12(1): 95-105. google scholar
- Demiroglu, O. C. (2015). Kayak Turizmi Forumu’ndan Kayak Turizmi Politikasına Notlar. Istanbul Policy Center. google scholar
- Doxey, G. (1975). A Causation Theory of Visitor-Resident Irritants: Methodology and Research Inferences. The Impact of Tourism. In the Sixth Annual Conference Proceedings, (pp.195-198). San Diego: The Travel Research Association. google scholar
- Elliott, M (2019). Azerbaijan: The Mark Elliott Guide. Teas Press. google scholar
- Flagestad, A. & Hope, C. A. (2001). Strategic success in winter sports destinations: A sustainable value creation perspective. Tourism Management, 22(5), 445-461. google scholar
- Gilbert, E. W. (1939). The growth of inland and seaside health resorts in England. Scottish Geographical Magazine, 55, 16-35. google scholar
- Halkier, H., Müller, D.K., Goncharova, N.A., Kiriyanova, L., Kolupanova, I.A., Yumatov, K.V. & Yakimova N.S. (2019). Destination development in Western Siberia: tourism governance and evolutionary economic geography. Tourism Geographies, 21(2), 261-283. google scholar
- Heikkila J., Kaaria, J. & Poladova, A. (2014). Need for Service Design Development for Sustainable Rural Tourism in Azerbaijan. Baltic Journal ofEuropean Studies, 4(2), 1-16. google scholar
- Laesser, C. & Beritelli, P. (2013). St. Gallen consensus on destination management. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2(1), 46-49 . google scholar
- Laesser, C. (2019). “The future of DMOs - is it in the past?” Retrieved from https://www. christianlaesser.net/2019/10/the-future-of-dmos-is-it-in-past.html google scholar
- Ministry of Agriculture (2019). “Azerbaycanda “şeherden kende” aqroekoturizm layihesine start verilib.” Retrieved from https://www.agro.gov.az/az/news/azerbaycanda-seherden-kende-aqroekoturizm-layihesine-start-verilib 4.11.2020 google scholar
- Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2018). Azerbaijani Cuisine. Baku. google scholar
- Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources and the National Academy of Sciences (2013). “Red Book”. Retrieved from http://redbook.az 4.11.2020 google scholar
- Ministry of Economy (2017). Strategic Plan for 2017-2020 of the Ministry of Economy of the Republic ofAzerbaijan. Baku. google scholar
- Ministry of Economy (2019). State Program on the Social and Economic Development ofRegions - 2019-2023. Baku. google scholar
- Müller D. K. (2006). Unplanned Development of Literary Tourism in Two Municipalities in Rural Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 6(3), 214-228. google scholar
- Müller, D. K. & Akerlund, U. (2013). Developing destinations in the Northern periphery. In A. Mariussen & S. Virkkala (Eds.), Learning Transnational Learning (pp. 311-325). Routledge. google scholar
- Müller, D. K. (2019). An Evolutionary Economic Geography perspective on tourism development in a remote ski resort: The case of Tarnaby/Hemavan in the Swedish mountains. In R. Koster & D. Carson (Eds.), Perspectives on Rural Tourism Geographies: Case Studies from Developed Nations on the Exotic, the Fringe and the Boring Bits in Between (pp. 137-157). Springer. google scholar
- Murphy, P., Pritchard, M. P. & Smith, B. (2000). The destination product and its impact on traveller perceptions. Tourism Management, 21: 43-52. google scholar
- Pearce, D. G. (2015). Destination management in New Zealand: Structures and functions. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(1), 1-12. google scholar
- Pechlaner, H., Thees, H., W. Manske-Wang & A. Scuttari (2019). Local service industry and tourism development through the global trade and infrastructure project of the New Silk Road -the example of Georgia. The Service Industries Journal, doi: 10.1080/02642069.2019.1623204 google scholar
- Pike, S. & Page, S. J. (2014). Destination Marketing Organizations and Destination Marketing: A Narrative Analysis of the Literature. Tourism Management, 41, 202-227. google scholar
- Pike, S. (2016). Destination Marketing. Routledge. google scholar
- Plog, S. C. (1974). Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 14(4), 55-58. google scholar
- Reinhold, S., Beritelli, P. & Grünig, R. (2019). A business model typology for destination management organizations. Tourism Review, 74, 1135-1152. google scholar
- Reinhold, S., Laesser, C. & Beritelli, P. (2015). 2014 St. Gallen Consensus on destination management. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4, 137-142. google scholar
- Reinhold, S., Laesser, C. & Beritelli, P. (2018). The 2016 St. Gallen consensus on advances in destination management. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8. 426-431. google scholar
- Sainaghi, R., De Carlo, M. & d’Angella, F. (2019). Development of a Tourism Destination: Exploring the Role of Destination Capabilities. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 43(4). google scholar
- Sanz-Ibanez, C. & Anton Clave, A. C. (2014). The evolution of destinations: towards an evolutionary and relational economic geography approach. Tourism Geographies, 16(4), 563-579. google scholar
- SESRIC (2019). “OIC Statistics Database (OICStat).” Retrieved frim http://www.sesric.org/oicstat. php 10.12.2020 google scholar
