Muharrem

al-Fārābī’s Philosophy of Music

Hikmet

Although the Ottoman dynasty members had a long history of involvement with Western music, the Ottoman Empire’s first Western music foundations were established in the nineteenth century. At the beginning, Westernization was viewed as a component of army modernization; naturally, Musika-i Hümâyûn (the Sultan’s Military Band) served as the first foundation of Ottoman Western music. The musical life of seraglio changed dramatically after Ottoman dynasty members moved to Dolmabahche Palace, which was built in the Western court style, and the first Western music ensembles of courts were founded. The community has felt the impact of this change process. Western music’s intensity of performance in social life has increased due to the theaters and other entertainment venues that have opened in important urban centers, particularly in Istanbul. During these changes, Turkish music found a place in the new structure. Despite occasional disconnections in the classical Turkish music education chain, the Ottoman Empire’s strategic intelligence took steps to preserve Turkish music and its educational system. In this regard, it is possible to conclude that the Ottoman state pursued a highly inclusive music policy during the aforementioned period. This situation can be observed by looking at the various musical institutions closely related to one another and the profiles of the musicians who performed in these institutions. For example, regardless of their musical profession, many musicians working in one institution were very knowledgeable about Turkish and Western music. This article traces the changes that occurred in music during the 19th century, referred to as the Ottoman Empire’s age of change, and focuses on revealing the inclusive policy implemented during this change. Furthermore, the philosophical foundations of musical change during the aforementioned period are discussed. The first part of this article focuses on the Ottoman Empire’s social changes and their effects on musical life in the nineteenth century. It focuses primarily on changes in court life following the discovery of the Dolmabahche Palace, the Ottoman Empire’s first Western-style palace. Changes in court music are one of the article’s main topics. This chapter also discusses the new court music management system developed following the foundation of the first Western-style palace. The versatile musical personalities of the Ottoman dynasty members is another topic of this article. The text pushes the musical abilities and skills of the dynasty members on the table for this purpose. The purpose of this table is to show that the dynasty’s members had a thorough understanding of music. If we examine this table, we can see that many members played Western or Turkish music instruments. In addition, some members played both Western&nbsp;&nbsp;and Turkish instruments simultaneously. The second major section of this article discusses the versatile personalities of prominent Ottoman musicians from this era. During this time, we can see many musicians skilled in both genres. This situation serves as an indicator of the Ottoman government’s inclusive music policy. Because many of these musicians were on the court. The Ottoman Empire’s inclusive music policy is then analyzed regarding musical foundations. Some regulations and curriculums of the musical foundations were analyzed for this purpose. Following the analysis process, we gathered some information, which we present in this text. The final section of the text was used to analyze the representation problem in Turkish music and the precautions for resolving it. This situation was discussed within the framework of reform and representation theories.

Inclusive Music Policy of the Ottoman Empire and Musical Change in the 19th Century

