Ksenia

Historical narrative involves telling stories that presuppose recognizable history. In this sense, historical narration functions as an essential constituent of cultural memory and can be regarded as historia magistra vitae. The article offers a literary analysis of the historical dimension of Kirsten Boie’s young adult literary work Dunkelnacht (2021). The first step is to provide a critical assessment of the mostly consensual theories of docufictional narration and historiographical metafiction. The second step illustrates the possibility of the aesthetic hybridization of factual and fictional elements for the construction of a contingent narrative world. The article then focuses on the implemented narrative strategies that augment the impression of the construct character of docufictional historical novels. Docufictional narration is a mode of representation characterized by the hybridization of factual and fictional content. In this way, docufictions reconstruct extra-textual reality. By doing so, these texts try to overcome the insurmountable hiatus between fact and fiction. They try to be exciting and entertaining as well as give a relatively authentic representation of history, one to which their empirical or real readers have no direct temporal or spatial access. Documentary methods combine historical facts and reproduced documents as well as diverse forms of stylistic and structural aestheticization (e.g., episodic, pointed, and conjectural narration; intended breaks in chronology and coherence). In this manner, docufictional novels show that reality can be only a construction, even when authentic material is included. Historiographical metafiction, on the opposite, emphasizes the construct character of texts as well as the inaccessibility of reality and therefore consciously plays with the historical material in the hope of being recognized as a pseudo-documentary narration.&nbsp;This play can be realized both implicitly and explicitly at the level of histoire and at the level of discours. Dunkelnacht by Boie (2021) is not a historiographical metafiction in the defined sense. Boie’s historical novel for young adults gives an opportunity to participate in the special discourse concerning the final phase of World War II. The aesthetic synthesis of factual and fictional constituents, however, is marked in Boie’s novel differently than in the docufictional adult literature, whose telos consists of a connection of fact and fiction that is as coherent as possible and non-identifiable. The analysis focuses on the implemented narrative strategies that augment the impression of the construct character. The focalization is assumed to be the crucial strategy of docufictional narration in Kirsten Boie’s novel Dunkelnacht (2021). Therefore, the analysis considers such levels of focalization as language, ideology, time, space, and perception/introspection.The following questions guide the intended analysis using the close reading method: How are historical aspects treated on the level of histoire in Kirsten Boie’s work Dunkelnacht (2021)? How is the historical context illuminated through the representation of the past and the mediation of memory components and aestheticized at the level of discours? What can the art of language and rhetorical figures achieve for the evocation and deconstruction of history (e.g., hybridizations of novelty, reference to facts)? How does the interweaving of content and narratological aspects of factuality and fictionality and of approaching and distancing from reality take place? How are narrative strategies such as intertextual and multi-perspective narration (especially the complexity of contrasting perspectives on the same historical events) used?In conclusion, Dunkelnacht by Kirsten Boie is a highly complexly organized docufictional novel for young adults that uses the narrative techniques of traditional documenting and aesthetic fictionalizing strategies. The non-diegetic narrator follows the discourse of sobriety, which is a necessary predisposition for docufictional storytelling. Further, with the help of authenticating paratextual markings in the epilogue, Kirsten Boie accentuates the fictional narrative situation and the aesthetically legitimized modification of factual descriptions. At the same time, she presents her historical novel as an important constituent of cultural memory. Through the assurance of documentary dignity and at the same time through the evocation of insecurity due to the synchronicity of the markers, the text achieves strong affectation from the recipient, with the emotionalization of historical facts culminating in a reflective attitude.&nbsp;

Hybridization of Fact and Fiction as a Narrative Strategy in  Historical Narratives: The Case of Kirsten Boie’s (2021) Young  Adult Literary Work Dunkelnacht

Elena

In 1802, Johann Gottfried Seume, a German writer of humble origins, set out from Dresden and travelled to Syracuse. The following year he published an account of his journey titled Spaziergang nach Syrakus im Jahre 1802 [A Stroll to Syracuse], which aroused great interest among the German public and inspired later travelers up until the 20th century.Travelling on foot allowed Seume to also experience the poorest and the most problematic aspects of the foreign land. He rejected Goethe’s idealization and aestheticization of Italy and observed The Other with a sober gaze that aimed to perceive Italy’s ills and their causes, which he depicted from a downward perspective enriched with political considerations. Seume’s work devotes much attention to inferior realities and marginality, and the underground is precisely what allows the relevant characteristics of the text and the representation of The Other to be highlighted. Underground terrains rarely are the focus of research on travel literature, although landscapes have increasingly become a field of study in literary research for some decades. Caves, catacombs, quarries, and volcanoes, are among the indispensable stages of the traditional Grand Tour of Europe, and these places fulfill interesting functions that go beyond describing the journey or being picturesque in Seume’s text. These are what this article aims to analyze, both linguistically as well as in terms of content.The representation of The Other in Spaziergang nach Syrakus im Jahre 1802 is very vivid, and the linguistic aspects of the text contribute decisively to this. In this respect,&nbsp;Seume also used the subterranean world to express value judgements and to describe unpleasant aspects, which lends originality and strength to his depiction of Italy. In this context, four main ways occur in which the underground plays an important role: it contributes to Seume’s description of places he does not appreciate (e.g., his use of the words “hole” and “nest”), it exacerbates Seume’s statement against immoral behavior, which portrays Italy’s situation as being even more miserable (e.g., his use of the word “troglodyte”), it shows the desolate state of the Italian peninsula (e.g., his use of the word “cloaca” [sewer]), and it is associated with topoi in the representation of Italy that colorfully affirms the author’s political views (e.g., his linguistic references to hell evoked by the volcanos Vesuvius and Etna). These examples show the underworld for Seume to be linked at the linguistic level to different contexts and functions with relevance for understanding the textual features and purposes.In terms of content, the underground world is particularly present in southern Italy, as the geological conformations of the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily offer more opportunities to experience it, as not just Mounts Vesuvius and Etna but also the catacombs of Naples, the Cave of the Sibyl near Lake Avernus, the quarries of Syracuse, and numerous caves are popular destinations for travelers that offer interesting insights into Seume’s relationship with his predecessors, antiquity, the classical literature, the European tradition of the Grand Tour, and the troubled beginnings of the 19th century.For example, although Seume’s experience also possesses scholarly features, the traveler’s deep respect for the classical world does not imply the assumption of an always reverent attitude; this becomes clear during his visit to the Cave of the Sibyl, which shows that the author’s approach to antiquity can also be desecrating as well as functional for the critical dimension of the text. Furthermore, the way he describes his visit to the Cave of Dogs near Naples shows his focus to not be on the tourist attraction but on his everyday personal experiences, with Spaziergang nach Syrakus im Jahre 1802 being written in a typical style: subjective, sometimes humorous, ironic, concise, and lacking pretension while also being very serious and passionate when it comes to denouncing Italy’s ills and problems. Particularly sharp tones are seen to be reserved for the representatives of the church. Within an extremely negative overall picture of corruption, obscurantism and exploitation of the people, the exception that confirms the rule is found precisely in the Italian underground, namely in the catacombs of Syracuse where a good old monk lives.&nbsp;The analyses of Spaziergang nach Syrakus im Jahre 1802 show Seume to have described a variety of experiences associated with subterranean spaces, whereby the representational strategies reveal to the reader important features of the text and of Seume’s attitude toward his past and present. Underground spaces thus contribute decisively in terms of language and content to make Spaziergang nach Syrakus im Jahre 1802 what its author wanted it to be: “not [sic] a complete picture, but an honest contribution to the configuration [of an] era [offered by] a man who is truthful, open, frank [and] independent” (Seume, 1803, p. 164).&nbsp;

Caves, Catacombs, Quarries and Volcanos: Italy Seen from a  Downward Perspective in J. G. Seume’s Walk to Syracuse

Aylin

Res. Assist.

