Kübra

Süleyman

Assoc. Prof.

Risk and return are the two most important parameters in stock investment. Rational investors are expected to prefer the share with the highest expected returns when their risks are the same, and they are expected to prefer the share with the lowest risk when their expected returns are equal. Risk of a financial asset can be defined as the possibility of losing money, that is, the probability that actual results differ from expected results. Therefore, risk is measured based on the volatility of the return measured by variance or standard deviation. The risk of stock may result from either external factors such as economic, geopolitical, and financial factors, or companyspecific internal factors. Systematic risk is inherent to the economy and /or market, and is generally assumed as being difficult to avoid. On the other hand, unsystematic risk is the risk that is related to company, and it is assumed as diversifiable. Since unsystematic risk is diversifiable, finance theory is focused on systematic risk. After Markowitz and Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), systematic risk is measured by beta which is a measure of the volatility of a security or portfolio compared to the market as a whole.Financial ratios are also important in analyzing the health and success of a company. Generally, by ratios analysis, we shed light on liquidity, profitability, growth, financial structure, operational performance, and market situation of the company. Since these ratios are the key factors in determining the performance of a company, they should also play a role in the riskiness of the company. Therefore, we choose the Beta coefficient, as a proxy for systematic risk; and current ratio, ratio of total debts, cash-to-cash cycle, return on equity, and market value/book value to represent the different dimensions of performance.CAPM is based on a rational investor who constructs an optimum portfolio. However, Kahneman ve Tversky (1979)’s Prospect Theory showed that investors may not be so rational, and they generally decide based on some psychological factors called heuristics. These biases also affect our behaviors differently in the case of positive and negative situations.The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of financial ratios on the systematic risk of the companies listed in the Non-Metallic Mineral Products Sector Index of Borsa Istanbul. We used quarterly data of 15 companies for the period of 2005Q1- 2019Q4. Based on findings of behavioral finance the effect of positive and negative movements of financial ratios on Beta coefficient may be asymmetric. Therefore, Panel Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (Panel NARDL) model developed by Shin et. (2014) seems to best fit our study purpose. The NARDL searches whether the asymmetric relationship between financial ratios and systematic risk exists or not; if the asymmetric relationship is found, what is the direction and size of the relationship. It is important for all stakeholders to identify the factors and their directions that affect risk. The short and long-term asymmetric effect of the increase and decrease in financial ratios on risk is reviewed by the Panel NARDL model. Panel NARDL model can be used for small samples, and it allows to capture the cointegration dynamics which cannot be determined by other linear and nonlinear cointegration methods.Results of the study showed that an asymmetrical relationship was found between risk of companies and current ratio, cash-to-cash cycle and market value/book value in the long term; but no asymmetrical relationship is observed between risk and return on equity (roe) and total debt ratio. On the other hand, s symmetric risk-roe and risktotal tebt ratio relationship is observed between variables. In the short run, there was no asymmetrical relationship between risk and financial ratios. The achieved results are important in explaining the factors that effect stock movements.&nbsp;

Risk ve Finansal Göstergeler Arasindaki Asimetrik İlişki: BIST İmalat  Sektöründe Bir Uygulama

Mustafa

Prof.

Veysel

Assist. Prof.

The Relationship Between the Health Services Price Index and The  Real Effective Exchange Rate Index in Turkey: A Frequency Domain  Causality Analysis

Gülçin

Res. Assist.

Furkan

The relations between economic growth and foreign trade have been widely investigated in the econometrics literature. These relationships can be evaluated using causality analysis, the starting point of which is often considered Granger’s (1969) study. The study provides the traditional definition of causality. The Granger causality relationship is obtained from the whole sample. This means that the effects of social, economic, and political shocks cannot be expressed clearly when the causal relationship between variables is evaluated. Therefore, even if structural changes have occurred in the interval of the sample, it may not be possible to identify these changes in the causality relationship.When structural changes impact the value of the variables, methods that help identify these changes should be used. Therefore, this study evaluates two different time-varying causality methods. The first is the time-varying parameters (TVP) causality. According to the TVP method, the effect of structural changes on parameter stability should be evaluated. For this, a joint null hypothesis is used. The joint null hypothesis is tested such that both the parameters are stable and there is no causal relationship. The other method is the recursive evolving window (REW) causality. In the latter method, structural shocks can change the causality relationship, and therefore, causality should be examined in sub-samples.This study evaluated the causality relationship between economic growth, export growth, and import growth in Turkey. First, it examines the relationships with the traditional Granger causality analysis. The study found a bidirectional causality relationship between economic growth and import growth in the sample. This result indicates that, in fact, increasing income levels cause more attention to be given to information and technology in imports. Further, there is an increase in purchasing power and input requirements.The causality analysis of the whole sample indicates a uniform relationship. The opposite conclusion was based on investigating the effects of structural changes over time. The authors conclude that Turkey should closely follow the events that affect the commercial activities—both within the country and in neighboring countries— to maintain balance between foreign trade and economic growth. Therefore, it is inevitable for Turkey to be affected by the results of structural changes. Therefore, the results of structural changes are the prime subject of this study, and the changes in the causality relationship were observed with time-varying causality methods.Further, this study shows the stability of the parameters while examining the timevarying causality relationship. For this reason, the results of time-varying causality relationships are presented by examining parameter stability, robust standard errors, and consistent estimators under heteroscedasticity.Implementing the TVP method, the results show that the parameters are not stable and that there is a bidirectional causality relationship between import growth and economic growth, and between export growth and economic growth. According to the results of the REW method, there are causality relationships arising from economic growth with both export growth and import growth between 2011–2016. There are also causality relationships from export growth and import growth to economic growth between 2006–2008. Additionally, there are bidirectional causality relationships between import growth and economic growth between 2007–2008 and in 2016. Therefore, even if there is a causal relationship between the variables in different periods, it sharply prevents the rejection of the null hypothesis that there is no causality. These results provide evidence that the causal relationship may change over time.Consequently, according to the results of the time-varying causality relationship, the relationship between foreign trade and economic growth in Turkey varies intensively between 2006–2008 and 2011–2016. Thus, both the global economic crisis and the European debt crisis have affected Turkey. The estimated parameters while examining the causality relationship did not show stability.&nbsp;

Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme ve Dış Ticaret Arasındaki Nedensellik  İlişkisi Zamanla Değişiyor mu?

Eylem

Gülcan

Using The Analytic Hierarchy Process For Store Manager Selection:  A Real Case Study

