Mehmet

Prof.

Hatice

The natural resource factor is one of the most important sources of economic growth. As the effects of environmental problems, particularly global warming, worsen, the environmental damage, the effects on future generations, and the methods used in production activities have begun to be discussed by countries attempting to meet their economic targets. The increase in mass production and urbanization has increased the energy required to sustain economic activity, which has been met by the use of fossil fuels. Such fossil fuel use increases the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere, with the energy sector being the most significant contributor. Because of the global nature of the problem, some steps have been taken to reduce emissions and prevent environmental pollution for sustainable development. In this context, international agreements to reduce emissions, such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, have been signed, and environmental policies have been developed. The emergence of environmental problems has increased the interest of researchers in this field. Moreover, many studies have examined the relationship between environmental factors and economic growth and made policy recommendations for sustainable development. The environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis has been used to analyze the relationship between emissions and growth in the majority of the related literature. However, Gill et al. (2018) claimed that the results of EKC analysis were extremely sensitive to the period chosen and the model specification. When new variables are added to the model, the results of the EKC hypothesis may change, causing different turning points in the curve. Müller-Fürstenberger and Wagner (2007) and Aslanidis (2009) both criticized the EKC hypothesis. In light of the EKC hypothesis reviews, the present study analyzed the relationship between the variables from an asymmetric perspective using the variables’ cumulative positive and negative shocks.The current study examined the short- and long-run asymmetric causal relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth in Turkey using annual data from 1960 to 2018. In this context, Hatemi-J (2012) examined short-run asymmetric causality between variables, whereas Granger and Yoon (2002) examined long-run asymmetric relationships using hidden cointegration. The result of the short-run analysis reveals that decreases in emissions reduce economic growth in the short run. Moreover, the positive developments in economic growth increase emissions in the long run. Furthermore, positive movements in economic growth leads to an increase in emissions in the long run. Another significant finding is that the negative growth development increases the increase in emissions in long run. Moreover, asymmetric causality exists from negative growth shocks to positive emissions shocks in the long run.Meanwhile, examining crouching error correction estimation results, we determined that positive and negative shocks in economic growth are permanent components, whereas positive and negative shocks in emissions are transitory. In other words, positive or negative developments (positive or negative shocks) in growth affect both itself and emissions, thus determining long-run relationship dynamics between the variables. Meanwhile, positive or negative shocks in emissions affect only themselves and are impermanent in the long run.Positive and/or negative developments in economic growth constantly increase emissions. Therefore, to ensure sustainable development and reduce emissions emitted into the atmosphere, stakeholders must increase the use of renewable energy resources, expand the use of clean technology, and pave the way for environmental policies to be developed.&nbsp;

Büyüme ve Emisyonlar Arasındaki Asimetrik Nedensellik Analizi:  Türkiye Örneği

Gülçin

Res. Assist.

Furkan

Assoc. Prof.