Jonas Lüscher’s novella Barbarian Spring deals with a financial crash in England, the effects of which reach as far as Tunisia. While at the beginning of the novella, money is shown to play no role in the wealthy society, the sudden financial crisis at the end throws everyone into chaos, which leads to a reflection on the existing financial system. A closer look at the text reveals other interesting aspects, with recurring scenes with camels, familiar motifs from the Orient, and insights into Tunisian luxury tourism drawing the reader into the world of the Arab Orient. The events additionally escalate into barbarism in this Oriental setting where characters from the most diverse milieus meet. Therefore, the novella implicitly leads to the question of whether it can be integrated into the discourse on Orientalism Edward Said set in motion. Does the novella possibly take up colonialist aspects? The title already raises associations with the barbarian topos that is widespread in Orientalism and characterized by a negative portrayal of the Orient, including the Arab world, with apparent allusions to the Arab Spring. In this context, the narration evokes an interest in uncovering how the novella positions itself in the literary Orientalist discourse. Particularly in view of today’s increasing fear of foreigners and of being overrun by other cultures, the discussion of Oriental images in contemporary literature is also of great importance from a sociopolitical point of view. In this sense, the aim of this paper is to relate Barbarian Spring to Western Orientalism and to question how the author stages the motifs of barbarians and of the camel, the camel being used here as a leitmotif, based on Edwards W. Said’s (1978) work Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient, which has shaped the Orientalist discourse. Analyzing the imaginings of the Arab Orient has revealed how negative images were formed in the course of Western Orientalism. The blanket judgement of the camel-driving nomad from the desert and their perceived hostility are continuously perpetuated. This view is characterized by a dichotomy between the Orient and the Occident and uses the motif of the ugly camel to identify all Orientals. In this Western perception, even attempts to successfully initiate a revolution are always doomed to failure. The Orient is interesting to the West from a touristic point of view, but a respectful Western recognition of the Orient remains largely denied. The study of the novella clearly shows the imagining of the Orient in Lüscher’s novella to not correspond with the traditional perception Said had described. Comparing Lüscher’s Orientalist image with the earlier concepts of the Orient Said had debunked demonstrates the ability for a different Orientalist reading in Barbarian Spring. With its title designation and choice of leitmotif, a first glance at the narration in Lüscher’s text recalls the long-standing Orientalist discourse while representing a counter discourse. While the camel serves as a disparaging identification for the Oriental in Western Orientalism, the narration in Barbarian Spring steers toward the negative view of the camel as an ugly desert animal. Lüscher’s text shows the great importance these animals have for the local people’s livelihood. The exemplary camel scenes are subject to a clear empathic steering while at the same time chalk up the touristic interests of Western travelers only concerned with taking photographs as entire lives and livelihoods perish. Although these animals are existential for the Orient, the West simply cultivates a touristic curiosity toward camels. Therefore, the text, whose title initially evokes images of barbaric Orientals, plays with the conventional view of the barbaric camel driver from the Arabian desert. In the end, the once civilized guests from the West, namely successful businessmen and academicians, are the ones who mutate into horrible barbarians and offer a counterimage to the harmless camel under their mercy as well as to the empathetic Arab. This implicitly questions the outdated pejorative image of Arabs. In parallel with the leitmotif of the camel, Lüscher’s novella casts a completely different light on the familiar barbarian topos and the colonial conditions of luxury tourism, which now appear questionable. In this sense, one can conclude that Barbarian Spring draws a caricature of Orientalism. The escalation described here reveals an ironic perspective that aims to rethink colonial realities and foreigners’ negative typecasting. The parody that has been integrated into the novella in this sense, this time with the characters from the European West being portrayed as barbarians, presents a foil of contrast that urges the reader to insistently examine the traditional Orientalist images for their durability. At the same time, a transition occurs toward reflecting on the values and stereotypical perspectives of the civilized West. Accordingly, Barbarian Spring occupies a special position in the constantly ongoing discourse on foreign cultures.&nbsp;

Jonas Lüscher’s Novella Barbarian Spring - A Parody of  Western Orientalism?

Erkan

Assoc. Prof.

Aybike

The close economic, political and military relations established between the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire in the 19th century led to the formation of an alliance between the two Empire. In this period, this migration process took place intensively in the military field, with the idea of the German Empire settling in the Ottoman lands and getting stronger there. During this process, in addition to the economic, political and military sharing between the two empires, the interaction between the two peoples is also seen intensely. Especially the individual experiences written in the travel books shed light on the reason why the Germans went to the Ottoman lands and the life in that period in many aspects. It is seen that many travelogues of that period were written by men, mainly due to military immigration. At this point, Anna Grosser-Rilke differs from other travelers of the period. Rilke offers a different perspective to the literary world, both because she is a woman and because she is not of a military background. After the death of her husband, Grosser-Rilke took over the management of the ‘Agence de Constantinople’ news agency, which they founded together in Istanbul, and had the opportunity to get to know the Turkish people closely in many aspects. The fact that the author is at the center of the work as a traveler and narrator establishes a natural bond between the books. This bond will be examined in terms of imagology. The concept of image, which comes from the Latin imago, is briefly defined as the imaginary or image of an object perceived by the sense organs, reflected in the consciousness. As it can be understood from here, the image is formed depending on the relationship between the individual and the object. One of the cornerstones of this study is to reveal the mentality of the person who imagines these images: The image of the Other is produced always at least partly by the author’s subjective observation. It is not just an ‘other’ at stake, but also the reflection of the self and the society connected to the other. For this reason, in terms of imagology, it is aimed to reveal not only the formed image, but also the relations between the individual and the group or society that that individual represents. In this main quest, especially repetitive images and the specific aspects of those images are to be revealed. The main reason for choosing a female writer in this study is to reveal a female writer’s point of view rather than just revealing a masculine point of view. It will be tried to reveal the difference between the “real” and “reflected”, as Edward Said once said. Of course, the aim is not to show the difference between male and female travelers, but to evade a purely masculine point of view, in order to approach the images of the author from a different point of view.We see that the first title, Sultan, is reflected within the framework of ‘Eastern despotism’ in a ‘foggy image of the East’. The author also refers to the common discourses in Europe to strengthen her view. To give an example, we can give ‘the sick man in the Bosporus’. This expression posits the discourse of Europe in the center and thus adds ‘realism’ to the Turkish image of the Europeans as a universal truth. However, when we look at the definitions under the title of the Turkish people, the image moves away from the European discourse, as stated by Louis Massignon. The discourse of my ‘kind-hearted Turks’ in her travel book sums up this positive approach to the Turkish people and the bond she established in the best way. Thus, she also moved away from the evaluation of the Turks as ‘barbarian’ that was common in Europe, especially until the 19th century. The author often compares the Turkish women with the women in Europe, especially when describing them. Here she frequently emphasizes that Turkish women live in a golden prison and that the Turkish women can’t go out alone. The author, who often compares the life of Turkish women with the life of women in Europe, emphasizes the freedom of life in Europe. Thus, she stays within the framework of the notions of ‘us’ and the ‘other’. The superiority of the woman in Europe, especially regarding her lifestyle, is obvious for the author. All in all, we can say that already with its title, this travelogue differs from many other travel books. Especially, because in this period of the Ottoman Empire, it was very difficult (for men) to observe women’s lives or to communicate with them, since as a woman the author could gather much more information than men, who on top were mainly from the military.&nbsp;

The Turkish Image in Anna Grosser-Rilke’s Travel Book A Pleasant Sada in Istanbul – From European Palaces to Yıldız

Valeria

Prof.

Sergei

Are We on Our Own or Pressed into ein  Kollektiv? The Keyword Pragmatic Trajectory  in the German Public and Political Discourse:  Corpus-Driven Discourse Analysis