Server

Selahattin

Levent

Turgut

Şaban

Turkish society is one of the few in the world that has traditionally used gold as a form of saving and investment. In general, Turkish people acquire gold for marriage, to buy a house, and for the future saving for themselves or their offspring. This gold is typically stored in their houses. “Gold under the Pillow” is gold that is not in any financial system but is held in various locations. In Turkey, there is approximately 3–5 tons of gold that is not involved in the financial system and is so-called “under the pillow.” The gold in question is worth between 200–300 billion dollars. The coronavirus disease-19 pandemic has hampered economies world-wide, including Turkey. The Turkish economy will recover if the gold financial system, which is hidden beneath the aforementioned pillow, is incorporated.Concurrent with the advancements in the banking system, the integration of various investment instruments into the banking system has also improved. In this regard, a similar situation was observed with gold, which is one of the most important investment and saving tools. Although the relationship between gold and the bank has a long history, the gold banking system has become more comprehensive as a result of technological and systematic advancements in the banking system. Therefore, the idea of banks to assess individual gold saving has continued to gain interest. However, despite this interest in banks, an individual’s interest in gold banking is not at the desired level.In this study, the individual’s awareness regarding gold banking and their choice to utilize the gold banking system were investigated. The study aims to discover the factors that influence the decisions of individuals on whether or not to utilize the gold banking system. Thus, individual data within the Istanbul area were obtained via questionnaires and were examined. The findings highlight the fact that most participants have yet to use the gold banking system. To analyze the reasons for this situation, factor analysis was used and the main factors were identified. Next, considering the asymmetrical distribution in the use of gold banking, the Gompit Model, one of the qualitative preference models, was calculated and the main factors&nbsp;that influence the decisions of individuals about gold banking were discovered. According to the results, the primary reason why individuals do not utilize gold banking is a lack of knowledge about the system. Most participants claimed that they might utilize the system to get educated about the gold banking system. Another critical aspect is the distrust in banks and the reliability of keeping gold under the pillow. It was noted that individuals who regard gold as an investment or security were more likely to utilize the gold banking system. Another promising point is that the systems returns are higher. It has been determined that individuals may be more willing to use the system if gold banking provides more profits. Furthermore, it was discovered that individuals with larger savings are more inclined to use the gold banking system.Based on the result, it can be concluded that the essential policies to be implemented to incorporate the “under the pillow” gold in the system should focus on better educating individuals and developing their confidence in banks. Individuals who wish to use gold as a means of investment and savings will include their gold in the system, and the gold “under the pillow” will be included into the economy, if they have an adequate understanding of gold banking and do not have a negative attitude toward banks.&nbsp;

Türkiye’de “Yastık Altı” Altın: Bir Uygulama

Suna

Lecturer

Ferda

Spatial Econometric Models and The Analysis of the Determinants  of Internal Migration in Turkey

Umut

Nilhun

In contemporary economic inquiry and public policy, the concept of innovation has gained more significance compared with previous years. One reason for this is countries’ efforts to leverage the phenomenon of globalization in their interests. Countries can integrate into the global economy and increase gross national income through innovation that will turn globalization to their favor. Innovation is of substantial significance for businesses’ growth and longevity. It is one of the primary factors required for business survival and sustained development in the global economy. Because of globalization, companies must be more creative and exploratory in the face of increasing competition and scientific and technological development. Companies’ survival now depends on their level of innovation and technological development. Innovation activities have a crucial impact on countries’ economic growth and development. It is at the heart of economic growth and development and has strategic importance for policymakers and business leaders to increase national global competitiveness, welfare, and quality of life.Reviewing previous empirical studies on innovation and the factors affecting innovation, a limited number of studies have used multivariate models. Although many studies examine the relationship between innovation and various variables, multivariate linear regression models are predominantly used in these limited studies.This study aims to investigate the factors affecting innovation. A panel VAR model was estimated using a panel dataset for selected OECD countries for the period 1981–2019. The model was estimated using the sample countries’ annual data on the number of domestic patents as the dependent variable and independent variables of GDP, trade openness, foreign direct investment, R&amp;D, and education expenditure. Based on the predicted panel VAR model, a panel Granger causality test and variance decomposition analysis were performed, and impulse-response functions were interpreted.The findings of the VAR analyses were threefold: i) The Granger causality test between a causal relationship from the variables of trade openness, foreign direct investment, and R&amp;D and the number of patents. ii) Impulse-response functions indicated that the variables of GDP, trade openness, and R&amp;D expenditure positively affect the number of patents in the short run. iii) A variance decomposition analysis demonstrated that the most crucial variable affecting the number of patents is GDP.According to these findings, GDP, trade openness, foreign direct investment, and R&amp;D expenditure are the primary factors affecting innovation.Considering the results, an increased demand for the innovation process and innovative applications positively affect innovation. Because increased income is measured using GDP, rising foreign trade volume and foreign direct investment&nbsp;inflow are the most significant variables for the increasing innovation demand. The positive effect of increased GDP on innovation is also quite significant in terms of facilitating innovation and R&amp;D financing and support and expanding purchasing power. R&amp;D expenditure was revealed to be the primary mechanism of countries’ innovation level.&nbsp;

İnovasyonu Etkileyen Faktörler: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği

Esra

Ekonomik Büyüme ile Kişi Başına Düşen Sağlık Harcamalarını Arttırılabilir miyiz?  Türkiye Örneği

Devran

Aziz

This study explores the relationship between HT concentration and income and the validity of the diversification curve. The validity of the resource curse hypothesis for the HT sector is tested. The effect of the country scale and trade volume on concentration in the HT sector is also examined.This research uses empirical methods to analyze the relationship between HT-export concentration and income. Concentration coefficients in the HT sector were calculated using three different indices: the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), the Gini-Hirschman Index (GHI), and Entropy Index (EI). These indices, which are used to measure the concentration of variables in various subjects in different disciplines, are generally used in the field of economics to measure firm concentration in the markets and geographical concentration in foreign trade. An increase in index values indicates diversification, and a decrease indicates concentration. In the entropy index, the increase indicates diversification, unlike other indices.These data were used in regression analysis as a dependent variable at the next stage. Variables used in the study were obtained from the World Integrated Trade Solutions (WITS), World Bank (WB), OECD, and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) databases in a sample covering the period 1988- 2017 in 49 countries. The countries included in the sample were predominantly OECD economies. It was found that linear SEK assumptions could not be met in the tests of autocorrelation, heteroskedasticity, and cross-section dependence on panel regression residuals. In consideration of these problems, regression with DriscollKraay (1998) standard errors gives robust results. The F values obtained from the estimates show that the models are generally significant. The stationary regression residuals eliminate the possibility of spurious regression and indicates that the series are cointegrated. The variance inflation factor was calculated to be more diminutive than the critical threshold value (Mean VIF = 2.14 &lt; 10), showing no multicollinearity between variables. Because the variables are used in logarithmic form, the estimated coefficients can be interpreted directly as elasticity.The findings obtained by panel data econometrics in a sample from 1988 to 2017 in 49 countries show that the U-shaped relationship put forward for general export does not apply to HT export. There is no concentration or diversification curve for HT exports. However, the driver of HT-export diversification has been found to be income level. As income levels increase, countries can diversify HT products. A linear and negative relationship was found between export concentrations and income in the HT sector. When the income increases by 1%, the HT-export concentration decreases by approximately 0.14 units compared to the HHI index. In other words, diversity increases.Natural resource wealth is not a hindrance to HT-export diversification, but rather contributes to diversification. This finding suggests that resource abundance does not exclude technological progress and knowledge economy activities. As control variables, country scale and trade volume indicators contribute positively to HT concentration. A 1% increase in the population increases HT-export concentration to 0.47 units according to the HHI index; the increase in openness increases by 0.25 units. In addition, when the interval estimates are examined together with the point estimates, the coefficient signs do not change. This result contradicts the literature put forward for general export. In the rankings of all indices, South Africa, Italy, the United States, Austria, and Germany appear as the countries with the lowest degrees of concentration.The possibilities and limitations of this study fall within the framework of panel data econometrics assumptions. However, the accuracy of the data obtained from the databases constitutes another constraint. The findings are at the country level and do not contain information on sectors and regions.Policy makers aiming at product diversification in the HT industry must first design policies that target and promote income levels. To achieve income growth, the macroeconomic environment such as investment and savings levels, institutional and legal structure, as well as primary production factors (human and physical capital, R&amp;D stock) put forward by growth models must be convenient. Where the resource curse hypothesis is valid, where knowledge economies and technology-intensive activities are restricted and production structure and trade are concentrated in primary goods (natural resources), countries should focus on institutional structure reforms necessary to overcome the vicious cycle. Good management of natural resources and corporate structure will increase the diversification in HT exports.The relationship between HT-export concentration and income has not yet been extensively analyzed according to the level of technology. The present study aims to remark on this point. This aspect makes it will be a pioneering study in the literature. Also, this is the initial study in the literature that tests the validity of the resource curse hypothesis for the HT sector.&nbsp;