The relations between economic growth and foreign trade have been widely investigated in the econometrics literature. These relationships can be evaluated using causality analysis, the starting point of which is often considered Granger’s (1969) study. The study provides the traditional definition of causality. The Granger causality relationship is obtained from the whole sample. This means that the effects of social, economic, and political shocks cannot be expressed clearly when the causal relationship between variables is evaluated. Therefore, even if structural changes have occurred in the interval of the sample, it may not be possible to identify these changes in the causality relationship.When structural changes impact the value of the variables, methods that help identify these changes should be used. Therefore, this study evaluates two different time-varying causality methods. The first is the time-varying parameters (TVP) causality. According to the TVP method, the effect of structural changes on parameter stability should be evaluated. For this, a joint null hypothesis is used. The joint null hypothesis is tested such that both the parameters are stable and there is no causal relationship. The other method is the recursive evolving window (REW) causality. In the latter method, structural shocks can change the causality relationship, and therefore, causality should be examined in sub-samples.This study evaluated the causality relationship between economic growth, export growth, and import growth in Turkey. First, it examines the relationships with the traditional Granger causality analysis. The study found a bidirectional causality relationship between economic growth and import growth in the sample. This result indicates that, in fact, increasing income levels cause more attention to be given to information and technology in imports. Further, there is an increase in purchasing power and input requirements.The causality analysis of the whole sample indicates a uniform relationship. The opposite conclusion was based on investigating the effects of structural changes over time. The authors conclude that Turkey should closely follow the events that affect the commercial activities—both within the country and in neighboring countries— to maintain balance between foreign trade and economic growth. Therefore, it is inevitable for Turkey to be affected by the results of structural changes. Therefore, the results of structural changes are the prime subject of this study, and the changes in the causality relationship were observed with time-varying causality methods.Further, this study shows the stability of the parameters while examining the timevarying causality relationship. For this reason, the results of time-varying causality relationships are presented by examining parameter stability, robust standard errors, and consistent estimators under heteroscedasticity.Implementing the TVP method, the results show that the parameters are not stable and that there is a bidirectional causality relationship between import growth and economic growth, and between export growth and economic growth. According to the results of the REW method, there are causality relationships arising from economic growth with both export growth and import growth between 2011–2016. There are also causality relationships from export growth and import growth to economic growth between 2006–2008. Additionally, there are bidirectional causality relationships between import growth and economic growth between 2007–2008 and in 2016. Therefore, even if there is a causal relationship between the variables in different periods, it sharply prevents the rejection of the null hypothesis that there is no causality. These results provide evidence that the causal relationship may change over time.Consequently, according to the results of the time-varying causality relationship, the relationship between foreign trade and economic growth in Turkey varies intensively between 2006–2008 and 2011–2016. Thus, both the global economic crisis and the European debt crisis have affected Turkey. The estimated parameters while examining the causality relationship did not show stability.&nbsp;

Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme ve Dış Ticaret Arasındaki Nedensellik  İlişkisi Zamanla Değişiyor mu?

Serkan

Necati

An index can be defined in statistical research as a measure of change in a representative sample of individual data points, or as a composite measure that combines many indicators. Indices, sometimes known as composite indicators, are used to summarize and categorize individual data. In this manner, the researcher can evaluate the subject under investigation using criteria, such as good to poor, strong to weak, remote close, and make conclusions regarding the study subject. In this research, a new index ranking calculation is proposed using economic freedom data. In the proposed method, a hybrid approach was presented, in which spatial econometrics, fuzzy C-means from fuzzy clustering analysis methods, and COPRAS methods from multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methods are used together. The purpose of this strategy is to calculate a sorting method with spatial connection coefficients as input, fuzzy C-means, and data as the output of the process and COPRAS method.The subject of economic freedom is a concept that covers the entire concepts of freedom of choice, exchange, and competition, and protection of property. In other words, economic independence may be defined as an individual managing their property and labor without regard for the constraints imposed by the state or other groups. It is the most basic right of individuals to engage in economic activities using their rights over their property within legal frameworks and gains as a result of these activities in the areas they desire. Governments should also protect people’s property rights and enable free movement of labor, capital, products, and services that enable activities like production, consumption, and investment. There are independent organizations, such as the Fraser Institute, The Heritage Foundation, the Cato Institute, and Freedom House that work on measuring economic freedom around the world. With the studies they issue each year, these organizations examine the state of countries in terms of economic freedom. Governments and business companies may monitor the changes in the nations of interest for each year and accordingly launch or amend their investments based on these reports released under various data categories.Spatial econometrics is a subscience of econometrics that focuses on combining spatial influence with econometric methods. This discipline of study is primarily concerned with spatial effects, which show the pattern of spatial decoupling. The interaction between the geographic domain, which is described in terms of spaces, horizontal cross section dependency, which is a subset of spatial dependence, and cross sectional heterogeneity, which is a subset of spatial heterogeneity, may result in. The dependency structure can be related to distance and location, and this structure can be seen in a geographical area, as well as in an economic or social network area.&nbsp;Clustering analysis is one of the most widely used methods in classification studies. Clustering analysis is a method for classifying the units analyzed in research by grouping them according to their resemblance, identifying the common qualities of the units, and making broad assumptions about these classes. The purpose here is to categorize ungrouped data based on similarities and assist the researcher in obtaining relevant and valuable summary information. Fuzzy clustering is recommended as an appropriate method if the sets are not fully and precisely separated from each other or there are suspicious situations in which set some observations are elements.Fuzzy sets, collections of observations in which the membership record is specified between 0 and 1, decide each observation function. Observations that have a high degree of membership in the same cluster are quite comparable. Each observation does not have to be included in only one set in fuzzy clustering. In this method, observations belong to clusters with certain degrees of membership, and information about the observations’ membership to other clusters is obtained.MCDM methods are used when it is necessary to assess a large number of alternatives under a large number of criteria.Individuals, corporations, and organizations encounter multidimensional choice challenges in their daily lives. Managers frequently make judgments when several factors and competing goals (criteria) must be met. MCDM techniques consist of approaches and methods that try to reach a possible “best/appropriate” solution that meets multiple conflicting criteria. Decision-makers can make scientific and more successful decisions using MCDM techniques to overcome such problems.A hybrid technique integrating geographical econometrics, fuzzy clustering analysis, and MCDM was developed in this work for a unified measure ranking of the quality of political–economic institutions in various jurisdictions, such as economic liberties. The proposed method was calculated on the Heritage Foundation economic freedom data and compared for the years 2019, 2020, and 2021. The suggested method’s rankings for three separate eras were calculated as 88.6%, 91.7%, and 92.7%, with correlation values with the original Heritage Foundation rankings. These high correlation values were also found to be significant at 1%. The high correlation values of the findings acquired in the index sorting research developed to suggest that the proposed hybrid approach may then be employed in additional index computations, according to the results.&nbsp;