Milad

Mīr Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī is a well-known scholar of Islamic geography from the 14th and 15th centuries. Mīr Sayyid al-Sharīf was born in Jurjan, Iran, and completed his primary education there. He spent the majority of his life in Shiraz and died there. Following al-Jurjānī, his children and grandchildren settled in Shiraz, and the “Sharīf” family became one of Shiraz’s most prominent families for centuries. Al-Jurjānī’s main contributions to fiqh, theology, philosophy, and philology earned him widespread recognition. However, some sources claim that this great scholar was also interested in music and wrote a treatise. According to the renowned music theorist Abd al-Qadir Marāghi, al-Jurjānī was well-versed in music theory and even had an opinion on the subject. Marāghi speaks highly of Sayyid alSharīf in his works Jami al-Alhan and Sharh al-Adwar. However, no definitive information exists regarding al-Jurjānī’s independent music treatise.A letter of recommendation was written for a musician named “Hāfez-e Adwār” under the name “Mīr Sayyid al-Sharīf” in some of the surviving collections and jönks. At first glance, it appears that al-Jurjānī wrote this letter of recommendation. However, when we carefully analyze the letter’s content, it is clear that he did not write it. Because of its literary value, there is more than one copy of this short letter, and all the surviving copies contain two couplets by ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jāmī. Because al-Jāmī died in 1492, it is impossible that the famous al-Jurjānī, who died in 1413, wrote this letter. Thus, to find the letter’s author, studies have looked for another al-Jurjānī who can be referred to by adjectives like “Allame” and “Sayyid al-Sharīf.” Sadr al-Dīn al-Jurjānī, a descendant of al-Jurjānī and thought to be his fourthgeneration grandson, has been suggested as the author of this letter. According to sources, Sadr al-Dīn al-Jurjānī, a qazasker for Shah Ismail, the founder of the Safavid government, was killed in the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514. Our study focuses on the letter written by Sadr al-Dīn al-Jurjānī, also known as the “grandson al-Jurjānī.”&nbsp;The Persian letter of recommendation was written using the barāat-e estehlal style. The first lines of the work make it clear that the subject is music or a musician. This letter addresses a musician who intends to emigrate to other countries due to financial difficulties and living conditions. The author of the letter, al-Jurjānī, addressed a wealthy man from Shiraz, whose name we do not know, and requested that he patronize this musician using musical terms.The person for whom the letter of recommendation was written is identified as “Hāfez-e Adwār.” It is understood that Hāfez-e Adwār is a nickname rather than a given name. Hāfez&nbsp;&nbsp;has been a nickname for people who have known the Qur’an and Hadith since ancient times. However, the term Hāfez was also applied to musicians. Furthermore, the word Adwār refers to the science of adwār or the theoretical aspect of music. Therefore, unless new archival documents become available, the true identity of Hāfez-e Adwār, as mentioned in this recommendation letter, will remain unknown.The advice discussed in this study has been published twice in Iran. Ahmad Gulchīn-e Ma’ānī published the first edition in 1968, based on Ketabkhane-ye Majles-e Shura-ye Mellī, nr. 2327. Meanwhile, Rokn al-Dīn Homāyun Farrokh published the second edition in 1975, based on a manuscript found in a friend’s private archive. This study is based on a publication by Rokn al-Dīn Homāyun Farrokh.This study presents information on Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī in light of recent academic studies. The relationship between Jurjānī’s and music is then analyzed, and an anecdote about al-Jurjānī narrated by ‘Abd al-Qadir Marāghi is translated into Turkish. In the continuation of the study, we will discuss who wrote the letter of recommendation, who the addressee was, and who was recommended. Subsequently, the information is provided on the manuscripts and two printed editions of this letter that have been discovered thus far. Finally, the letter’s Persian text and Turkish translation are provided, along with a list of over fifty musical terms mentioned in the letter.

A Letter of Recommendation Written in the 15th Century for a Musician from Shiraz Who Wanted to Leave His Hometown