Yüksek Teknoloji İhracatında Ürün Yoğunlaşması ve Gelir Üzerine  Ampirik Bir Analiz

Seyhun

Ebru

Mutlu

The scientific theory of human-induced climate change is well established and goes back almost two centuries. Solar energy drives the earth’s climate, and the atmosphere is the principal component of the system that maintains the earth’s radiative balance. As a result of human activities such as fossil fuel-based energy consumption and deforestation, heat-intercepting greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere. Capable of absorbing thermal radiation, these greenhouse gases accumulate in the atmosphere and affect the radiative balance of the earth. In the period of just two hundred and fifty years after 1750, atmospheric concentrations of the most important greenhouse gases, namely carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have risen by 40%, 150%, and 20%, respectively. As a consequence of the higher quantity of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, global average temperatures have risen by 1.1 °C over the same period. In addition to increasing global temperatures, it is easy to find empirical evidence about anthropogenic climate change in the climate system. Ocean acidification, the increasing heat of the oceans, rise in sea levels, destruction of coral reefs, melting ice sheets, and retreating glaciers are listed among the most critical impacts of climate change. The scientific consensus on climate change can be found in the climate science literature. According to the most quoted evidence of the consensus among scientists, 97% of the scientific papers published in scientific journals accept that climate change is occurring, and the main cause is human activity. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is the leading scientific authority on climate change, states, in its 5th climate assessment report (2013), that the “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased…It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century…”The picture emerging in the scientific field shows that the sustainable solution to climate change lies primarily in reducing human-induced greenhouse gas emissions. The key document signed in the international arena on climate change is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which was signed in 1992. In Article 2 of the Convention, it is stated that the ultimate goal of the UNFCCC “is to fix the greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent a dangerous human intervention to the climate system.” Conversely, the distinction between developed and developing countries, especially in terms of responsibilities regarding greenhouse gas reduction has become an important problem to be overcome in international negotiations. For example, in Article 3 of the UNFCCC, which lists the basic principles to be followed to achieve the ultimate goal, concepts such as equity, development, precaution, and sustainability are highlighted. According to these principles, “the climate system should be protected for the benefit of present and future generations and by the principle of equity.” As a requirement of the principle of equity, the responsibilities of developed and developing countries should be common but following differentiated responsibilities and respective abilities.Within the Kyoto Protocol, which was negotiated within the scope of the UNFCCC and signed in 1998 and whose implementation period started in 2005, developed countries committed to cutting their average greenhouse gas emissions by 5%. The distinction between developed and developing countries in terms of emission reduction commitments has been one of the most prominent aspects of the Kyoto Protocol. Another internationally important document, signed in 2015, is the Paris Agreement. Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, in the Paris Agreement, the main target is to hold the increase in average temperatures in the twenty-first century to well below 2 °C compared to the pre-industrial period. In addition to the 2 °C target, it is decided that efforts should be pursued to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels. Unlike the Kyoto Protocol in which countries aim to participate in an emission reduction target determined at the international level, the parties in the Paris Agreement set a target according to themselves. Although it is presented as a single agreement, the Paris Agreement consists of different national commitments prepared and announced by the parties, in line with their own conditions. Although international participation against climate change has been achieved in the agreement, it is seen that the de facto distinction between developed and developing countries in the UNFCCC is maintained.The fact that there are developed and developing countries among the G20 countries, including Turkey, makes it possible to analyze the political divergence in the fight against climate change since the UNFCCC. However, the fact that the G20 countries constitute 63% of the world’s population, 80% of the national income, 78% of the energy supply, and 81% of the fossil-fuel based carbon dioxide emissions as of 2017 helps to interpret the results of the analysis in terms of the world. The cluster analysis based on per capita income and carbon dioxide emissions show that the gap between developed and developing countries did not close in the 1990-2017 period. The increase in the total emissions of countries such as China and India is remarkable. However, within the G20, developed countries’ per capita emissions are still relatively high compared to developing countries. As a global environmental problem, human-induced climate change requires the participation of all countries. However, demographic, economic, and technological differences between countries indicate that achieving global cooperation is not as easy as desired. The sustainable solution or management of climate change necessitates reducing these differences between countries. At this point, the aim should not only be to put pressure on developing countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions but also to build a structure that helps developing countries to gain the institutional, economic, and technological capability and capacity they need in the fight against climate change.&nbsp;

Fosil Yakıt Kaynaklı Karbondioksit Emisyonlarına Dayalı K-Ortalama  Kümeleme Analizi: G20 Örneği

Serkan

Necati

An index can be defined in statistical research as a measure of change in a representative sample of individual data points, or as a composite measure that combines many indicators. Indices, sometimes known as composite indicators, are used to summarize and categorize individual data. In this manner, the researcher can evaluate the subject under investigation using criteria, such as good to poor, strong to weak, remote close, and make conclusions regarding the study subject. In this research, a new index ranking calculation is proposed using economic freedom data. In the proposed method, a hybrid approach was presented, in which spatial econometrics, fuzzy C-means from fuzzy clustering analysis methods, and COPRAS methods from multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methods are used together. The purpose of this strategy is to calculate a sorting method with spatial connection coefficients as input, fuzzy C-means, and data as the output of the process and COPRAS method.The subject of economic freedom is a concept that covers the entire concepts of freedom of choice, exchange, and competition, and protection of property. In other words, economic independence may be defined as an individual managing their property and labor without regard for the constraints imposed by the state or other groups. It is the most basic right of individuals to engage in economic activities using their rights over their property within legal frameworks and gains as a result of these activities in the areas they desire. Governments should also protect people’s property rights and enable free movement of labor, capital, products, and services that enable activities like production, consumption, and investment. There are independent organizations, such as the Fraser Institute, The Heritage Foundation, the Cato Institute, and Freedom House that work on measuring economic freedom around the world. With the studies they issue each year, these organizations examine the state of countries in terms of economic freedom. Governments and business companies may monitor the changes in the nations of interest for each year and accordingly launch or amend their investments based on these reports released under various data categories.Spatial econometrics is a subscience of econometrics that focuses on combining spatial influence with econometric methods. This discipline of study is primarily concerned with spatial effects, which show the pattern of spatial decoupling. The interaction between the geographic domain, which is described in terms of spaces, horizontal cross section dependency, which is a subset of spatial dependence, and cross sectional heterogeneity, which is a subset of spatial heterogeneity, may result in. The dependency structure can be related to distance and location, and this structure can be seen in a geographical area, as well as in an economic or social network area.&nbsp;Clustering analysis is one of the most widely used methods in classification studies. Clustering analysis is a method for classifying the units analyzed in research by grouping them according to their resemblance, identifying the common qualities of the units, and making broad assumptions about these classes. The purpose here is to categorize ungrouped data based on similarities and assist the researcher in obtaining relevant and valuable summary information. Fuzzy clustering is recommended as an appropriate method if the sets are not fully and precisely separated from each other or there are suspicious situations in which set some observations are elements.Fuzzy sets, collections of observations in which the membership record is specified between 0 and 1, decide each observation function. Observations that have a high degree of membership in the same cluster are quite comparable. Each observation does not have to be included in only one set in fuzzy clustering. In this method, observations belong to clusters with certain degrees of membership, and information about the observations’ membership to other clusters is obtained.MCDM methods are used when it is necessary to assess a large number of alternatives under a large number of criteria.Individuals, corporations, and organizations encounter multidimensional choice challenges in their daily lives. Managers frequently make judgments when several factors and competing goals (criteria) must be met. MCDM techniques consist of approaches and methods that try to reach a possible “best/appropriate” solution that meets multiple conflicting criteria. Decision-makers can make scientific and more successful decisions using MCDM techniques to overcome such problems.A hybrid technique integrating geographical econometrics, fuzzy clustering analysis, and MCDM was developed in this work for a unified measure ranking of the quality of political–economic institutions in various jurisdictions, such as economic liberties. The proposed method was calculated on the Heritage Foundation economic freedom data and compared for the years 2019, 2020, and 2021. The suggested method’s rankings for three separate eras were calculated as 88.6%, 91.7%, and 92.7%, with correlation values with the original Heritage Foundation rankings. These high correlation values were also found to be significant at 1%. The high correlation values of the findings acquired in the index sorting research developed to suggest that the proposed hybrid approach may then be employed in additional index computations, according to the results.&nbsp;