Mekânsal Ekonometri Tabanlı Karma Sıralama Önerisi: Avrupa  Ekonomik Özgürlükler Örneği

Kübra

Süleyman

Risk and return are the two most important parameters in stock investment. Rational investors are expected to prefer the share with the highest expected returns when their risks are the same, and they are expected to prefer the share with the lowest risk when their expected returns are equal. Risk of a financial asset can be defined as the possibility of losing money, that is, the probability that actual results differ from expected results. Therefore, risk is measured based on the volatility of the return measured by variance or standard deviation. The risk of stock may result from either external factors such as economic, geopolitical, and financial factors, or companyspecific internal factors. Systematic risk is inherent to the economy and /or market, and is generally assumed as being difficult to avoid. On the other hand, unsystematic risk is the risk that is related to company, and it is assumed as diversifiable. Since unsystematic risk is diversifiable, finance theory is focused on systematic risk. After Markowitz and Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), systematic risk is measured by beta which is a measure of the volatility of a security or portfolio compared to the market as a whole.Financial ratios are also important in analyzing the health and success of a company. Generally, by ratios analysis, we shed light on liquidity, profitability, growth, financial structure, operational performance, and market situation of the company. Since these ratios are the key factors in determining the performance of a company, they should also play a role in the riskiness of the company. Therefore, we choose the Beta coefficient, as a proxy for systematic risk; and current ratio, ratio of total debts, cash-to-cash cycle, return on equity, and market value/book value to represent the different dimensions of performance.CAPM is based on a rational investor who constructs an optimum portfolio. However, Kahneman ve Tversky (1979)’s Prospect Theory showed that investors may not be so rational, and they generally decide based on some psychological factors called heuristics. These biases also affect our behaviors differently in the case of positive and negative situations.The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of financial ratios on the systematic risk of the companies listed in the Non-Metallic Mineral Products Sector Index of Borsa Istanbul. We used quarterly data of 15 companies for the period of 2005Q1- 2019Q4. Based on findings of behavioral finance the effect of positive and negative movements of financial ratios on Beta coefficient may be asymmetric. Therefore, Panel Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (Panel NARDL) model developed by Shin et. (2014) seems to best fit our study purpose. The NARDL searches whether the asymmetric relationship between financial ratios and systematic risk exists or not; if the asymmetric relationship is found, what is the direction and size of the relationship. It is important for all stakeholders to identify the factors and their directions that affect risk. The short and long-term asymmetric effect of the increase and decrease in financial ratios on risk is reviewed by the Panel NARDL model. Panel NARDL model can be used for small samples, and it allows to capture the cointegration dynamics which cannot be determined by other linear and nonlinear cointegration methods.Results of the study showed that an asymmetrical relationship was found between risk of companies and current ratio, cash-to-cash cycle and market value/book value in the long term; but no asymmetrical relationship is observed between risk and return on equity (roe) and total debt ratio. On the other hand, s symmetric risk-roe and risktotal tebt ratio relationship is observed between variables. In the short run, there was no asymmetrical relationship between risk and financial ratios. The achieved results are important in explaining the factors that effect stock movements.&nbsp;