Zekun

Yuan

Due to the study of foreign language learners’ written expressions tending toward being multi-dimensional and omnidirectional, researchers have gradually been extending the perspective from level of words and sentences to that of text, with textual cohesion and coherence having become an important research object. Among these, connectors attracting increasingly more academic attention because they are able to clearly reflect the coherence between textual units as a frequently used cohesive device. An extensive body of research has suggested that EFL-learners face potential difficulties when using connectors, such as overuse and misuse. However, few studies have been carried out for learners of German, and the classification of connectors and analytical dimensions have also remained limited to some degree. In addition, GFL-learners have only been examined at the level of static language. With this in mind, the development of German-related studies still remains to be done.In order to comprehensively, dynamically, and interactively analyze Chinese GFLlearners’ connector usage, this study draws on dynamic systems theory as the theoretical basis and has selected data based on 155 argumentative texts from Chinese GFL-students across four grades (German language levels A1, A2, B1, B2) and 13 texts from the FalkoEssayL1 corpus. Frequency, diversity, and accuracy are used as analytical dimensions for quantitative and qualitative examinations. The specific research questions are as follows:1) What are the characteristics Chinese GFL-learners’ connector usage in written texts for each learning stage?2) How do these characteristics develop as language level increases within the learning stages? 3) What similarities and differences can be identified in Chinese GFL-learners’ connector usage compared to native German speakers?In summary, the current study has partly verified and enriched the results from previous studies with some differentiations regarding the results. The main findings from the current study are as follows:Frequency: In the German argumentative texts, Chinese GFL-students generally use fewer connectors than German native speakers. As their language level increases, the frequency of the connectors Chinese GFL-students use does not change significantly from A1 to B1, but increases at the B2 level approaching that of German native speakers. On a syntactic and semantic level, the types of the connectors used by GFL-students and German native speakers are basically the same: syntactically they mostly prefer adverb connectors and semantically additive connectors.Diversity: According to the standardized type-token ratio, the diversity of connectors used by Chinese GFL-students increases with language levels. The diversity of connectors in Chinese GFL-students increases significantly from B1, and is then higher than that of native speakers. Specifically, the absolute number of the types of connectors used in most semantic classes are higher among German native speakers.Accuracy: The error rate in GFL-learners’ connector usage is significantly higher than that of native speakers, with GFL-learners on average making more than one connectiverelated error per sentence. Specifically, GFL-students make mostly syntactic errors while native German speakers make punctuation errors. The error rate regarding Chinese GFLstudents’ connector usage decreases as they reach higher language levels, with the correctness rate increasing significantly from A1 to A2 especially. However, the correctness rate at the B2 level is still significantly lower than that of native German speakers. Furthermore, GFL-students’ average error rate per sentence gradually decreases per increase in level. The distributions of other error types apart from syntax errors and orthographic errors do not change significantly as language level increases.Interaction: A dynamic and fluctuating correlation exists among the frequency, diversity, and accuracy of connectors. A positive correlation has been demonstrated between diversity and accuracy in the dynamic system of connectors, while a certain degree of negative correlation has been observed between frequency and diversity, as well as between frequency and accuracy.In conclusion, Chinese GFL-learners’ acquisition of connectors is non-unidirectional and non-linear, and dynamic interactions are present between the connective subsystems. Although the frequency of connectors learners use is still lower than that of native speakers, the diversity of connectors reflected by the standardized type-token ratio is higher than that of native German speakers. Moreover, errors occur in the use of connectors at all learning stages, with Chinese GFL-learners’ error rate being significantly higher than that of native German speakers. Although GFL-students’ acquisition process was always able to be observed dynamically, their system for using connectors tended to stabilize over time. More connectors with a high degree of diversity and correctness occur when they wrote German argumentative texts. Consequently, this study has verified and also enriched the dynamic systems theory with specific lexical language data.Many factors are found to cause Chinese GFL-learners to present the abovementioned characteristics. This study believes that the following four factors may affect the use of connectors: language input, linguistic interference, learning strategies, and thought patterns. Finally, this study puts forward some suggestions for teaching German connectors. First of all, learners need to be provided with more German connector exercises with contexts. Based on the findings, for some connectors, learners only master their language forms, but do not really understand their meanings and usages. Secondly, teachers should strengthen the practice of typical errors and compare connectors with similar meanings. In addition, teachers could compare German connectors with Chinese and English connectors at the cultural level to make learners aware of the transfer of other languages. At last but not at least, teachers should realize that the acquisition of connectors is not linear. Even if slow progress or even regression is noted, this should not be a concern. On the whole, it keeps moving forward.&nbsp;

Chinese GFL-Learners’ Connector Usage: A Corpus-Linguistic  Study of Argumentative Learner Texts

Nurseza

Kader

Anastasia

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, discussions about hybrid learning in foreign language teaching have quickly received attention and can now be described as promising. The basis for this situation is the discourse on e-learning, blended learning, and the digitization of foreign language teaching. Hybrid learning can be described as integrative learning based on a didactically meaningful combination (i.e., pedagogical added value) of traditional face-to-face learning and synchronous online lessons.This study presents and evaluates the hybrid learning model. The research was carried out during the 2021-2022 preparatory year at a Turkish university’s foreign language center. The hybrid learning model consists of 16 hours of face-to-face classes, six hours of synchronous online classes, and two hours of online language learning coaching each week. Data were collected in the study using a semi-structured, non-standardized online questionnaire. The students’ attitudes and justifications of the students were collected after one semester in a hybrid format with the help of Likert-type statements and openended questions. In this way, opinions were recorded for the students (n = 61) studying together in the German as a Foreign Language teaching program and Archaeology programs. The students were asked questions regarding motivation and learning efficiency in the online and face-to-face aspects of the teaching class, the general characteristics of the concept of hybrid learning, and the likelihood of continuing the hybrid learning format. The data were evaluated numerically using Google Forms and Microsoft Excel. The investigation aims to evaluate the hybrid learning model from students’ perspectives in order to gain insight about the discussions on the future of hybrid learning models.The study results show that students assessed their motivation differently with regard to hybrid learning. While more students considered the face-to-face aspects of the teaching lesson to be at a higher level and to be justified with efficient and collaborative learning, they felt the online aspects of the teaching lesson to be more in the lower and middle range. The students explained this in terms of such things as technical problems and difficulties concentrating. A similar trend was also observed with regard to information about learning efficiency. While most participants described the face-to-face aspects of the teaching lesson to be efficient, less than half of the students felt that way with regard to the online aspects. However, the information about learning efficiency regarding the online aspects of the teaching class was almost twice as high as the information about motivation. These subjective assessments can likely be attributed primarily to the adverse effects from the COVID-19 pandemic. This is because several empirical studies on virtual learning arrangements were unable to find any significant difference between the two forms of teaching (Goertler &amp; Gacs, 2018; Heidari, Khodabandeh &amp; Soleimani, 2018; Archan, 2021).The present study collected student assessments about the particular features of the hybrid learning model using Likert-type statements. These statements were theory-led and developed based on the researchers’ experiences with the concept of hybrid teaching. As an example, the students agreed with the teacher about the online aspects of the teaching course with regard to the relevance of being personal acquainted with the teacher and the importance of digital activities (e.g., interactive exercises) for foreign language learning. As another example, the students emphasized collaborative learning in a community with regard to the face-to-face aspects of hybrid learning because it enables fellow students to help one another with any difficulties and to be members of a social group.When asked about the likelihood of the hybrid learning classes continuing, the students turned out to be equally opposed and in favor of their continuation. A relatively large number of participants were strikingly undecided. Most students did not yet have a precise understanding of the overall hybrid model, but instead thought of the categories of face-to-face versus the online aspects of teaching and viewed the hybrid format as a temporary solution caused by the pandemic.&nbsp;Based on the survey findings, the following recommendations can be made. More attention should be paid to the distribution of content and activities between the online and face-to-face aspects when designing hybrid learning models. The term “pedagogical added value” should focus on all didactic activities because it helps people make an informed decision about which teaching activities are better to carry out in terms of the online and face-to-face formats. Making learners aware of the particular features of hybrid learning as part of the language learning consultation is also essential. This should include topics such as motivation, learner autonomy, self-control, organizing the learning process, and media education.&nbsp;

Students’ Perspectives of Hybrid Learning: Survey Results and  Perspectives Regarding University Lessons for German as a  Foreign Language

İrem

Assist. Prof.