Mekânsal Ekonometri Tabanlı Karma Sıralama Önerisi: Avrupa  Ekonomik Özgürlükler Örneği

Mehmet

Hatice

The natural resource factor is one of the most important sources of economic growth. As the effects of environmental problems, particularly global warming, worsen, the environmental damage, the effects on future generations, and the methods used in production activities have begun to be discussed by countries attempting to meet their economic targets. The increase in mass production and urbanization has increased the energy required to sustain economic activity, which has been met by the use of fossil fuels. Such fossil fuel use increases the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere, with the energy sector being the most significant contributor. Because of the global nature of the problem, some steps have been taken to reduce emissions and prevent environmental pollution for sustainable development. In this context, international agreements to reduce emissions, such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, have been signed, and environmental policies have been developed. The emergence of environmental problems has increased the interest of researchers in this field. Moreover, many studies have examined the relationship between environmental factors and economic growth and made policy recommendations for sustainable development. The environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis has been used to analyze the relationship between emissions and growth in the majority of the related literature. However, Gill et al. (2018) claimed that the results of EKC analysis were extremely sensitive to the period chosen and the model specification. When new variables are added to the model, the results of the EKC hypothesis may change, causing different turning points in the curve. Müller-Fürstenberger and Wagner (2007) and Aslanidis (2009) both criticized the EKC hypothesis. In light of the EKC hypothesis reviews, the present study analyzed the relationship between the variables from an asymmetric perspective using the variables’ cumulative positive and negative shocks.The current study examined the short- and long-run asymmetric causal relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth in Turkey using annual data from 1960 to 2018. In this context, Hatemi-J (2012) examined short-run asymmetric causality between variables, whereas Granger and Yoon (2002) examined long-run asymmetric relationships using hidden cointegration. The result of the short-run analysis reveals that decreases in emissions reduce economic growth in the short run. Moreover, the positive developments in economic growth increase emissions in the long run. Furthermore, positive movements in economic growth leads to an increase in emissions in the long run. Another significant finding is that the negative growth development increases the increase in emissions in long run. Moreover, asymmetric causality exists from negative growth shocks to positive emissions shocks in the long run.Meanwhile, examining crouching error correction estimation results, we determined that positive and negative shocks in economic growth are permanent components, whereas positive and negative shocks in emissions are transitory. In other words, positive or negative developments (positive or negative shocks) in growth affect both itself and emissions, thus determining long-run relationship dynamics between the variables. Meanwhile, positive or negative shocks in emissions affect only themselves and are impermanent in the long run.Positive and/or negative developments in economic growth constantly increase emissions. Therefore, to ensure sustainable development and reduce emissions emitted into the atmosphere, stakeholders must increase the use of renewable energy resources, expand the use of clean technology, and pave the way for environmental policies to be developed.&nbsp;

Büyüme ve Emisyonlar Arasındaki Asimetrik Nedensellik Analizi:  Türkiye Örneği

Oğuzhan

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

In this globalized world, supply and demand are on the rise, where access to international markets is easier than ever because of the advances in technology. With easier access to markets, countries got into fierce competition involving their companies operating on a global scale. This phenomenon puts companies and thus countries into a competition with no limits. Examining the countries that gained independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1990 and were described as Transition Economies in the 1994 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change will be helpful in determining if they are capable of competing with other countries while also providing them with necessary policy recommendations. Transition economies, particularly those on the European continent, have the potential to compete with European Union (EU) countries in foreign trade owing to their relatively more developed position in terms of economy and their geographical proximity to EU countries.This study analyzed whether the foreign trade-driven competitive power of the 13 transition economies (i.e., Albania, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, and Slovakia) converges toward that of the 14 main European Union countries (EU14) for the period of 1993:M01–2021:M08. These countries are either members or candidates for the EU, and their data are entirely accessible. The study used the Fourier panel unit root test with sharp and smooth breaks developed by Bahmani-Oskooee et al. (2014).&nbsp;Foreign trade-driven competitive power can be measured using different indicators. In this study, it was measured based on the real effective exchange rate for relative prices. As part of the analysis, first, the presence of a cross-sectional dependence among transition economies was examined using the tests developed by Breusch and Pagan (1980) LM, Pesaran (2004) LMS, and Baltagi, Feng and Kao (2012) LMBC. A cross-sectional dependence was observed among these countries. Then, the panel unit root test was applied, which was developed by Bahmani-Oskooee et al. (2014), by considering the cross-sectional dependence among countries. According to individual analyses, transition economies, except for Croatia, were found to be in a closer position to EU14 countries in terms of foreign trade-driven competitive power. Considering the presence of sharp and smooth structural breaks in series, other analyses on the overall panel revealed that the 13 transition economies, included in the panel, converge toward EU14 countries in terms of foreign trade-driven competitive power. Moreover, the testing method was able to successfully determine the sharp and smooth structural breaks in these countries. The findings of this study show that transition economies that joined the EU at a later stage or are candidates for the EU have successfully carried out the EU harmonization process. Conversely, the EU is providing financial and technical support to these now-member or candidate countries to increase their production level and foreign trade volume while simultaneously enhancing their foreign trade-driven competitive power.&nbsp;

PEGSÜ Ülkelerinin Dış Ticaret Rekabet Gücü AB14 Ülkelerine  Yakınsıyor mu? Ani ve Yumuşak Değişimli Fourier Panel Birim Kök  Testinden Kanıtlar