Risk ve Finansal Göstergeler Arasindaki Asimetrik İlişki: BIST İmalat  Sektöründe Bir Uygulama

Seyhun

Ebru

Mutlu

The scientific theory of human-induced climate change is well established and goes back almost two centuries. Solar energy drives the earth’s climate, and the atmosphere is the principal component of the system that maintains the earth’s radiative balance. As a result of human activities such as fossil fuel-based energy consumption and deforestation, heat-intercepting greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere. Capable of absorbing thermal radiation, these greenhouse gases accumulate in the atmosphere and affect the radiative balance of the earth. In the period of just two hundred and fifty years after 1750, atmospheric concentrations of the most important greenhouse gases, namely carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have risen by 40%, 150%, and 20%, respectively. As a consequence of the higher quantity of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, global average temperatures have risen by 1.1 °C over the same period. In addition to increasing global temperatures, it is easy to find empirical evidence about anthropogenic climate change in the climate system. Ocean acidification, the increasing heat of the oceans, rise in sea levels, destruction of coral reefs, melting ice sheets, and retreating glaciers are listed among the most critical impacts of climate change. The scientific consensus on climate change can be found in the climate science literature. According to the most quoted evidence of the consensus among scientists, 97% of the scientific papers published in scientific journals accept that climate change is occurring, and the main cause is human activity. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is the leading scientific authority on climate change, states, in its 5th climate assessment report (2013), that the “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased…It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century…”The picture emerging in the scientific field shows that the sustainable solution to climate change lies primarily in reducing human-induced greenhouse gas emissions. The key document signed in the international arena on climate change is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which was signed in 1992. In Article 2 of the Convention, it is stated that the ultimate goal of the UNFCCC “is to fix the greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent a dangerous human intervention to the climate system.” Conversely, the distinction between developed and developing countries, especially in terms of responsibilities regarding greenhouse gas reduction has become an important problem to be overcome in international negotiations. For example, in Article 3 of the UNFCCC, which lists the basic principles to be followed to achieve the ultimate goal, concepts such as equity, development, precaution, and sustainability are highlighted. According to these principles, “the climate system should be protected for the benefit of present and future generations and by the principle of equity.” As a requirement of the principle of equity, the responsibilities of developed and developing countries should be common but following differentiated responsibilities and respective abilities.Within the Kyoto Protocol, which was negotiated within the scope of the UNFCCC and signed in 1998 and whose implementation period started in 2005, developed countries committed to cutting their average greenhouse gas emissions by 5%. The distinction between developed and developing countries in terms of emission reduction commitments has been one of the most prominent aspects of the Kyoto Protocol. Another internationally important document, signed in 2015, is the Paris Agreement. Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, in the Paris Agreement, the main target is to hold the increase in average temperatures in the twenty-first century to well below 2 °C compared to the pre-industrial period. In addition to the 2 °C target, it is decided that efforts should be pursued to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels. Unlike the Kyoto Protocol in which countries aim to participate in an emission reduction target determined at the international level, the parties in the Paris Agreement set a target according to themselves. Although it is presented as a single agreement, the Paris Agreement consists of different national commitments prepared and announced by the parties, in line with their own conditions. Although international participation against climate change has been achieved in the agreement, it is seen that the de facto distinction between developed and developing countries in the UNFCCC is maintained.The fact that there are developed and developing countries among the G20 countries, including Turkey, makes it possible to analyze the political divergence in the fight against climate change since the UNFCCC. However, the fact that the G20 countries constitute 63% of the world’s population, 80% of the national income, 78% of the energy supply, and 81% of the fossil-fuel based carbon dioxide emissions as of 2017 helps to interpret the results of the analysis in terms of the world. The cluster analysis based on per capita income and carbon dioxide emissions show that the gap between developed and developing countries did not close in the 1990-2017 period. The increase in the total emissions of countries such as China and India is remarkable. However, within the G20, developed countries’ per capita emissions are still relatively high compared to developing countries. As a global environmental problem, human-induced climate change requires the participation of all countries. However, demographic, economic, and technological differences between countries indicate that achieving global cooperation is not as easy as desired. The sustainable solution or management of climate change necessitates reducing these differences between countries. At this point, the aim should not only be to put pressure on developing countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions but also to build a structure that helps developing countries to gain the institutional, economic, and technological capability and capacity they need in the fight against climate change.&nbsp;