Barış

Call for Papers

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Heiko

Writing on South Africa is not a popular theme in German literature, yet the Realism of the 19th century as reflected in the writings both of W. O. von Horn and Karl May tends to the remote by finding its setting in the province and overseas. Neither has been to the Cape, W. O. von Horn depending heavily on Eduard Kretzschmarʼs Südafrikanische Skizzen (1853), whereas his own Die Boorenfamilie von Klaarfontein (1855) provides the role model for both Karl Mayʼs short narration Der Africander (published 1878 under the name of his bethrothed Emma Pollmer) and the enlarged version Der Boer van het Roer (1879). All three texts tend to demonize the British as new rulers of the Cape and to idealize the Boers: To W. O. von Horns readers the agricultural Afrikaner life seems so much like their own, Karl May stresses the allegedly strong cultural ties between Germans, Dutch and Boers. By teaching his readers a lesson in humanity and tolerance W. O. von Horn not only follows didactic aims that are a characteristic of the popular enlightenment of early 19th century, but also bases his plot on the romance elements of the literary scheme established by Homerʼs Odyssey to present an enduring hero of a love story. On the other hand Karl May uses the adventure plot of the ancient epic to depict the protagonist (in Der Africander) and especially his first-person narrator (in Der Boer van het Roer) as a trickster whom his readers can admire. In Die Boorenfamilie von Klaarfontein Jan van Daanen does not revolt against his father who does not allow his loving for Mietje to develope into marriage and the founding of an interracial family, but by suffering and enduring he finally overcomes all obstacles: Piet van Daanen learns to accept the Amakosa princess as his daughter-in-law, who brings her tribe christendom and her new Boer family peace with their native neighbours. The Piet van Holmen of Der Africander is not the patient endurer but the active fighter: When British rogues kidnap his beloved, he chases them down and finally kills them; the first-person narrator of Der Boer van het Roer adds to this heroism the intellectual skills of superior warefare; more importantly May distinguishes him from the Boer characters by attributing to the latter a rude and inhuman colonialism which the former does not share and does not approve. But it is he who benefits most from his adventure by bringing home some precious Cape diamonds – and the vision of a future German colonialism that will yield wealth even beyond the exspectations of German Gründerzeit society for those who dare to simply act – not ruthless, but resolutely – in the complex interlacing of a colonial world. Both W. O. von Horn and Karl May follow the aims of their time and surroundings, and both use literary tradition descending from Homer to do so.

Perspectives of Cultural Anthropology and Literary Studies on Novellas by W. O. von Horn and Karl May

Withold

In Emine Sevgi Özdamar’s literary texts, her protagonists typically perform like actors on a stage, such as in Bertolt Brecht’s epic theater. Although the author is clearly well aware of the imaginary stages on which her actors perform their roles, surprisingly little attention has been paid to these stage settings in the literary criticism of her novels. This article addresses the following questions: first, where are the stages on which Özdamar places her novel’s characters, and second, what is the historical and societal relevance being expressed by means of these particular stage settings? Particularly eye-catching in the novels of her so-called her Istanbul-Berlin trilogy novels is the frequent appearance of spaces that Foucault calls heterotopias; that is, cemeteries, mirrors, theaters, brothels, ships, and trains. The role of trains in Özdamar’s novels is of special interest. As Foucault says, “A train is an extraordinary bundle of relations,” and this is true for her novels, where many diverse plays are performed using a railway compartment as the stage setting. At first glance, each book in the trilogy strengthens one’s impression that the trilogy is largely concerned with referential autobiographic writing. However, as a comparison of the highly diverging portrayals of the protagonist’s first railway journey from Istanbul to Berlin show, it is the staging of auto-fiction, not of autobiography, that is orchestrated on the revolving stage of the railway compartment. In addition, the discussions of the motif of her use of German as her novels’ language are played out on trains. It is in a train compartment where the protagonist reveals her choice of German as the language for her literary texts. In addition, her decision to employ a partly hybrid language in her early texts, such as in Mutterzunge and Das Leben ist eine Karawanserei, where the German is permeated with direct translations of Turkish phrases, is motivated by the author’s observations on the creative German-language use by many ‘Gastarbeiters’ during train journeys. It is repeatedly evident that her narratives of solidarity are told in these railway compartments. The cigarettes the travelers smoke together or offer each other become symbols of this ongoing solidarity. Though the panoramic view from the railway window, and the changeover to imaginary literary landscapes constitute illusionary spaces, where for once the ‘actually existing socialism’ seems to be apparent, Özdamar’s protagonists are nevertheless aware of the problems of GDR socialism. These include, among others, the remnants of fascist thinking in spite of the official GDR antifascist narrative. And, it is not only the staging of highly contradictory encounters in the train compartments that are facilitated by the protagonist’s persistent traveling on the urban commuter train between East and West Berlin. This perpetual oscillatory traveling transforms the contradictory and coinciding fragments of the protagonist’s identity into a horizontal coexistence. Although every railway journey comes to an end, one can always start a new, so that in spite of the protagonist’s disillusionment, a utopian moment of solidarity shines forth. Finally, the protagonist becomes an actor, theater director, and author. Eventually, the protagonist’s train journeys between Istanbul and Berlin and between East and West Berlin are followed by a journey to Paris,&nbsp;where she assists director Benno Besson with the staging of the Caucasian Chalk Circle by Bertolt Brecht.

Trains as Stages in Emine Sevgi Özdamar’s Novels

Zehra

Quality of Literary Translation. Turkish Translations of E.T.A. Hoffmann’s Novella Das Fräulein von Scuderi as a Case in Point

Sang-bum

Michael

The Asiatic influence on the Poetics of Expressionism by examples of the German writers Alfred Döblin and Gottfried Benn

Stellan

Grow up! – Masculinity, violence and genre in Fatih Akıns Short sharp shock

Sabine

Mulitperspectivity, Achrony and (Un)reliability: Synoptic and Kaleidoscopic Strategies in Contemporary Film, Using the Examples of Vantage Point and Forestillinger

Scientific Communication: Call for Multiculture

Sublanguage ‘linguistics’ in universitary communication: Explicit and implicit authorisation of scientific texts

Ali Osman

Else Günther is a children's author who started writing books after the Second World War, but was almost completely forgotten by the end of the 1970s. In her books, which have a pre-intercultural characteristic, she introduces foreign continents such as Africa and Asia (Turkey) and countries such as Sweden, Norway, and Finland to children in post-war Germany. In my opinion, she uses her writing to develop the intercultural skills of post-war children. Based on the children’s book Sonjas lustige Türkenreise, it seems that the author did not talk about the destruction by and consequences of the Nazi regime, even though she wrote during the early 1950s. On the contrary, she brings an exemplary family life to the forefront of the welfare society. Even the title of her book is striking because it translates as Turkish Trip instead of Turkey Trip, so one could argue that it can be seen as a mental trip into the world of the Turks (as Asians). Franz &amp; Meier (1978, p. 155) state that the text pragmatics, or use and function of the text, should be taken more into consideration while organizing children’s or juvenile literature. They suggest that the following questions be asked:&nbsp;Does the text primarily want to be instructive? - Does the text primarily want to direct behavior? - Does the text primarily want to entertain? (see Nündel, 1976)From this point of view, my aim is to answer these questions about the text function in terms of what it is attempting to evoke in the reader’s mind in the example of Else Günther's children’s novel Sonjas lustige Türkenreise. My goal is to clarify how children's literature contributed to child education in the 1950s and which bridge functions between the self (me) and others after the racist regime. The focus of this research is the question of how the author encouraged child education and the overcoming of societal prejudices toward the degradation of foreign peoples and cultures. Else Günther mostly wrote novels during the first years of her authorship in the 1950s, which made a tremendous pedagogical contribution to intercultural children's education in the context of the literature of child autonomy. In this sense, the children are directed to conscientious behavior through the examples set by little Sonja's mischiefs and experiencesThus, the questions we have asked at the beginning are also answered based on Nündel (1976). Else Günther's text is entertaining on the one hand, but on the other hand, it is secretly so instructive that child readers are directed toward better behavior by reading.From a pedagogical point of view, this approach is praiseworthy, because it would otherwise not be a suitable method for children's education. An unsympathetic teaching might have caused a negative reaction in the children and the desired aim would not have been reached. Children should be able to move autonomously in their own living and play areas so that they can create their own experiences by observing the human and animal environment. In this sense, Else Günther has a tendency to act in accordance with the text function of the novel Sonjas lustige Türkenreise, thus developing a role model for child readers and to initiate a spiritual identification process. The novel is about middle-class heroes who come from a nice family environment. We see here that imagination and psychology are important elements for children to get rid of the obligation to undertake honesty as a duty and a strict adherence to norms set by adults (see Steinlein, 2008, p. 327). In our view, this requires the involvement of Else Günther's young girl novel to the texts of “child autonomy literature” (Ewers, 1995); that is, to the field of the pacemaker texts in this context, with its free-spirited and rebellious protagonist. Not only parents’ relationships with their children, but also the literal reflection of foreign worlds are obviously very important to the author in terms of pedagogical aspects, especially with regard to the intercultural education of the children of the new generation.