Burak

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

Neslihan

This study investigates the relationship between environmental degradation and democracy in 37 OECD countries. The dataset covers the period of 1995-2018. The literature on environmental degradation can be classified as follows: The first group of studies investigates the relationship between environmental degradation and its economic indicators, and the second group focuses on the relationship between environmental degradation and its political indicators. While some of these studies state democracy to increase environmental degradation, other studies argue opposite, with democracy decreasing environmental pollution.&nbsp;No consensus is observed to exist regarding how democracy impacts environmental degradation. Using this motivation, this study focuses on the political determinants of environmental degradation, unlike the existing literature which has mainly focused on the economic determinants of environmental pollution. This study examines the relationship between democracy and greenhouse gas emissions per capita in 37 OECD countries over 1995-2018 the period using the common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG) estimator.Many studies are found to have examined the determinants of environmental degradation. A significant portion of these studies has analyzed the impacts of economic factors such as economic growth, trade openness, and globalization on environmental pollution. While some of these studies (Jalil &amp; Mahmud, 2009; Lau et al., 2014; Destek et al., 2016; Doğan &amp; Turkekul, 2016; Shahbaz et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2017; Pata, 2019; Ling et al., 2021; used carbon emissions as a proxy for environmental degradation, a second group of studies (Ahmed et al., 2019; Apaydın et al., 2021; Apaydın, 2020) used the ecological footprint index. However, very little research is found in the literature regarding political determinants on environmental degradation, such as democracy. While some of these studies have argued democracy to positively affect environmental degradation, others have argued a negative relationship to exist between democracy and the environment. Studies such as those from Binder and Neumayer (2005), Li and Reuveny (2006), Bernauer and Kaubi (2004; 2009), Romuald (2016), and Hotunluoğlu and Yılmaz (2018) have shown democracy to reduce environmental pollution. However, a few studies such as those from Brenna (2015), and Gallagher and Thacker (2008) have argued democracy to have a positive or negligible impact on the environment.The results from the cointegration test show a long term relationship to exist among the variables. According to the CCEMG results, democracy has a positive and statistically significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions per capita. Alongside this, the study also uses renewable energy consumption, income per capita, and urban population as control variables. The results show the impacts of income per capita and urban population to not be statistically significant, while also showing a negative and significant relationship to exist between democracy and renewable energy consumption.This study investigates the impact of democracy on greenhouse gas emissions per capita over the period 1995-2018 for 37 OECD countries. The results show democracy to be positively related to greenhouse gas emissions per capita. An increase in democracy levels increases greenhouse gas emissions per capita. Meanwhile, democracy leads to environmental degradation. On the other hand, an increase in renewable energy consumption levels decreases greenhouse gas emissions per capita in OECD countries, as expected. An increase in the percentage that renewable energy makes up overall energy consumption increases quality of the environment. Therefore, countries with high renewable energy consumption are able to provide a sustainable solution to environmental problems. According to the other important finding from the study, an increase in democracy increases the amount of greenhouse gas emissions per capita. This result supports the approaches claimed by studies such as those from Drzek (1987) and Bernauer and Koubi (2004), which showed democracy to increase environmental degradation. Therefore, regulatory institutions are able to reduce the negative impact that democracy has on environmental quality by limiting the power lawmakers have to permit excessive resource use. An ecological constitution may also be prepared in order to ensure the sustainability of environmental policies as well as to prevent the problem of political myopia.&nbsp;

OECD Ülkelerinde Demokrasinin Çevresel Bozulma Üzerindeki Etkisi

Özlem

Association Rules Mining on Retail Data

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Tuğba

Gökçe

Nowadays, there are many investment tools in the financial markets to assess the savings of individual investors. The diversity of investment instruments in the market makes it difficult for investors to make decisions about evaluating savings. Furthermore, developments and uncertainties in the economy affect the individual investor’s investment decision. In the economy, individuals use part of their income for consumption expenditures and savings. Individuals who make savings are evaluated byvarious investment instruments in order to make a profit. In this process, the main objective of investors is to obtain the highest return with minimum risk. Investors evaluate their savings in investment instruments with a certain expectation of return. The existence of many investment instruments in the economy reveals the issue of which investment instrument the investor should use. A balanced distribution of investor accumulation in multiple investment instruments instead of a single investment instrument will provide protection against fluctuations in the markets. Throughout the history of finance, studies have been conducted on how markets affect individual investment preferences. Investors follow the political, economic and social situations in the markets to make the right investment decision. There are many investment tools for transferring the idle resources to the financial system. Financial investment instruments provide the opportunity for individuals who make savings to protect their capital and earn money. For this reason, financial decisions are important in the efficient functioning of the market. All future financial decisions include uncertainty. The uncertainty of the future makes investors’ decision difficult. The financial decisions of investors who wish to use their savings in various investment instruments are important in the efficient management of funds in the economy. Decisions have a significant impact on financial markets. Monetary loss or profit as a result of the investment makes it difficult for investors to make decisions. Individual investors aim to achieve the highest risk with the lowest risk in financial investment decisions. If the risk of a financial investment instrument is high, the expectation of high return on this investment instrument increases. Traditional finance theories are based on the principle that individuals make decisions by acting rationally. Individual investors make a rational choice of financial investment instruments in their investment decisions and strive for maximum return on their savings. Since investors are rational, they analyze decisions in financial investment instruments rationally. However, in this process, the investor encounters many factors affecting the investment decision in the market. The decisions taken affect the outcome of the investment either positively or negatively. Therefore, the evaluation of the criteria affecting the investment decision has been included in many academic researches.&nbsp;In this study, the importance of the criteria affecting the investment decisions of the investors trading in financial markets is analyzed. The aim of this study is to compare the criteria that the financial investment decision makers take into consideration in the decision-making process. The criteria included in the study; Global Markets, Domestic Financial Indicators, Investment Instrument Characteristics and Analysis Techniques Used. The aim of this study is to reveal the economic, social, investment instrument characteristics and analysis techniques that are useful in the process of evaluating the savings of individual investors in financial investment instruments. The purpose of this study is to provide a new perspective by evaluating the relationships between the criteria affecting investment decision with the Fuzzy DEMATEL method. In addition to the support from the literature, my financial work experience contributed to my study in the process of determining the criteria included in the study. In this study, the Fuzzy DEMATEL method was used and the opinions of 10 experts responsible for financial decisions were taken. As a result of the findings obtained from the opinions of the experts based on the criteria, the most important criterion among the criteria was revealed to be Technical analysis. Investors pay attention to past price movements of investment instruments in decision-making. The second criterion that was given importance among the criteria was Global markets. After the financial globalization, all the information related to the economic and political situation of countries affect the values of the investment instruments in the market.

Belirsizlik Şartlarında Yatırım Karar Analizine Etki Eden Faktörlerin Bulanık DEMATEL Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi

Gökhan

Fatma

Öğretim Görevlisi

As a result of the convergence hypothesis that the growth rates of developing and underdeveloped countries will be higher than those of developed countries, underdeveloped and developing countries will catch up with developed countries. In other words, the real gross domestic product of all countries will be equalized after a certain period of time. This idea is basically based on the law of decreasing yields. As a result of the capital increase of developed countries, which have reached the saturation point in terms of capital, the output increase rate is below the output increase rate as a result of the capital increase of underdeveloped and developing countries, which are insufficient in terms of capital. The basis of the convergence hypothesis is based on Solow (1956). Until Solow’s work, an acceptable theoretical explanation could not be given to this phenomenon, which was voiced by many theorists prior to Solow. The basis of the convergence hypothesis is based on Solow (1956). Moreover, most of the growth models are directly or indirectly based on the Solow model. There are multiple types of convergence tested in the literature. Earlier models did not distinguish between old and new technology, and looked at both old and new technology with one vision. The introduction of technological progress means that there is a difference in the efficiency of old and new technology. Thus, the model means that only physical capital accumulation cannot bring about growth per capita or increase the amount of production. In particular, given a microeconomic specification of technologies and preferences, the per capita output in an economy will approach the same level, regardless of initial capital (Timakova, 2011). When comparing different economies, it means that for economies with the same technologies and preferences, the difference in production per capita will be temporary.The Solow growth model is the first to present convergence. It has deeply influenced the way economists conceptualize long-term relationships between macroeconomics. According to this hypothesis within the neo-classical growth theory approaches, the income of the less developed countries will reach the level of developed countries after a while. That is, the exact definition of convergence is to achieve the same fixed income level. Convergence hypothesis studies generally use external theory (Rivas ve Villarroya, 2017). Because the concept of convergence emerged, if different countries have the same preferences and technology, it can be said that the poorer countries tend to grow faster than the rich countries, especially in the presence of accumulated factors, particularly the decrease in marginal returns in capital use. Each country will reach its own stable state, but the differences in the per capita income will be reduced. When the rich and poor countries reach the same fixed income level, another possible solution can be seen. The hypothesis of convergence of incomes of underdeveloped countries to incomes of developed countries is a hypothesis frequently tested in the literature. Different types of convergence hypothesis can be tested in terms of econometrics. In this study, the convergence of annual income series of the EU member countries, covering the period of 1960-2018, was examined and the stochastic convergence hypothesis, one of the convergence types, was tested with panel unit root tests based on SUR models. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests based on SUR models. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests are second generation panel unit root tests. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests take into account the cross-sectional dependency and allow for an explanation of each unit separately. In this study, using SURADF and SURKSS unit root tests, the convergence status of the EU member countries to the group average of the EU was examined, and results were given about whether the convergence hypothesis is valid for each country separately.

AB Ülkelerinin Yakınsaması: Suradf ve Surkss Birim Kök Test

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Kevser

Selay

This study evaluates the relations between economic performance, democracy index and economic freedoms, which are widely discussed in economic theory. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of democracy index and economic freedoms on economic performance. The study was conducted with the data of 45 European countries for 2017. Data from countries with insufficient information was excluded from the analysis. Data on the economic freedom variable The Heritage Foundation, from the link: https://www.heritage.org/index/ explore?view=by-region-country year &amp; u = 636967067347971774), also contains data on the democracy index variable. The democracy index report published by the Economist Intelligence Unit (The EIU) can be found at the link: https://pages.eiu. com/rs/753-RIQ 438 / images / Democracy_Index_2017.pdf). Data for the economic performance variable were obtained from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (World Bank) database. The concept of freedom can encompass many different definitions of the idea of economic freedom. Some of these definitions are as follows: Economic freedom consists of a combination of property rights and the protection of individuals, the right to make individual choices and the freedom to compete (Gwartney ve Lawson, 2003, p.406). The concept of economic freedom therefore can be understood to mean that people voluntarily engage in consumption and investment activities at any time without the control and restrictions of the state, that their rights are under state protection and that they participate in the labor force (Şenalp, 2018, p.319). When democracy is defined as a political system, it is a regime in which all adults have the right to vote, where candidates in the election can freely compete, and through periodic elections, decision makers come to power with strong authority (Huntington, 1984, p.195). Democracy also provides freedom and the possibility of self-determination (Schwartz, 1993, p.552). A two-stage approach was used to determine the consistency of the data used in the study with the research hypotheses (Anderson and Gerbing, 1988). In the first step,&nbsp;the measurement model was tested to determine whether the observed variables in the model accurately measured the latent variables to which they belong. This stage of the analysis is considered as Confirmatory Factor Analysis. If the indicator variables that make latent variables measurable do not accurately measure the constructed structure, the next step, the structural model, will not need to be tested. For this reason, the measurement model must meet the requirements for compliance. The second stage includes the testing of the structural model (Huchting, Lac and Labrie, 2008, p.543). When the model was evaluated according to the obtained t-values, there was a direct relationship between economic freedom and democracy index, and between democracy index and economic performance, while no direct relationship was found between economic freedom and economic performance. This suggests that the index of democracy may be a mediating variable. In order to evaluate the mediation effect, a significant relationship was found between economic freedom and economic performance. When the index of democracy is included in the model, the value of the path coefficient between these two variables decreases and the path becomes meaningless. In this case, it can be said that the index of democracy fully mediates the relationship between economic freedom and economic performance. In other words, the relationship between economic freedom and economic performance is indirectly realized through the democracy index. The fact that there is a direct relationship between economic freedom and democracy index and democracy index and economic performance supports the mediating effect (Judd and Kenny, 1981, pp. 605-606; Baron and Kenny, 1986, p.1176-1177). This study shows that economic performance and economic freedom, which are the determinants of the institutional structure for European countries, can be increased with economic performance and economic freedoms in order to improve democracy. For sustainable economic performance, countries should strengthen and add importance to their institutional structures. Countries aiming to increase their economic performance should set policies to increase their democracies and economic freedoms. Since the findings obtained belong to a certain group of countries, they cannot be generalized for all countries of the world. In future studies, analyses can be made for different country groups and time periods. The results obtained by using different analysis programs and different estimation methods can then be compared. The sub-components of economic freedom affect the environment and functioning of the market and contribute to the development of democracy, with the effect it has on entrepreneurship. Furthermore, individual commercial activities positively affect economic performance.

Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli ile Özgürlüklerin Ekonomik Performansa Etkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Mücahit

Purchasing power parity (PPP), which is one of the subjects of interest in international finance and economy, is defined as a rate of change that equalizes the purchasing power of different currencies by eliminating price level differences between countries (TURKSTAT, 2008). In other words, the theory of purchasing power parity states that the nominal exchange rate between the two currencies is determined by the purchasing power of each country’s currency. This means that the exchange rate between the two countries must be equal to a fixed level of goods and services basket price of the two currencies. While economists generally doubt the validity of PPP in the short term, they agree that it is necessary to investigate whether PPP is valid in the long term because price differences between countries are not sustainable in the long term (Acaravcı and Öztürk, 2010). Chortareas and Kapetanios (2009) evaluated the importance of purchasing power parity in terms of both traditional and new approaches to open economy macroeconomics for policy purposes. According to the traditional approach, the validity of PPP is valuable information for policy-makers who want to evaluate the effects of devaluation since the effects of devaluation under PPP on competitiveness will be eliminated in the long term. In open economies with new approaches, PPP is a necessary condition for equalizing market integrity and marginal utility. Empirical studies use cointegration tests, variance ratio tests, and quantitative regressions for nominal exchange rates and prices, and unit root tests for real exchange rates, to assess the validity of PPP. (Chortareas and Kapetanios, 2009; 391). The estimation of PPP exchange rates is very important for practical purposes. These objectives are; (i) determining the degree of deviation from the nominal exchange rate, ie determining whether the exchange rate is low or not. (ii) making appropriate policy decisions; (iii) adjusting currency parities; (iv) an international comparison of national income levels; and (v) a comparison between domestic price and foreign price (Sarno and Taylor, 2002). Whether PPP is valid or not should be examined. Where PPP is not valid, PPP cannot be used as a criterion for international income level comparison and estimation of real exchange rates, and where applicable, it can be used as a criterion for the level of development comparisons and the reliability of all economic decisions (Güriş et al. 2016). . In this study, the validity of purchasing power parity was examined using Fourier unit root tests for Turkey for the period 1992:01-2018:12. In order to make a comparison, two different recently developed unit root tests were used in the study. The study is expected to contribute to the current literature in terms of the method used. The studies for Turkey is as follows; Gurbuz and Hasgur (1997), Telatar and Kazdagli (1998), Erlat (2003), Yazgan (2003), Alba and Park (2005), Aslan and Kanbur (2007), Ozdemir (2008), Kalyoncu (2009), Lightning and Lightning (2012), Sener et al. (2015), Güriş et al. (2016), Rock and Steel (2018). In cases where series do not have a linear structure, nonlinear unit root tests give more powerful results than linear unit root tests. In the literature, there are unit root tests examining stationarity structures of nonlinear series. In this study, Güris (2018) and Ranjbar et al. (2018) non-linear Fourier unit root tests were used. Firstly, the linearity of the calculated real exchange rate series was examined and it was found that it does not have a linear structure. In the second part of the empirical analysis, the stationarity of the series was examined with the help of Fourier unit root tests. The obtained results indicate that Turkey has a stationary structure in the real exchange rate series. Accordingly, it is seen that the PPP hypothesis is valid for Turkey. In other words, the analyzed period, the real exchange rate being stationary and Turkey coming to the real exchange rate shocks are temporary. The validity of PPP means that the prices of goods expressed in the same currency are the same anywhere in the world. Therefore, PPP is expected to play an active role in the monetary policy decision for Turkey.