Fosil Yakıt Kaynaklı Karbondioksit Emisyonlarına Dayalı K-Ortalama  Kümeleme Analizi: G20 Örneği

Devran

Aziz

This study explores the relationship between HT concentration and income and the validity of the diversification curve. The validity of the resource curse hypothesis for the HT sector is tested. The effect of the country scale and trade volume on concentration in the HT sector is also examined.This research uses empirical methods to analyze the relationship between HT-export concentration and income. Concentration coefficients in the HT sector were calculated using three different indices: the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), the Gini-Hirschman Index (GHI), and Entropy Index (EI). These indices, which are used to measure the concentration of variables in various subjects in different disciplines, are generally used in the field of economics to measure firm concentration in the markets and geographical concentration in foreign trade. An increase in index values indicates diversification, and a decrease indicates concentration. In the entropy index, the increase indicates diversification, unlike other indices.These data were used in regression analysis as a dependent variable at the next stage. Variables used in the study were obtained from the World Integrated Trade Solutions (WITS), World Bank (WB), OECD, and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) databases in a sample covering the period 1988- 2017 in 49 countries. The countries included in the sample were predominantly OECD economies. It was found that linear SEK assumptions could not be met in the tests of autocorrelation, heteroskedasticity, and cross-section dependence on panel regression residuals. In consideration of these problems, regression with DriscollKraay (1998) standard errors gives robust results. The F values obtained from the estimates show that the models are generally significant. The stationary regression residuals eliminate the possibility of spurious regression and indicates that the series are cointegrated. The variance inflation factor was calculated to be more diminutive than the critical threshold value (Mean VIF = 2.14 &lt; 10), showing no multicollinearity between variables. Because the variables are used in logarithmic form, the estimated coefficients can be interpreted directly as elasticity.The findings obtained by panel data econometrics in a sample from 1988 to 2017 in 49 countries show that the U-shaped relationship put forward for general export does not apply to HT export. There is no concentration or diversification curve for HT exports. However, the driver of HT-export diversification has been found to be income level. As income levels increase, countries can diversify HT products. A linear and negative relationship was found between export concentrations and income in the HT sector. When the income increases by 1%, the HT-export concentration decreases by approximately 0.14 units compared to the HHI index. In other words, diversity increases.Natural resource wealth is not a hindrance to HT-export diversification, but rather contributes to diversification. This finding suggests that resource abundance does not exclude technological progress and knowledge economy activities. As control variables, country scale and trade volume indicators contribute positively to HT concentration. A 1% increase in the population increases HT-export concentration to 0.47 units according to the HHI index; the increase in openness increases by 0.25 units. In addition, when the interval estimates are examined together with the point estimates, the coefficient signs do not change. This result contradicts the literature put forward for general export. In the rankings of all indices, South Africa, Italy, the United States, Austria, and Germany appear as the countries with the lowest degrees of concentration.The possibilities and limitations of this study fall within the framework of panel data econometrics assumptions. However, the accuracy of the data obtained from the databases constitutes another constraint. The findings are at the country level and do not contain information on sectors and regions.Policy makers aiming at product diversification in the HT industry must first design policies that target and promote income levels. To achieve income growth, the macroeconomic environment such as investment and savings levels, institutional and legal structure, as well as primary production factors (human and physical capital, R&amp;D stock) put forward by growth models must be convenient. Where the resource curse hypothesis is valid, where knowledge economies and technology-intensive activities are restricted and production structure and trade are concentrated in primary goods (natural resources), countries should focus on institutional structure reforms necessary to overcome the vicious cycle. Good management of natural resources and corporate structure will increase the diversification in HT exports.The relationship between HT-export concentration and income has not yet been extensively analyzed according to the level of technology. The present study aims to remark on this point. This aspect makes it will be a pioneering study in the literature. Also, this is the initial study in the literature that tests the validity of the resource curse hypothesis for the HT sector.&nbsp;