An Analysis of the Educational Value of Children’s Literature in Else Günther’s  Sonjas lustige Türkenreise

Laura

Wolfgang Koeppens short stories: various ways of an autobiographical writing

Franziska

"We call him son" – the nexus of identity, family and migration in Feridun Zaimoğlu's Leyla

Özlem

German playwright Heiner Müller, a dramatist coined as a postmodernist, produced postdramatic plays using techniques such as pastiche, rewriting and alienation, and reimagined history, myths and old texts under the light of the twentieth century history and postrdramatic theatre. One of his most exemplary plays that uses these characteristics is Hamletmachine (Die Hamletmaschine, 1977), a distinctive rewriting of Hamlet. Hamlet as one of the most important examples of the Elizabethan drama and revenge tragedies is itself a play that uses techniques such as pastiche, play within a play, and rewriting, proves the interdisciplinary nature of drama. Hamlet includes discussions about religion and philosophy, together with a slight discussion of art theory in the midst of the play. The rewriting of Hamlet, with the writing style of Müller in 1970s, puts forward the changes in and the important techniques of the twentieth century texts and performances. As a rewriting Hamletmachine creates not only a new text but also an unusual, innovative, and even experimental interpretation in terms of text and performance. Not only the text and performance, but also the text, performance, years of literary criticism, and many readings of the original text are connected to one another in this play which help the creation of a different kind of visibility on stage. “Death Suits Ophelia,” directed by Ozan Gözel and Tuluğ Ülgen as a part of the 4 Short Plays by Studio Actors in 2005, focuses on Müller’s interpretations while it also suggests that they’re rewriting not only Shakespeare and Müller but the existentialist writer Sartre’s The Flies (1943) as well as Eugene O’Neill’s Mourning Becomes Ophelia (1931) (These texts are 1930s and 1940s rewriting of the Ancient Greek myths of Orestes and Electra, and Aeschylus’ tragedy Oresteia, a tragedy that affected Hamlet and Hamletmachine, as well). As a rewriting of these text, their performance piece creates a new text and gives way to new interpretations with its diverse staging. The aim of this article is to argue that drama is an interdisciplinary and intermedia art by nature, and the performance can also be considered as a rewriting while play texts and performance, two parts of the same art, are also two different disciplines with their own dynamics. For this aim, this article will focus on Müller’s Hamletmachine investigating the text’s relation to its predecessor, its use of technique and the multiple interpretations in the play. The article will also focus on the different interpretations of the performance piece “Death Suits Ophelia” with an intention to discuss both texts’ interdisciplinary and intermedia characteristics as rewritings.

Text and Performance as an Interdisciplinary and Intermedia Rewriting:  Hamletmachine (1977) and “Death Suits Ophelia” (2005)

Cristiano

Lecturer

The Neoclassical Grand Tour of Sicily and Goethe’s Italienische Reise

Saniye

Even though Feridun Zaimoglu’s novel Isabel, published in 2014, evokes his other novel Leyla in view of its female title character, there are significant differences between these two works. Isabel focuses on topics such as identity, integrity, border, and crisis situations, all of which are regarded as peculiar to Turkish-German Literature from a different perspective. The novel presents life and border situations from the 21st century life in Berlin. It further visualizes the theme of non-integrity as well as the crisis of the modern subject of the present, which results from social problems and social conventionality. The novel’s female protagonist puts an end to her life as a model and begins a new life after separating from her long-term boyfriend. She is surrounded by figures from the lower social milieu, including bottle pickers, madmen, transsexuals, and homeless people. The aim of this study is to focus on the conceptualization of the title character with regard to the constitution of the subject and from an intercultural perspective. By using and introducing the theoretical approaches of Stuart Hall and Judith Butler to the “subject", I will first analyze the ‘crisis of the subject’, which appears with the eponymous character. I will also concentrate on the critical position of the female protagonist that is particularly targeted against the conventional discourses and attitudes of society. In view of her distinctive disgust for the fundamental things in life, the protagonist is primarily characterized by a new concept of the self. She has a firmly distant attitude toward any kind of conventionality and thus isolates herself from society. However, she also rescues herself from the position of the subjected and non-“recognizable” (Butler 2008: 15) individual, insofar as she reverses the dynamics of society through her critical attitude revealed in her discourse. This means that this character performs a “subversive resignification” (Butler 2008: 246) and creates a space for her self-defined subjectivity. This process of revaluation, which is directly linked to the title character, can also be observed from an intercultural perspective. Secondly, I will show how the novel undermines and recodes the ethnicized and culturalized female subject through its subversive title character. It is remarkable that even though this character is of Turkish origins, this fact has no specific function on the frame of the plot. The emphasis on the performative phrase “I am only me” makes the distant and critical position of the protagonist to any kind of conventional discourse strategies obvious. In this regard, the conceptualization of the title character is a reminiscent of the female characters in Koppstoff who explicitly reject the stereotypical formations of the Turkish-German woman that are commonly found in the German public. The speech of the character Gül is particularly important here. In this context, the novel leads to the critical reconsideration of perception patterns Turkish culture as well. It is clear that the novel initiates a revaluation of the Turkish culture within the German community and its elements in a subtle way.

“I am only me.” The ‘Crisis of the Subject’ in Feridun Zaimoglu’s Novel Isabel

Antonie

Academic Writing with Italian freshman students of German as a Foreign Language – Feasible Steps to Critical Thinking?

Alena

Women Writings of Men Authors in Contemporary Migrant Literature? Leyla by Zaimoğlu and Zaira by Florescu

Deniz

Sarah

Garbage in Paradise – Waste and the Representation of Space in Fatih Akın’s Documentary Müll im Garten Eden

Şebnem

1979, the second novel of the Swiss writer Christian Kracht, published in 2001, is an implicit criticism of the culture of Western bourgeoisie. Both with its title and with its setting in Tehran, especially in the first part, the novel reminds us the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran from its start. Kracht’s novel depicts Tehran as a modern city and as one of the geographies of modernism and globalisation as Andreas Huyssen identifies (Huyssen 2005: 6). From this perspective, we get to know Tehran as a city where decadent people from all over the world organize jet-set parties and in the light of this information Tehran as depicted in the novel emerges as a space which is beyond cultures and independent of Eastern identity. However, the date is 1979 and the city is on the threshold of social and political transformation. All in all, the novel does not mainly deal with the fact that city, hence the country, is at a political junction. The novel mainly focuses on an anonymous first person narrator and his partner Christopher who come to the city which is on the verge of the coup. They came to the city for a degenerate party with drug use in the atmosphere. After this party, which depicts the Western life style in its degenerated from, Christopher dies at a derelict hospital in one of the city’s dark neighbourhoods. Hence, the anonymous protagonist of 1979, decides to travel East as the other of the West. The second part of the novel mainly deals with the constantly eastward journey of the anonymous protagonist. His purpose is the fill the gap inside him and create some value in his life. With this purpose in mind, the protagonist of 1979 joints the Tibetan pilgrims who travel to the sacred Mount Kailash, accepted as the centre of the universe. After a hard climb, he understands that he won’t find the meaning he was seeking there. The journey did not achieve its goal. Then he travels further eastwards. During his journey he gets arrested by the Red Chinese soldiers and he is taken to a working camp where experiments on atom bombs are carried out. It is at this camp that the protagonist can get rid of his western identity. The camp is a place where hunger and cruelty rule and people inflict great pain on one another. He is content; because his anonymity had gained some meaning at last. As Johannes Birgfeld (2007: 408) states, this is a kind of exile and it is an attempt to deal with the existing identity crisis. 1979 shows that as one gets further away from the West, not only the subject with its Western identity, but all other concepts ascribed to the West also die. Hence, 1979 does not only pinpoint the beginning of a coup in world history, but the novel emerges as a turning point where concepts of space and time are also dissolved as cultural signifiers. The present study expounds on this argument in relation to Christian Kracht’s novel 1979.