Satın Alma Gücü Paritesi Hipotezi Geçerliliğinin Fourier Birim Kök Testleri ile İncelenmesi: Türkiye Örneği

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics yılda iki kez olmak üzere, her 6 ayda bir yayınlanmaktadır.

Dergimiz ölçme, tahmin, test, tahmin ve politika analizi konularını kapsayan, ekonomi ve ilgili konularda olmak üzere yeni ekonometrik tekniklerin uygulanması ile ilgili yüksek kaliteli makaleler yayınlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Ekonometrik tekniklerin dikkatli ve titiz bir şekilde uygulanması ile elde edilen sonuçların uygun yorumlanması üzerinde durulmaktadır. Makalelerde ekonomik içerik üzerinde vurgu yapılmalıdır. Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics başta Ekonometri, istatistik ve Yöneylem Araştırması olmak üzere yüksek kaliteli araştırmalar yayınlamaktadır. Uzmanlık alanlarına deyinen, ulaşılabilir teknikleri içeren ve diğer araştırmacılar tarafından kolayca tekrarlanabilen, ekonomide yenilikçi, niceliksel araştırmalar için bir çıkış sağlamaktır. Tüm gönderimler farklı hakemler tarafından inceleme sürecine tabidir.

RePEc IDEAS

ProQuest

RePEc EconPapers

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD Sosyal Bilimler Atıf Dizini

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Relations Manager

Editorial Assistant

Technical Specialist

Language Editor

Editorial Board Member

Advisory Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics yılda iki kez olmak üzere, her 6 ayda bir yayınlanmaktadır.Dergimiz ölçme, tahmin, test, tahmin ve politika analizi konularını kapsayan, ekonomi ve ilgili konularda olmak üzere yeni ekonometrik tekniklerin uygulanması ile ilgili yüksek kaliteli makaleler yayınlamayı amaçlamaktadır.Ekonometrik tekniklerin dikkatli ve titiz bir şekilde uygulanması ile elde edilen sonuçların uygun yorumlanması üzerinde durulmaktadır.Makalelerde ekonomik içerik üzerinde vurgu yapılmalıdır.Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics başta Ekonometri, istatistik ve Yöneylem Araştırması olmak üzere yüksek kaliteli araştırmalar yayınlamaktadır.Uzmanlık alanlarına deyinen, ulaşılabilir teknikleri içeren ve diğer araştırmacılar tarafından kolayca tekrarlanabilen, ekonomide yenilikçi, niceliksel araştırmalar için bir çıkış sağlamaktır.Tüm gönderimler farklı hakemler tarafından inceleme sürecine tabidir.Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics 2005'ten bu yana altı ayda bir &#34;hakemli dergi&#34; olarak yayınlanmaktadır.Derginin dili İngilizce ve Türkçedir.Çeşitli ekonomik sorunlara uygulanabilir istatistiksel yöntemleri tanıtan katkılar amaçlanır.

Amaç ve Kapsam

TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR DizinProQuest CentralDOAJERIH PLUS <a href="https://ideas.repec.org/s/ist/ekoist.html" target="_blank" style="font-size: 10pt;">RePEc IDEAS</a> <a href="https://econpapers.repec.org/article/istekoist/" target="_blank">RePEc EconPapers </a><a href="http://atif.sobiad.com/index.jsp?modul=dergi-sayfasi&amp;ID=0&amp;magazinename=Ekoist:%20Journal%20of%20Econometrics%20and%20Statistics" target="_blank">SOBIAD</a>

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) ve World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak COPE ve ICJME yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) ve World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.-    Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.-    Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.-    Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.-    Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.-    Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.-    İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6457DE12A1C843DD826BC8AAF9767B86" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu'nda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır. Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDerginin yayın dili Türkçe ve İngilizce’dir.Yazıların Hazırlanması ve GönderimiAksi belirtilmedikçe gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılacaktır. Makale gönderimi online olarak ve <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist</a> üzerinden yapılmalıdır. Gönderilen yazılar, yazının yayınlanmak üzere gönderildiğini ifade eden, makale türünü belirten ve makaleyle ilgili bilgileri içeren (bkz: Son Kontrol Listesi) bir mektup; yazının elektronik formunu içeren Microsoft Word 2003 ve üzerindeki versiyonları ile yazılmış elektronik dosya ve tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6457DE12A1C843DD826BC8AAF9767B86" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir.  <ol><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmalar, A4 boyutundaki kağıdın bir yüzüne, üst, alt, sağ ve sol taraftan 2,5 cm. boşluk bırakılarak, 12 punto Times New Roman harf karakterleriyle ve 1,5 satır aralık ölçüsü ile hazılarlanmalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmalar 4500 - 8500 sözcük arasında olmalı ve sayfa numaraları sayfanın altında ve ortada yer almalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yazar/yazarların adları çalışmanın başlığının hemen altında sağa bitişik şekilde verilmelidir. Ayrıca yıldız dipnot şeklinde (*) yazarın unvanı, kurumu ve e-posta adresi ve telefonu sayfanın en altında dipnotta belirtilmelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergimize gönderilen Türkçe makalelerde Giriş bölümünden önce 200-250 sözcük arasında çalışmanın kapsamını, amacını, ulaşılan sonuçları ve kullanılan yöntemi kaydeden Türkçe ve İngilizce öz (abstract) ile Türkçe makalelerde 600-800 kelime içeren İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. İngilizce makalelerde ise, yalnızca İngilizce öz (abstract) yer almalıdır. İngilizce ve Türkçe özlerin altında çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden 3-5 İngilizce, 3-5 Türkçe anahtar kelime yer almalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: Başlık, Türkçe öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce başlık, İngilizce öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce genişletilmiş özet, ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. versiyonu kullanılmalıdır. APA 6 stili hakkında bilgi için; http://ekoist.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/content/yazarlara-bilgi/kaynaklar sayfasını ziyaret edebilir veya Yazarlara Bilgi’nin Kaynaklar başlığı altında ilgili açıklama ve örnekleri inceleyebilirsiniz.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmalarda tablo, grafik ve şekil gibi göstergeler ancak çalışmanın takip edilebilmesi açısından gereklilik arz ettiği durumlarda, numaralandırılarak, tanımlayıcı bir başlık ile birlikte verilmelidir. Tablolara ait başlık üstte, Şekiller’e ait başlık altta yer almalıdır. Demografik özellikler gibi metin içinde verilebilecek veriler, ayrıca tablolar ile ifade edilmemelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen makale ile birlikte yazar bilgilerini içeren kapak sayfası gönderilmelidir. Kapak sayfasında, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş ve faks numaraları ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).</li><li style="text-align: left;">Kurallar dâhilinde dergimize yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen çalışmaların her türlü sorumluluğu yazar/yazarlarına aittir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergi Yazı Kurulu ve hakem raporları doğrultusunda yazarlardan, metin üzerinde bazı düzeltmeler yapmaları istenebilir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yayınlanmasına karar verilen çalışmaların, yazar/yazarlarının her birine dergi gönderilir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergiye gönderilen çalışmalar yayınlansın veya yayınlanmasın geri gönderilmez.</li></ol>