Yüksek Teknoloji İhracatında Ürün Yoğunlaşması ve Gelir Üzerine  Ampirik Bir Analiz

Mustafa

Veysel

Assist. Prof.

The Relationship Between the Health Services Price Index and The  Real Effective Exchange Rate Index in Turkey: A Frequency Domain  Causality Analysis

Suna

Lecturer

Ferda

Spatial Econometric Models and The Analysis of the Determinants  of Internal Migration in Turkey

Eylem

Gülcan

Using The Analytic Hierarchy Process For Store Manager Selection:  A Real Case Study

Esra

Ekonomik Büyüme ile Kişi Başına Düşen Sağlık Harcamalarını Arttırılabilir miyiz?  Türkiye Örneği

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Barış

Nilgün

Global warming and climate change are among the issues that governments are most interested in as of the 21st century. It has been revealed that greenhouse gases have the most important effect among the causes of global warming, since this subject has been discussed. Greenhouse gases consist of nitrous oxide, methane, water vapor and carbon dioxide (CO2) gases, and carbon dioxide (CO2) is seen as the most important gas that creates a greenhouse effect among these gases. The emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, which is the result of fossil fuels used in many sectors of the economy, is of great importance in the energy policy process of governments because of this situation.As a result of the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, which comes out with the combustion of primary fossil fuels, polluting the nature and increasing global warming seriously affects the environmental and climatic conditions of the world. For this reason, carbon dioxide emission per capita (CO2) is used as a variable in almost all scientific research reports in order to determine the environmental pollution levels of countries. Therefore, it is important to know the statinoary characteristics of the per capita CO2 emission variable in order to create policies to be put forward thinking that prevent both environmental pollution and global warming. Because if the CO2 emission variable is in a static structure, the shocks affecting this variable will be temporary. However, if the CO2 emission variable is not in a stable structure, the shocks affecting this variable will be permanent and the variable deviating from the trend value will not return to its old trend.The aim of this study is to investigate whether the per capita CO2 emission for selected countries of Europe converges to the average per capita CO2 emission of Europe. In this context, the second section of the research includes the literature, and the third section includes the econometric method. Empirical findings including the data set are presented in the fourth section. Last section, the results obtained from the study are discussed. In this paper, whether the CO2 emissions converge among European countries or not has been inquired within the frame of convergence hypothesis under Fourier cointegration test which was developed by Tsong et al. (2016). In this context, annual data concerning Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and England for the period of 1965-2019 were used with addition of annual data concerning Europe’s average CO2 emissions. This paper is the first study in the literature to test whether the CO2 emission is convergent within the frame of the convergence hypothesis under the Fourier cointegration method. As stated in the results of the Tsong et al. (2016) Fourier Cointegration test, a cointegrated relationship was found between the per capita CO2 emissions of Austria, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Turkey and the average per capita CO2 emission of Europe. Based on these results, it has been determined that there is a convergence between the per capita CO2 emissions of these countries and the average per capita CO2 emissions of Europe. On the other hand, no cointegrated relationship has been found between the per capita CO2 emissions of Cyprus, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, UK and the average per capita CO2 emissions of Europe. Therefore, no convergence was determined between these countries and average per capita CO2 emissions of Europe.It can be concluded that there is no problem with the environmental pollution policy for the countries that are close to the average per capita CO2 emission of Europe and that they carry out policies in accordance with the European criteria. Contrary to this situation, it is suggested that for countries that are not convergent to Europe’s average per capita CO2 emissions, they should focus on environmental pollution policies and approach the average by adopting different policies apart from the ones they follow.&nbsp;