Seyid

The education that Sultan Mohammad Fatih received under the shadow of his father Sultan Murad made him become one of the prominent supporters of science and culture in the Islamic world. After conquering Istanbul, Sultan Mohammad Fatih, by building scientific and cultural centers, made this city one of the most important scientific and cultural centers of the Islamic world in a very short period of time. With his invitation, many scholars went to Istanbul. Many people decided to stay in Istanbul after hearing about the qualities of Istanbul and the friendship of Sultan Mohammad Fatih. This also caused many works in various sciences to be authored or copied in his name. The knowledge of music was also one of the sciences that Fatih was interested in and on behalf of people such as Abd al-Qadir Maraghi’s son, Abd al-Aziz who named “Naqawa al-Adwar” and Fath Allah Shirwani who wrote “Al-Majla fi al-Musiqi” in his name. Also, Yusuf bin Nizam al-Din Qarshahri’s treatise on music was translated from Persian to Turkish by Darvish Hariri in 873 AH (1468). The first musical work written under the name of Fateh and also the first independent Persian poem in the science of music is Mahmoudi Molavi’s “Nazm-ı Advar”. Mahmoudi, one of the poets and writers of this era, after hearing the attributes of Fatih, left for Istanbul and dedicated his poem to Fatih. Mahmoudi composed his work, which is a poem of 337 verses in ten chapters, in 875 AH (1470). There is not much information about Mahmoudi’s life. Based on what can be understood from his works, he was one of the poets and writers of the time and in the Maulviyyah Tariqat. In addition to literature and music, he was also familiar with other sciences such as mathematics and astronomy. A manuscript of Mahmoudi’s “ Nazm-ı Advar “ is known, which is kept in Sulaimaniye library in Istanbul and in Asher Effendi library with number 450. Mahmoudi, in the first two chapters of “ Nazm-ı Advar “, praised the Lord and praised the Prophet and the four caliphs, in the third chapter he mentioned the reason for authoring his work, and in the fourth to sixth chapters he praised Sultan Muhammad Fatih. In the seventh chapter, he talks about the importance and honor of the science of music and tells the famous story of Safi al-Din and the camel. In the 8th and 9th chapters, twelve musical Maqam are: Rast, Iraq, Isfahan, Hosseini, Bozorg, Hijazi, Kochak, Zanguleh, Nava, Ushak, Rahavi, Buslik; Seven Avazeh, which are: Gavasht, Salmak,&nbsp;Nowruz, Shahnaz, Hisar, Mayeh, Gardanieh; Four Shubeh, which are: Yekgah, Dogah, Segah, Chargah; And fifty-four Tarkibs, some of which are Sabz Ander Sabz, Baste Negar, Niriz, Panjgah, Isfahan Baste, Dilkash Khavaran, Khajesti, Sambleh, Bad Saba, Ashiran, Rahah Al-Arwah, Negar, Uzzal Ajam, Muhalifak, Mukhalif Hijaz, Ashiran Nawa, Iraq Maye, Segah Maye, Rast Maye, Zavuli, Mubarqa, Zamzam, Nowruz Rumi, Nowruz Ajam, Rakb, Rakb Nowruz, Zirafkand, Neishaburak, Sazghara, Nahavand Rumi, Ajam, Gardanieh, Negarink, Muhayyir, Vejhi Hosseini, Qarachghar, Mustaar, Naheft, Sepehr, Hosseini, Ajam, Sehgah Ajam, Ajam Rast, Ovj, Nahavand, Bahr Nazoq, Homayun, Hisar, Hisarak, Hisar Ovj, Turki Hejaz, Shushtarak, Mahoor, Urian, Marghak, have been described. Is. In the ninth chapter, the Makams and Avaze of these Tarkib, their names and combinations, and their relationship with the four elements, twelve towers, and the hours of the day and night have been discussed. In the 10th chapter, by mentioning an anecdote from Rumi’s Masnavi, he spoke about his own Tariqat and attribution to Rumi and Maulviyyah.

The Place of Music in the Cultural Personality of Sultan Mohammad Fateh and Mahmoudi’s Nazm-ı Advar