- Seyidov, J. & Adomaitiene, R. (2016). Factors Influencing Local Tourists’ Decision-Making on Choosing a Destination: A Case of Azerbaijan. Ekonomika, 95(3), 112-127. google scholar
- Sharpley, R. & Telfer, D. J. (2015). Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues. Channel View. google scholar
- Soltanova, H. (2015). Azsrbaycan Respublikasında turizm vs onun inkişafı. Baku: AzTu. google scholar
- Spinks, R. (2019). “Fight to Save U.S. Tourism Marketing Dollars Tracks Politicians’ Threats.” Retrieved from https://skift.com/2019/08/28/fight-to-save-u-s-tourism-marketing-dollars-tracks-politicians-threats/ 4.11.2020 google scholar
- Stansfield, C. A. (1972). The development of modern seaside resorts. Parks and Recreation, 5(10), 14-46. google scholar
- State Housing Development Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan (2016). “Azarbaycan Respublikasında ixtisaslaşmış turizm sanayesinin inkişafına dair Strateji Yol Xaritasi.” Retrieved from https://mida.gov.az/documents/Turizm_s%C9%99nayesinin_inki%C5%9Faf%C4%B1na_dair_strateji_yol_xeritesi.pdf 4.11.2020 google scholar
- State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan (2019). “Tourism.” Retrieved from https://www.stat.gov.az/source/tourism/?lang=en 9.12.2020 google scholar
- State Tourism Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan (2020). “Qarabağ regionu üzra baladçi hazırlığı üçün vebinarlara start verilir.” Retrieved from https://sta.gov.az/news/qarabag-regionu-uzre-beledchi-hazirligi-uchun-vebinarlara-start-verilir 4.11.2020 google scholar
- Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2017). “3. Turizm Şurası - Turizmde Örgütlenme ve Destinasyon Yönetimi Komisyonu Raporu.” Retrieved from https://turizmsurasi.ktb.gov.tr/ Eklenti/57384,turizmdeorgutlenmedestinasyonyonetimikomisyonraporupdf.pdf?0 4.11.2020 google scholar
- UNESCO (2020). “Azerbaijan.” Retrieved from https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/az 4.11.2020 google scholar
- UNESCO (2019). “Azerbaijan - intangible heritage.” Retrieved from https://ich.unesco.org/en/ state/azerbaijan-AZ?info=elements-on-the-lists 4.11.2020 google scholar
- UNWTO (2007). A Practical Guide to Tourism Destination Management. Madrid. google scholar
- UNWTO (2019). “UNWTO Guidelines for Institutional Strengthening of Destination Management Organizations (DMOs): Preparing DMOs for new challenges.” Retrieved from https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284420841 4.11.2020 google scholar
- Vernon, R. & Wells, L. T. (1966). The product life cycle hypothesis in a new international environment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 81(2), 190-207. google scholar
- Volgger, M. & Pechlaner, H. (2014). Requirements for destination management organizations in destination governance: Understanding DMO success. Tourism Management, 41, 64-75. google scholar
- WTTC (2019). “Azerbaijan.” Retrieved from https://www.wttc.org/economic-impact/country-analysis/country-reports/ 4.11.2020 google scholar
Citations
Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format
EXPORT
APA
Demiroğlu, O.C., & Müller, D.K. (2021). Managing Emerging Destinations: the Case of Azerbaijan. Journal of Tourismology, 7(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2021.7.1.0001
AMA
Demiroğlu O C, Müller D K. Managing Emerging Destinations: the Case of Azerbaijan. Journal of Tourismology. 2021;7(1):1-27. https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2021.7.1.0001
ABNT
Demiroğlu, O.C.; Müller, D.K. Managing Emerging Destinations: the Case of Azerbaijan. Journal of Tourismology, [Publisher Location], v. 7, n. 1, p. 1-27, 2021.
Chicago: Author-Date Style
Demiroğlu, Osman Cenk, and Dieter K. Müller. 2021. “Managing Emerging Destinations: the Case of Azerbaijan.” Journal of Tourismology 7, no. 1: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2021.7.1.0001
Chicago: Humanities Style
Demiroğlu, Osman Cenk, and Dieter K. Müller. “Managing Emerging Destinations: the Case of Azerbaijan.” Journal of Tourismology 7, no. 1 (Dec. 2024): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2021.7.1.0001
Harvard: Australian Style
Demiroğlu, OC & Müller, DK 2021, 'Managing Emerging Destinations: the Case of Azerbaijan', Journal of Tourismology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-27, viewed 14 Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2021.7.1.0001
Harvard: Author-Date Style
Demiroğlu, O.C. and Müller, D.K. (2021) ‘Managing Emerging Destinations: the Case of Azerbaijan’, Journal of Tourismology, 7(1), pp. 1-27. https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2021.7.1.0001 (14 Dec. 2024).
MLA
Demiroğlu, Osman Cenk, and Dieter K. Müller. “Managing Emerging Destinations: the Case of Azerbaijan.” Journal of Tourismology, vol. 7, no. 1, 2021, pp. 1-27. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2021.7.1.0001
Vancouver
Demiroğlu OC, Müller DK. Managing Emerging Destinations: the Case of Azerbaijan. Journal of Tourismology [Internet]. 14 Dec. 2024 [cited 14 Dec. 2024];7(1):1-27. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2021.7.1.0001 doi: 10.26650/jot.2021.7.1.0001
ISNAD
Demiroğlu, OsmanCenk - Müller, DieterK.. “Managing Emerging Destinations: the Case of Azerbaijan”. Journal of Tourismology 7/1 (Dec. 2024): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2021.7.1.0001