Avrupa Ülkelerinde CO2 Emisyonu Yakınsamasının Fourier  Koentegrasyon Testi ile Analizi

Burcu

Öğretim Görevlisi

Especially in recent years, it is seen that the real estate sector has an important place in the economy and affects macroeconomic balances. Housing supply and demand are affected by seasonal factors and affect the market. For this reason, it is very important to make the estimations for the real estate sector by choosing methods that produce strong statistical results that can capture the seasonal effects. Artificial neural networks are at the top of these powerful statistical techniques. Artificial neural networks are frequently preferred by researchers in the prediction of economic data and prospective forecasts especially in recent years. It can be said that the reason why artificial neural networks are preferred in contrast to traditional systems is the advantages offered to researchers. At the beginning of these advantages, it can be said that artificial neural networks can work with an unlimited number of variables and parameters, and can make generalizations and predictions with the help of the data shown to it. Thanks to these advantages, it can be said that artificial neural networks can be frequently used in the estimation of economic data in the coming years.In this study, artificial neural networks have been preferable due to superior features and Turkey’s estimated sales value and forecasts of housing was conducted. Monthly data covering the periods of 2013: 01-2019: 12 were analyzed in the MATLAB R2013a program. As a result of the research conducted in the literature for the analysis, housing-price index, new housing-price index, non-new housingprice index, housing sales to foreigners, interest rates opened by banks to housing loans over TL, consumer price index and exchange rate were selected as independent variables and sales of housing. used as a dependent variable. NARX (Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogeneus) network was first trained with the Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation algorithm (trainlm) in the model, which has ten independent variables, one dependent variable and 924 data in total. 90% of the data was randomly allocated for education, 5% for validity and 5% for testing, as it gave the best results as a result of the trials. The number of hidden layers is chosen as 10, while the number of lags is taken as 5. Mean Squared Error (MSE) was chosen as the performance criterion.As a result of the analysis, since the NARX network uses historical values in the studies to be predicted and the number of delays is taken as 5, the estimation of the first five values in the data set has been estimated. When the results produced by the neural network in Turkey real value of residential sales values compared to each other, which is very close and has been found to be quite small measure of performance of the value of MSE. In the second stage of the analysis prediction of Turkey’s housing sales value for the period of 2020:01 were made. When the real value of the period related to the value produced by artificial neural networks as a result of the prediction is compared, it has been determined that the predictive performance of artificial neural networks is also quite good. The results of the analysis confirm that the artificial neural networks can achieve seasonal effects in predicting and forecasting the house sales and producing strong statistical results in accordance with the literature. Although the results of the study are expected to contribute to the literature, the study has some limitations. This gives the number of studies in order to overcome the limitations, frequency and number of arguments can be increased and a traditional time series method can also be included in the study a model comparison made Turkey’s housing sales Values, estimates that the most powerful model can be determined.&nbsp;