Yazım Kuralları

Makaleyi göndermeden önce lütfen Yazım Kuralları’nı okuyun ve aşağıdakilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:Editöre mektup<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin türü</li> <li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li> <li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği</li> <li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li> <li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6457DE12A1C843DD826BC8AAF9767B86" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>Daha önce basılmış material (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D6F99DA5E4E1495899D8CAEC33175E6B" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin kategorisi</li> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonar şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li> <li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li> <li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li> </ul> </ul>Makalenin ana metni<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 200-250 kelime makale dilinde ve 200-250 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5 adet makale dilinde ve 5 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca vd dillerdeki makaleler) İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul>Makale Gönderme<ul type="disc"> <li>Makalenin gönderileceği Dergipark sayfası adresi:  <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist</a>  </li> <li>Makale ana metninin dosyasını (Main Document)  yüklerken, çift taraflı kör hakem süreci gereği, bu dosyanın yazar kimliğini deşifre eden hiçbir unsur barındırmadığından emin olun. Makale ana metni dosyası (Main Document) başlık sayfasını (Title Page) içermemeli; yazar adı geçen ya da yazar adlarını ifşa edebilecek bölümler içermemeli (Örneğin: Teşekkür, her sayfada tekrar eden ve yazar adlarını içerebilen başlık).</li> <li>Ayrıca, ek olarak yüklediğiniz Supplemental File for Review türü dosyalarda da yazar kimliğinin ifşa edilmediğinden emin olun. ​</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Ayrı Ayrı Yüklemeniz gereken dosyalar<ul type="disc"> <li>Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</li> <li>Resim, Tablo vb başka kaynaktan alındıysa izin belgesi</li> <li>Makale Kapak Sayfası</li> <li>Makale Ana Metni Dosyası  (Bu dosya aşağıdaki unsurları içermelidir)</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 200-250 kelime makale dilinde ve 200-250 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5 adet makale dilinde ve 5 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca, Türkçe vd dillerdeki makaleler ) İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract)  600-800 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Derleme yazıları okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “advance online publication” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stili ve FormatıEKOİST Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. edisyonunu benimser. APA 6. Edisyonu hakkında bilgi için:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org/</a>Metin İçinde Kaynak GöstermeKaynaklar metinde parantez içinde yazarların soyadı ve yayın tarihi yazılarak belirtilmelidir. Birden fazla kaynak gösterilecekse kaynaklar arasında (;) işareti kullanılmalıdır. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Örnekler:Birden fazla kaynak;(Esin ve ark., 2002; Karasar 1995)Tek yazarlı kaynak;(Akyolcu, 2007)İki yazarlı kaynak;(Sayıner ve Demirci, 2007, s. 72)Üç, dört ve beş yazarlı kaynak;Metin içinde ilk kullanımda: (Ailen, Ciambrune ve Welch, 2000, s. 12–13) Metin içinde tekrarlayan kullanımlarda: (Ailen ve ark., 2000)Altı ve daha çok yazarlı kaynak;(Çavdar ve ark., 2003)Kaynaklar Bölümünde Kaynak GöstermeKullanılan tüm kaynaklar metnin sonunda ayrı bir bölüm halinde yazar soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak numaralandırılmadan verilmelidir.Kaynak yazımı ile ilgili örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir.Kitapa) Türkçe KitapKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). Ankara: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Türkçeye Çevrilmiş KitapMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.c) Editörlü KitapÖren, T., Üney, T. ve Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Çok Yazarlı Türkçe KitapTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. ve Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Ankara: Total Bilişim.e) İngilizce KitapKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) İngilizce Kitap İçerisinde BölümBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Türkçe Kitap İçerisinde BölümErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Bursa: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Yayımcının ve Yazarın Kurum Olduğu YayınTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Makalea) Türkçe MakaleMutlu, B. ve Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182.b) İngilizce Makalede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Yediden Fazla Yazarlı MakaleLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) DOI’si Olmayan Online Edinilmiş MakaleAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Erişim adresi: http://www.tk.org.tr/e) DOI’si Olan MakaleTurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online Olarak Yayımlanmış MakaleSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Popüler Dergi MakalesiSemercioğlu, C. (2015, Haziran). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39.Tez, Sunum, Bildiria) Türkçe TezlerSarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.b)Ticari Veritabanında Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans Ya da Doktora TeziVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Kurumsal Veritabanında Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from: Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Web’de Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Sempozyum KatkısıKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at American Psychological Association meeting, Orlando, FL.g) Online Olarak Erişilen Konferans Bildiri ÖzetiÇınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Öz]. Akademik Bilişim Konferansında sunulan bildiri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir. Erişim adresi: http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27h) Düzenli Olarak Online Yayımlanan BildirilerHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105i) Kitap Şeklinde Yayımlanan BildirilerSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140). Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Kongre BildirisiÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. X. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, BoluDiğer Kaynaklara) Gazete YazısıToker, Ç. (2015, 26 Haziran). ‘Unutma’ notları. Cumhuriyet, s. 13.b) Online Gazete YazısıTamer, M. (2015, 26 Haziran). E-ticaret hamle yapmak için tüketiciyi bekliyor. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.milliyetc) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Ansiklopedi/SözlükBilgi mimarisi. (2014, 20 Aralık). Vikipedi içinde. Erişim adresi: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisiMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastRadyo ODTÜ (Yapımcı). (2015, 13 Nisan). Modern sabahlar [Podcast]. Erişim adresi: http://www.radyoodtu.com.tr/f) Bir Televizyon Dizisinden Tek Bir BölümShore, D. (Senarist), Jackson, M. (Senarist) ve Bookstaver, S. (Yönetmen). (2012). Runaways [Televizyon dizisi bölümü]. D. Shore (Baş yapımcı), House M.D. içinde. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) Müzik KaydıSay, F. (2009). Galata Kulesi. İstanbul senfonisi [CD] içinde. İstanbul: Ak Müzik.

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektupü    Makalenin türüü    Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisiü    Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)ü    İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)ü    İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığıü    Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiğiü    Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6457DE12A1C843DD826BC8AAF9767B86" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış ve telife bağlı materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1E033FB7101F402FAD661EB2D81D4A4E" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a>ü    Makalenin türüü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleriü    Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosuü    Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri●    Makale ana metniü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Özetler: 200-250 kelime Türkçe ve 200-250 kelime İngilizceü    Anahtar Kelimeler: 3-5 adet Türkçe ve 3-5 adet İngilizceü    Makale Türkçe ise, 600-800 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Summary)ü    Makale ana metin bölümleriü    Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Kaynaklarü    Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/4B4F9DC35E854DED9953C603868BF903" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5BC458EAD3554E249EC7C7A89071D85A" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası </a>

Sayı Türü	Regular
Tarih	29.06.2022
Editör(ler)	Burak Güriş
Kapak (PDF)
Ön Sayfalar (PDF)

Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics

SAYI 36, 2022

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