Culture is one of the most important phenomena that brings people together while also introducing privilege and difference into society. The culture contains all of the society’s religious, moral, aesthetic, psychological and sociological dynamics. Undoubtedly, music culture is an important field that reflects societal dynamics. Each culture has had a distinct music culture. One can find traces of many aspects of society’s life in this music culture. Music culture, which has an inclusive aspect that affects the entire society, has begun to change and transform in tandem with the change and transformation of societal dynamics over time. Today, the effects of the capitalist system, such as globalisation and the cultural industry, have created a new commercial area by influencing the field of music.The transformation of cultural elements, particularly music, into material commodities has altered people’s perceptions of musical aesthetics. The degree of aesthetic concern and compliance with the understanding of art determines the importance of art. Society can improve its aesthetic understanding by adapting to the existing high level of art knowledge. When art is reduced to society, situations such as loss of meaning in music may arise. At this point, music has been transformed into a commodity and marketed as a commercial product. According to Adorno, the musician is now a businessman. Not the music he performs with artistic concerns, but the music he performs to satisfy societal tastes and earn a financial return, has gained meaning.Sociology, a branch of science that studies societal behaviour, attempts to explain why people’s behaviour changes over time in specific situations. When we consider music practices as a behaviour, they fall under the purview of sociology. This field, known as music sociology, studies both the effects of music on society and the effects of society on music.Religious music plays an important role in the Turkish-Islamic tradition, both religiously and culturally. Its inclusive role in practical life elevates it to an important position. People’s religious feelings are satisfied and enhanced through religious music performances and activities. These practices have become customary and have been applied for specific purposes at various points in history. Because of their effective social role, performances and activities can now be used for specific purposes. Performances and activities drawn to an area devoid of space and emotion lose their lyrical meaning and become a tool for acquiring worldly interests.In this study, the behaviours of society and individuals performing these activities are evaluated in two ways within the context of secularism. First, we look at the behaviours of those who engage in the activities in question. Secularism is defined as the reduction of supernatural beliefs and practices among individuals and societies in a given time and place. First, it is observed that members of the group in question engage in supernatural practices. They participated in or preferred to participate in activities that satisfied and enhanced their religious feelings and thoughts. When it is considered that they do not expect any worldly benefit from these behaviours but only a divine reward (good deed), they are engaging in desecularist behaviour, which is the polar opposite of secularism.Second, some individuals and groups use these activities to further their worldly interests. According to the study’s examples, practices such as marketing and advertising activities as if they were commercial, demonstrate that this behaviour serves a secularist/worldly purpose. Individuals and groups involved in the activities benefit globally due to their efforts. Practices and activities unique to their religious identity and playing an important role in the cultural field have become a commercial product of global interest. Moreover, individual and group behaviours that result in a commercial product are evaluated within the context of secularism.As a result, although examples are provided in the study, it is possible to conclude that the activities that serve the purpose of worldly interest are incompatible with the meaning and authenticity of religious music.

Religious Music Today as a Tool of the Secular Movement

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Meshk Journal of Religios Music is an open access, peer-reviewed, scientific  journal published biannually in April and October. The publication languages of the journal are Turkish, English, Persian and Arabic. The journal targets national and international academic audience.
In the context of the relationship between music and religion; the journal aims to cover studies from the perspectives of different disciplines such as literature, philosophy and sociology, along with fields such as musicology, music history and theory, and thus to contribute to the development of theoretical infrastructure of religious music. 
The scope of the journal is religion and music presented as a human activity. In this way, religion and music is handled from a universal perspective and is not  limited to a specific geography and belief. Music compilations and music specific to geography are included in the scope of the journal regardless of language and theoretical system. Studies such as research articles, review articles, translated articles and book reviews are included in the journal.

Ubeydullah

Prof. Dr.

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Meshk Journal of Religious Music

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Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Board Member

Editorial Assistant

Editorial Board Member

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Meshk Journal of Religios Music is an open access, peer-reviewed, scientific  journal published biannually in April and October. The publication languages of the journal are Turkish, English, Persian and Arabic. The journal targets national and international academic audience.In the context of the relationship between music and religion; the journal aims to cover studies from the perspectives of different disciplines such as literature, philosophy and sociology, along with fields such as musicology, music history and theory, and thus to contribute to the development of theoretical infrastructure of religious music.The scope of the journal is religion and music presented as a human activity. In this way, religion and music is handled from a universal perspective and is not  limited to a specific geography and belief. Music compilations and music specific to geography are included in the scope of the journal regardless of language and theoretical system. Studies such as research articles, review articles, translated articles and book reviews are included in the journal.