The Dissolution of Images of Space and Time  in Christian Kracht’s Novel 1979

Pınar

Published in 1902, Thomas Mann’s novella Gladius Dei concentrates on the confrontation of a burgher and his extraordinary artwork, and by that, shows a tragic situation of an artist at the turn of the 20th century. In the novella, Mann criticizes the art scene in and around Munich, which was the “city of art” in Germany during the process of modernization. The city turned into a center for artists who independently produced art and sold these works in flourishing art galleries. Rapidly increasing industrialization had caused an increase in the income of the rising educated middle classes, who in turn had become increasingly interested in art. In the fin-de-siècle, or more precisely, in the transition to modernity, art occupied a special role in society. As such, its overall position became more autonomous. Art, which tried to separate itself from everyday life with clearly visible borders, provided the basis for the simple array of entertaining works that were characterized by the “L’art pour l’art” principle. The narrative of the novella depicts Munich’ art scene in its excessiveness, and simultaneously emphasizes the strong aestheticism and the extreme dominant role of beauty in these artworks. Mann’s storyline reflects the fact that artworks increasingly gained function as commodities. It was not only artists who profited from these artworks, but an increasing number of people started to dealth art, and as such, art became considered a trade. This, in turn, led to a situation in which art stared to lose its function and turned into something meaningless. In the novella, this lucrative “beauty business” is reflected in the Blüthenzweig art gallery. While showing exaggerated attitudes toward art, the narration critiques the fact that art was gaining such an autonomous position in society. Hieronymus, who is a pious character, feels offended by the obscene representation of Madonna, which he sees in the beauty shop of Blüthenzweig. In fact, he wants this inconvenient painting to be burned. Hieronymus’ stance represents the group of people within society who thought that this new type of art was misleading and caused separation from religion. The text refers to secularization as one of the main results of modernization process. The role of religion began to change and the educated middle classes began to question religious devotion. Instead, art was almost worshiped and thereby it was beginning to replace religion. However, the separation from religious institutions was not easily accepted, and there was staunch opposition against this development. Modern art was blamed for the intellectual development and emotional alienation of individuals from religion. While the Munich art scene and its excessiveness is reflected in the “beauty business” of Blüthenzweig, Hieronymus’ pointed depiction also symbolizes the exaggerated moral attitudes toward modern art, whereby the narrative draws attention to a balanced position. Mann refers to the theatrical exaggeration of beauty, which runs into a dead-end through the lack of reference to everyday life, whereby the artwork simultaneously loses its function and meaning. The novella ends with the&nbsp;process of estrangement of the artist, for whom the work of art only exists in terms of aesthetic and material values. Moreover, Mann criticizes the nonsensical beauty worship and emphasizes that this is a result of artistic disconnectedness. Hence, the aspiration of the artist to separate himself from the bourgeoisie seems absurd, for the artist himself is part of the bourgeois world. The ostensible antithesis of artistry and bourgeoisie was the consequence of this civil period in crisis. Thus, it can be seen as a reflection of the entire bourgeois situation at the turn of the century, implying the social reality of decadence. Gladius Dei contains an implicit criticism of the fin-desiècle art scene in Munich. The narrative interprets art as meaningless by showing how much it has become oriented toward purely aesthetic values.

The artist at the turn of the century as a “burgher who’s gone astray“: Munich’s Modernist Movement in search of its identity in the early stories of Thomas Mann

Mahmut

Cosmopolitan Imaginings in the German-Speaking World

Arne

Gabriella

Transfer of knowledge in lectures on physics: German-Italian perspectives on verbal processing

Literature and Film. Introduction to Literary Film Analysis

Riham

“It is the pain that brings us together”. Approach through loss in September. Fata Morgana by Thomas Lehr

Gülay

International conference: „The future of bilinguality in German educational system: with focus on Russsian and Turkish

Sevinç

Representation of foreign language skills of prospective Turkish Teachers of German: A Case Study of Istanbul University

7. International contrastive Media Linguistics Conference: Media Culture – Multimodality and Intermediality

The fact that the perceptions of the teaching profession determine the attitudes of teachers and their behavior within the classroom is often mentioned in academic literature (Borg, 2003, p. 81). In this regard, it is important to explore prospective teachers’ perceptions of teachers and the teaching profession in order to make conclusions about their own learning and teaching behavior. The word “metaphor,” originally from Greek, is an important tool to describe how people see life, the environment, events and objects, and seek explanation through comparison (Cerit, 2008, p. 694). Metaphors structure our inner world, thinking processes, and reflect not only our plans and ideas, but also how we perceive our environment (Marsch, 2009). To a large extent, metaphors also form the way we think, experience, decide, and behave in our daily lives (Lakoff &amp; Johnson, 1980).Numerous studies show the reproduction of thinking of prospective (or currently practicing) English teachers via metaphors. In particular, in this sense, in the field of prospective German language teachers (or currently practicing) the potential to use metaphors has hardly been used. Therefore, this study aims to determine which metaphors prospective German language teachers describe their role as future teachers. Since teachers describe their role through metaphors, they also construct specific personal meanings about teaching per se. This study attempts to answer the following five research questions: (i) What metaphors do prospective Turkish language teachers of German create to describe a German language teacher? (ii) What metaphors do prospective German language teachers of German create to describe a German language teacher? (iii) How do prospective Turkish language teachers of German describe their metaphors? (iv) How do the prospective German language teachers of German describe their metaphors? (v) Do these metaphors reveal cultural differences? Data were gathered from a research study group consisting of 130 German language students (62 Turkish and 68 German) who were at the time studying in their first year in the German language teacher training programs at Turkish and German universities respectively. These teacher trainee students were asked to provide their own conceptualization regarding their roles as language teachers through the statement “A German teacher is like ……………because…………………..” They were asked to focus on only one metaphor. These reasons enabled a more precise interpretation of the metaphors and their classification into categories. The data for this study were analyzed using the metaphor analysis methodology. The metaphors were separately analyzed. Similar metaphors were brought together and were codified according to the typology of metaphors developed by De Guerrero and Villamil (2000). This categorization includes nine role categories: cooperative leader, knowledge provider, challenger/agent of change, nurturer, innovator, provider of tools, artist, repairer, and gym instructor.The results show that the Turkish participants named 35 different metaphors while the German participants named 48. The metaphors that the participants produced varied in terms of number and content. The German participants preferred animate metaphors whereas the Turkish participants mostly created not-so-imaginative metaphors. Only the metaphors of teacher, travel guide, and parent were used by both groups. Because most of the prospective teachers were being considered teachers, they were also conceptualized as being cooperative leaders. In both groups, this category was the most commonly described metaphor. While the Turkish student group saw the teacher as a second “knowledge provider,” this category was only seventh among the German student group. It is remarkable that both groups did not see the teacher as an “innovator”. The results of the Turkish students, in particular, show that they see the teacher according to behavioristic principles, that is, as a person who–besides conveying knowledge and giving support to students– does not take any other roles. From the analysis of the results, it can be concluded that cultural characteristics are hardly apparent. Undoubtedly, the results, as described above, cannot be generalized and must be supported by further research. In this context, the study presented here is only a first step in this direction, for it attempts to give an insight into the realm of thinking in the field of prospective German language teachers.

A Comparative Study of the Realms of Thinking by German Language Teachers Using Metaphors

Erika

Germanistik zwischen Regionalität und Internationalität: 60 Jahre Temeswarer Germanistik

German language and literature between regionality and internationality: 60 years of Timisoarian German language and literature

Intertextual relationships in academic texts and production of polyphony: A descriptive analysis of citations using the example of Turkish and German business management research articles

Business German as an occupational course in the curricula of departments for German language and literature in Turkey – using the example of Department for German Language and Literature at Istanbul University

Nilgün

Symposium of School for Foreign Languages at TurkishGerman University „Lingual and cultural contacts in the GermanTurkish context“