Aim and Scope

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication.PlagiarismSubmitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%.Double Blind Peer-ReviewAfter plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive.The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Meshk Journal of Religious Music is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.Each manuscript is reviewed at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

Meshk Journal of Religious Music adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.- Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.- The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.- The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.- Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.- Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.- The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.- In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.- If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.- In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/245D643C13A34AAC9B976A7461153F69" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment. When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor-in-Chief to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.  Editor-in-chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor in chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.-    Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?-    Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?-    Is the problem significant and concisely stated?-    Are the methods described comprehensively?-    Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?-    Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?-    Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

The publication languages of the journal are Turkish, English, Persian and Arabic.1. Authors are required to submit <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/01EFBDA42B74468989DCF4CE65E259A4" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0D32DB6767084B8EA79E634408B17284" target="_blank">Author Form</a> and <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6959B6C0A5954A21A17B0725BE6734FA" target="_blank">Title Page</a>.together with the main manuscript document:2. Due to double-blind peer review, the main manuscript document must not include any author information.3. Title page should be submitted together with the main manuscript document and should include the information below:<ul type="disc"> <li style="color: black;text-align: justify;">Category of the manuscript</li> <li style="color: black;text-align: justify;">The title of the manuscript.</li> <li style="color: black;text-align: justify;">All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses, and ORCIDs.</li> <li style="color: black;text-align: justify;">Information of the corresponding author (in addition to the author's information e-mail address, open correspondence address, and mobile phone number).</li> <li style="color: black;text-align: justify;">Financial support</li> <li style="color: black;text-align: justify;">Conflict of interest.</li> <li style="color: black;text-align: justify;">Acknowledgment.</li> </ul>4. The manuscript should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom, and top, Times New Roman font style in 11 font size, and single line spacing.5. Submitted manuscripts should have an abstract of 150-250 words before the introduction, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study, and the methodology used. Under the abstract, a minimum of 3 and a maximum of 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified.6. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; sections, references, tables and figures. The main text of research articles should include Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion subheadings.7. Tables and figures can be given with a number and a caption. Every Figure or Table should be referred within the text of the article in numerical order with no abbreviations (ie: Table 1, Figure 1)8. References should be prepared in line with <a href="https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples" target="_blank">American Psychological Association (APA) 7</a> reference system.9. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the journal for publication.

Author Guidelines

●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/2400D0CDDB534AA0BAEE0195DF5C7863" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/168FCE7F04A0452585D54A96620651C2" target="_blank">Author Form</a>●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/701A68197C9049CEB361F9BE6159CEE7" target="_blank">Title Page</a>

Ensure that the following items are present:●    Cover letter to the editor<ul><li>The category of the manuscript</li><li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li><li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li><li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li><li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li><li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li><li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 7.</li></ul>●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/3A2AF34F851345DC8909C1B3B362543C" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>●   Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8D5292396A294116B0B1119AED4C15A7" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul><li>The category of the manuscript</li><li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li><li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li><li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li><li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li></ul>●    Main Manuscript Document<ul><li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li><li>Abstracts (150-200 words) both in Turkish and in English (150-250 words)</li><li>Key words: 3 to 5 words both in Turkish and in English </li><li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles)</li><li>Main article sections</li><li>References</li><li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes</li></ul>

ISSN	0000-0000
E-ISSN	0000-0000
Period	Biannually
Editor	Ubeydullah Sezikli
Meshk Journal of Religios Music is an open access, peer-reviewed, scientific journal published biannually in April and October. The publication languages of the journal are Turkish, English, Persian and Arabic. The journal targets national and international academic audience. In the context of the relationship between music and religion; the journal aims to cover studies from the perspectives of different disciplines such as literature, philosophy and sociology, along with fields such as musicology, music history and theory, and thus to contribute to the development of theoretical infrastructure of religious music. The scope of the journal is religion and music presented as a human activity. In this way, religion and music is handled from a universal perspective and is not limited to a specific geography and belief. Music compilations and music specific to geography are included in the scope of the journal regardless of language and theoretical system. Studies such as research artic read more

Meshk Journal of Religious Music

CURRENT ISSUE

al-Fārābī’s Philosophy of Music

Inclusive Music Policy of the Ottoman Empire and Musical Change in the 19th Century

A Letter of Recommendation Written in the 15th Century for a Musician from Shiraz Who Wanted to Leave His Hometown

The Place of Music in the Cultural Personality of Sultan Mohammad Fateh and Mahmoudi’s Nazm-ı Advar

Religious Music Today as a Tool of the Secular Movement

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