Mukadder

Learning starts with the birth of an individual, and the learning process is dependent on several factors during the life span of individuals. Family, environmental factors, social culture and traditions, education system, conditions, necessities, and teacher attitudes are the factors that direct the learning process. Learning is both an individual and a social process, and the traditions of learning and teaching are effective in this process. Learning and teaching habits are also dependent on a country’s teaching and learning tendencies or education system. However, this situation should not create the view that learning can be generalized as a single learning culture and is fixed. Just like the variety of individuals, learning habits hold individual differences, too. In other words, people have different learning habits and strategies, and these learning habits may change over time. When individuals think about the issue of learning, have a conscious comprehension of learning, or make conscious decisions on how they will learn in a successful way, their learning habits may change, and their motivation may increase. For learners (individuals), self-learning means taking the responsibility of learning, planning, analyzing, and evaluating; being able to identify their strengths and weaknesses; and being motivated to learn. To sum up, selflearning is a component of lifelong learning. Self-learning may take place both during and out of the formal education process. The importance of self-learning to the learners can be summarized as follows:Supporting learner autonomy, - Identifying and developing individuals’ own skills and competencies, - Being able to follow the dynamic developments of the twenty-first century and information and communication technologies, and - Increasing one’s own motivation.&nbsp;Concepts such as lifelong learning, motivation, self-learning, communicative competence, and learner autonomy play a central part in the current and contemporary education process. These key concepts are identified as important objectives in education. Students are at the center of this process because the self-learning habits of students are indispensable in the frame of identified objectives. Self-learning is undoubtedly significant for German language teacher candidates, too. The purpose of this study is to reveal the self-learning habits of German language teacher candidates in the sample of Trakya University. In accordance with this purpose, a questionnaire was administered in all classes of the German Language Teaching Department. In this context, the questionnaire aimed to identify German language teacher candidates’ self-learning habits and perspectives on self-learning itself. A total of 40 German language teacher candidates (32 females, 8 males) participated in the study. In each class from the first grade to the fourth grade, a total of 10 students were randomly chosen, and a total of 40 students answered the questionnaire to collect data. The number of participants was limited because open-ended questions were included, aside from the close-ended questions, in the questionnaire. Close-ended questions were analyzed by using SPSS and were evaluated in percentages. For open-ended questions, content analysis was performed.&nbsp;The findings of the study demonstrate that the keywords used by participants on self-learning were “interest,” “want,” and “effort.” Terms such as “identifying objects” or “taking responsibility” were expressed by only three participants. The self-learning habits emphasized mostly by the German language teacher candidates who participated in the study were note-taking, summarizing, writing sentences with the newly learned words, researching, vocabulary studies, and repetition. These findings indicate that the participants especially focused on writing skill among their self-learning habits. This finding shows that various learning styles and different learning methods should be allowed in the education process of students. Only in this way can students develop their skills, competences, and tendencies in the context of self-learning. As mentioned in the introduction part of the study, one of the most important objectives of the German Language Teaching Department is to help German language teacher candidates become competent in the linguistic, professional, and cultural dimensions. An especially crucial skill for German language teacher candidates is linguistic competence (reading, writing, speaking, and listening) in the teaching learning dimension. With regard to their evaluation of language levels, more than half of the participants (58%) classified their language levels as intermediate. Another important detail to note is that the number of participants who regard their language levels as weak or low (30%) was not scarce. In this respect, German language teacher candidates inevitably become more conscious about selflearning to develop their German language skills. One of the significant outcomes of this study is that German language teacher candidates evaluate the self-learning process as important. However, they possess a limited perspective on the context and need guidance and encouragement regarding self-learning. For this reason, one of the most important duties of the German Language Teaching Education Department is to arrange environments where active learning will be maintained for students, learning objectives will be determined, and taking responsibility will be specified and guided.&nbsp;

Self-learning habits of German language teacher candidates

Şeyda

Şenöz-Ayata, Canan (2014): Bilimsel Metin Üretimi, İstanbul: Papatya, 232 sayfa

Khrystyna

The article analyzes television interviews in Ukrainian and German from the perspective of the personality of the interviewer and the difficulties that arise before and during that interview. Communicative deviations as differences in the expectations of the interviewer vis-à-vis the expectations of the respondent and the addressee are revealed and critically analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the triangle of relationships between the interviewer, the respondent, and the addressee (the viewer). Elements such as age, sex, status, knowledge, interests, and expectations play an important role in the building of relationships between the interviewer, the respondent, and the addressee. Therefore, they are important for the overall success of the interview. However, we believe that all these elements can be generalized under a hypernym of expectations. Accordingly, the journalist assumes three roles: a representative of the audience (the addressee), a promoter of the invited (the respondent), or a representative of himself/herself. In this article, we only draw on and reflect the deviations in the television interviews in both languages when the interviewer has other expectations about the interview than the respondent or the addressee (the viewer), which is a failure from the side of the first one, that is, the interviewer. Therefore, the two levels at which interviews are conducted are important. Namely, these are the informative level (receiving and providing information) and the emotional level (feelings and mutual understanding). The informative level includes informative purpose, types of questions, clarity of expression, clarity of answers, and content of information. The emotional level embraces climate (socio-emotional connection), non-verbal behavior, elaborative questions, intentional adjustment, and approaches to journalists and respondents. Yet, we believe that it is also noteworthy to include a third level, namely a contextually situational one. On the basis of empirical material, we have identified the following communicative deviations in the television interviews from the perspective of the interviewer: 1. The goal is not set or is prepared inaccurately, 2. The topic is too broad, 3. Inappropriate respondent, 4. The respondent is not sufficiently prepared for the interview, 5. Difficulties in conducting interviews (such as issues with equipment or problems with shooting), 6. The respondent is not listening (in some situations this prevents the opening of a dialog altogether), 7. Too conventional and fixed list of questions, 8. Lack of time for preparation, and 9. Wrong approach to the respondent in terms of his/her expectations regarding age, gender, status, knowledge, and interests. Taking into account the communicative failures in the television interviews we have analyzed before, one can distinguish the following ways of eliminating them: 1. Clearly define the goal of the interview, 2. Find the appropriate communication partner in terms of his/her skills and the ability to speak, 3. Create a favorable atmosphere in the previous conversation to properly prepare the respondent for the communication, 4. Carefully listen to the respondent, 5. During the interview itself, the content, the intention of the respondent, the language, and the speaking&nbsp;manner of the respondent, as well as the body language, and facial expressions and gestures of the respondent should be additionally observed, and 6. In cases when the interviewer is evading a question or does not want to respond at all, one can resort to these tactics. Communicative deviations as violations of the interviewer’s expectations in all their forms can be avoided, or at least reduced, if all the elements of communication at the informative and emotional level—and very often at the communicative-situational level—are taken into account, and greater attention is also paid to technical characteristics. This will contribute to an interesting and dynamic, understandable and consistent, and most importantly, informative television interview. At the same time, there were no significant differences in the television interviews in Ukrainian (more cautious and sensitive questions) or in German (more specific and targeted questions), for the journalists’ European way of conducting television interviews is similar in both linguistic cultures, and the differences are due to the historical development of democracy.

Political television interviews and communicative failures for journalists

Gesellschaft für interkulturelle Germanistik 2014 yılı kongresi 29 Mayıs-1 Haziran 2014, Limerick

Diskursanalyse interdisziplinär, Bremen - Berlin 17.08.2014 - 31.08.2014

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Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı Dergisi - Studien zur deutschen Sprache und Literatur which has been an official publication of Istanbul University, Faculty of Letters, Department of German Language since 1954 is an international, open access, peer-reviewed and scholarly journal published two times a year in June and December.

Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı Dergisi - Studien zur deutschen Sprache und Literatur publishes disciplinary and/or interdisciplinary, theoretical and/or applied research articles that focus on German language and literature in the following fields: literary studies, linguistics, cultural studies, media studies, translation studies, and language teaching. The journal aims to provide a platform for sharing scientific knowledge in these fields.

The journal also offers reviews of scientific books and news of national and international conferences which cover the mentioned fields. This journal accepts manuscripts written in one of the following languages: German, Turkish, and English. The target group of the Journal consists of academicians, researchers, professionals, students, related professional and academic bodies and institutions.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles. http://sdsl.istanbul.edu.tr/en/content/about/open-access-statement

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Studien zur deutschen Sprache und Literatur

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Editorial Management Board Member

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Editorial Advisory Board Member

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Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı Dergisi - Studien zur deutschen Sprache und Literatur which has been an official publication of Istanbul University, Faculty of Letters, Department of German Language since 1954 is an international, open access, peer-reviewed and scholarly journal published two times a year in June and December.Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı Dergisi - Studien zur deutschen Sprache und Literatur publishes disciplinary and/or interdisciplinary, theoretical and/or applied research articles that focus on German language and literature in the following fields: literary studies, linguistics, cultural studies, media studies, translation studies, and language teaching. The journal aims to provide a platform for sharing scientific knowledge in these fields.The journal also offers reviews of scientific books and news of national and international conferences which cover the mentioned fields. This journal accepts manuscripts written in one of the following languages: German, Turkish, and English. The target group of the Journal consists of academicians, researchers, professionals, students, related professional and academic bodies and institutions.

Aim and Scope

- SCOPUS - Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)- TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin- EBSCO Communication Source- EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source - MLA International Bibliography- SOBIAD- DOAJ- ProQuest Central- ProQuest Turkey Database- ProQuest Social Sciences Database- ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection- Erih Plus- <a href="https://miar.ub.edu/issn/2619-9890" target="_blank">MIAR</a>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 10%. In our journal, studies produced from undergraduate, graduate and doctoral theses and congress papers published in full text are not included. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of COPE and ICJME are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı Dergisi - Studien zur deutschen Sprache und Literatur is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication.

Ethics

Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı Dergisi - Studien zur deutschen Sprache und Literatur adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and ransparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the manuscript is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1AF31CFBD1B4427490037969F1BD9E9E" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor-in-Chief to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted manuscripts for publication. He ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. He has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. They must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. They must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the Editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The reviewers are not allowed to have copies of the manuscripts for personal use and they cannot share manuscripts with others. Unless the authors and editor permit, the reviews of referees cannot be published or disclosed. The anonymity of the referees is important. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.  Editor-in-chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor in chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.-    Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?-    Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?-    Is the problem significant and concisely stated?-    Are the methods described comprehensively?-    Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?-    Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?-    Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageArticles in Turkish, German and English are published. Submitted manuscript must include an abstract both in the article language and in English. All manuscripts must include an extended abstract in English as well.Manuscript Organization and FormatAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuaded" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuaded</a> and it should be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, book review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1AF31CFBD1B4427490037969F1BD9E9E" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1.    The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 10 font size, line spacing of 1.5 and “justify align” format. For indented paragraph, tab key should be used.2.    The title of the text should be centered on the page, in lower-case letter, bold, Times New Roman font.3.    Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract of 200-250 words both in the language of the article and in English and an extended abstract in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used following the abstracts. The English title of the manuscript should be above the English abstract. Underneath the abstracts, 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in the language of the article and in English.4.    The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title in the language of the article, abstract and keywords; title in English, abstract and keywords in English, extended abstract in English, body text sections, footnotes and references.5.    Quantitative and qualitative studies should include Introduction, Methods, Findings, Discussion sections. If an original model is used, the Methods section should include the Sample / Study Group, Data Collection Tools and Process subdivisions.6.    Tables, graphs and figures should be given with a number and a defining title to enable following the idea of the article.7.    A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/9A7655E620CE4854A3AE17C1F79ADB7E" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The <a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=titlepagetemplatesdsl_636996628523220791.docx" target="_blank">title page</a> is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and affiliation, title, e-mail address, ORCID, postal address, phone number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).8. Tables, Graphics and PicturesAll tables, graphics and pictures should be numbered in the order of Arabic numerals and written in bold. Every table, graphic or picture should have a title. More informations about the tables, pictures or graphics should be given as footnote.Examples: Tablo 1: Öğrencilerin Dil Kullanımı  / Resim 1: René Magritte İmgelerin Laneti9. All words except publication languages (German, English and Turkish) should be written in italic font.Examples: 1968 führte Jacques Derrida den Begriff la différance in die Philosophie ein.                   Lexikalisch zentral sind die Wörter pelle, rughe, viso und luce.10. Citations should be given in original form. Every citation shpuld have a reference information such as date, author and page numbers.Citations shorter than 3 lines should be given as shown below:Articles written in English or Turkish: “…”Example: Lennard J. Davis writes “To understand the disabled body, one must return to the concept of the norm, the normal body” (Davis, 1995, p. 23).Example: Akşit Göktürk ütopya adasını “örnek yasalarla kurulmuş mutlu bir toplum düzeni” olarak tanımlar (Göktürk, 2012, s. 60-61).Articles written in German: ,,……“Example: Die Szene eröffnet mit dem Ausspruch „Pietro Aretino war ein Spötter, / Und trotzdem hat ihn Tizian gemalt.“ (Wedekind, 2009, Band VII,1, S. 275).Citations longer than 3 lines should be given as shown below:Articles written in German:Gegen Ende der Szene stürmt der Polizeipräsident die Bühne und versucht, das Publikum vor der Nacktheit zu schützen:Besteht das Publikum da unten vielleicht aus Paradieskindern? Nein! Besteht das Publikum aus lauter Geistesgrößen? Nein! Der normale Staatsbürger kann nun einmal die Wahrheit nicht hören und die Nacktheit nicht sehen, ohne außer Rand und Band zu geraten, ohne gemeingefährlich zu werden. (Wedekind, 2009, Band VII,1, S. 281)Articles written in English or Turkish:Example: The Author Lennard J. Davis continues,So much of writing about disability has focused on the disabled person as the object of study, just as the study of race has focused on the person of color. But as recent scholarship on race, which has turned its attention to whiteness, I would like to focus not so much on the construction of disability as on the construction of normalcy. I do this because the problem is not the person with disabilities; the problem is the way that normalcy is constructed to create the ‘problem’ of the disabled person. (Davis, 1995, pp. 23–24)Batı’nın zamanı ideal tarihin inşasının kurucu öğesi olarak görmesi, Engelhardt’ı zamanın ve tarihin dışında bir şimdi yaratmaya sevk eder:Zira Engelharhdt’ın, komodin olarak kullandığı bir kütüğün üzerine yerleştirdiği ve bir anahtar vasıtasıyla düzenli bir şekilde kurduğu saati tek bir kum tanesi yüzünden geri kalmaktaydı, kum tanesi kendisine saatin içinde yay ile vızıldayan küçük bir dişli arasında rahat bir yer bulmuştu ve sert, öğütülmüş mercan iskeletinden meydana geldiği için Kabakon zamanının minimal ölçüde yavaşlamasında neden oluyordu (Kracht, 2012, s. 74)11. The references part shuold be named as Literaturverzeichnis, References or Kaynakça.12. Title of the abstracts should be Abstract for articles written in German or English and Öz for articles written in Turkish.13. All shortened book names or names of special historical events should be remarked as footnote to provide information about the book’s original name.Example: World War I &gt; WWIVerwirrung der Gefühle (Zweig, 1926) &gt; VG14. All emphasized words or phrases should be given as shown below:Articles written in German:Haushofer perspektiviert die Natura us einem ,femininien Stanpunktʽ.Articles written in English or Turkish:As a matter of fact, this speaks about ‘hopelessness’ and ‘the way to uncertainty’.Romandaki adada dış dünyada akıp giden zamanın aksine bir tür ‘zamansızlık’ hüküm sürer.15. Names of books, films, journals, songs etc. Should be written in italic font.16. Custom names or names of the fictional characters should not be written in bold or italic font.17. Headlines and subheadlines are not necessary, however if they will be used, all of them should be numbered in the order of Arabic numerals and formatted as shown below:Example:1 Einleitung2 Erstes Kapitel2.1       Erstes Unterkapitel des ersten Kapitels2.2       Zweites Unterkapitel des ersten Kapitels3  Zweites Kapitel3.1       Erstes Unterkapitel des zweiten Kapitels3.2       Zweites Unterkapitel des zweiten Kapitels3.3       Drittes Unterkapitel des zweiten Kapitels4 Drittes Kapitel5 SchlussLiteraturverzeichnisAnhang18.    The liability of the manuscripts submitted to our journal for publication, belongs to the author(s).19.    The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their manuscripts due to peer reviews.20.    The studies that were sent to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1AF31CFBD1B4427490037969F1BD9E9E" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/ACF0D299C4F64C05B2234BF663AA338C" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address and telephone number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (200-250 words) both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Key words: 5 words both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">DergiPark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/35/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/35/submission/step/manuscript/new</a></li> <li style="text-align: left;">The manuscript must be submitted through the account of the corresponding author. The account of authors other than the corresponding author or someone else who is not included as an author in the work must not be used for submission. All correspondence regarding the submission is made with the correspondingauthor through e-mail via the DergiPark system.</li><li style="text-align: left;">While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (200-250 words) both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Key words: 5 words both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently.Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatAlman Dili ve Edebiyatı Dergisi - Studien zur deutschen Sprache und Literatur complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Accuracy of citation is the author’s responsibility. All references should be cited in text. Reference list must be in alphabetical order. Type references in the style shown below.Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same parenthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Booka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). 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Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. 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Editor(s)	İrem Atasoy, Barış Konukman
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Studien zur deutschen Sprache und Literatur

ISSUE 48, 2022

Hybridization of Fact and Fiction as a Narrative Strategy in Historical Narratives: The Case of Kirsten Boie’s (2021) Young Adult Literary Work Dunkelnacht

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Chinese GFL-Learners’ Connector Usage: A Corpus-Linguistic Study of Argumentative Learner Texts

Students’ Perspectives of Hybrid Learning: Survey Results and Perspectives Regarding University Lessons for German as a Foreign Language

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