Türkiye’nin Konut Satışı Değerlerinin Yapay Sinir Ağları İle Öngörülmesi

Fatih

Ayça

The term blockchain was first used in an article published by Satoshi Nakamoto (2008). Blockchain can be defined as a system that keeps all transactions of the users of a system in the network through verification. The database of this system consists of controllable and reliable transactions composed of blocks. The concept of block can be expressed as the storage of data in the blockchain system. The emergence of the blockchain technology led to the creation of cryptocurrencies, which became increasingly popular because of their fast and secure transactions, elimination of middlemen, and low costs. Inflation rates increased, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, with several countries increasing money printing. Therefore, the use of cryptocurrencies continues to increase because with limited total supply, cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are not affected by inflation. Although cryptocurrencies are not affected by inflation, they are highly volatile owing to several factors.Financial time series can be analyzed using various methods. From a historical perspective, financial time series analyses have primarily used linear models. Over time, nonlinear models have been developed, considering that linear models are insufficient to explain the data. Various sub-models of nonlinear models have also been introduced to the literature in the process. Among these models, conditional heteroskedasticity models are frequently used. When it was first proposed, no successful results could be obtained because conditional heteroskedasticity models did not consider asymmetry. Therefore, conditional heteroskedasticity models that included asymmetry were developed. Better results are obtained by considering asymmetry in financial time series, because it is known that the effect of negative and positive shocks in financial time series returns on volatility is not always the same. This factor is considered with asymmetric models.Several studies have used conditional heteroskedasticity models for analyzing volatility structures. In this study, cryptocurrencies, which are considered novel and significant part of the world money markets, are analyzed with conditional heteroskedasticity models. In this study, symmetric conditional heteroskedasticity models, such as Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH), Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH), Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity in Mean (ARCH-M), Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity in Mean (GARCH-M), and Integrated Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity(IGARCH), and asymmetric models, such as The Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (EGARCH), The Threshold Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (TGARCH), The Asymmetric Power Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (APARCH), and Asymmetric Component Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ACGARCH), are discussed. In this study, unit root test, Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) models and Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Lagrange Multiplier (ARCH LM) test were applied, respectively. Then, using symmetric and asymmetric conditional heteroskedasticity models, the volatility of cryptocurrencies such as BTC, ETH, XRP, ADA, LTC, BCH, LINK, XLM, TRX, and DOGE were estimated. Depending on the estimations, the models that yielded significant results were evaluated according to the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)and Schwarz Information Criterion (SIC) information criteria and Log Likelihood (LL) values.In traditional linear regression models, it is assumed that the variance in the estimated model will be constant over time. However, it is seen that the error term variance can change over time due to use of variables such as stocks, inflation rate, cryptocurrencies, and exchange rates in financial time series. This is called the heteroskedasticity. To be able to analyze with conditional heteroskedasticity models, some steps should be followed. The first step is to test whether there is an autocorrelation problem in the data to be analyzed and to use ARMA(p,q) models if necessary. In the second step, the ARCH LM test is applied to the residuals by developing the mean equation to test the ARCH effect in the series. Finally, in the third step, if there is an ARCH effect in the residuals because of the ARCH LM test, the estimation is made using appropriate conditional heteroskedasticity models. After evaluating the estimation results of the established model, it should be revised if necessary. Conditional heteroskedasticity models are divided into symmetric and asymmetric. While symmetric models assume that positive and negative shocks on volatility have the same effect, asymmetric models are based on the assumption that this effect is different.Among the models used in the study, better results were obtained with EGARCH(1,1), TGARCH(1,1), and ACGARCH(1,1) models. Thus, positive shocks have more effect on volatility in the ETH, XRP, LTC, BCH, XLM, TRX, and DOGE return series, while negative shocks have more effect on BTC, ADA, and LINK return series.&nbsp;

Kripto Para Birimlerinin Volatilite Yapılarının Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Semanur

Sevgi

Improvement of the living standards and increase in the wealth of the members of the society in a country is mounting evidence of the existence of strong growth. On the other hand, the distribution of this wealth among the various social groups in a society is an important sign of inclusiveness of growth. Inclusive growth, differentiating based on the structural properties of the countries, is a kind of growth that distribute the wealth to all layers of the society and that poses all elements of wealth in a fairyway. In inclusive growth, each member of society associates the growth process regardless of individual properties. Hence, it becomes necessary to adopt growth strategies that include equal opportunities for everyone to attend the growth process and to make use of this growth. Thus, the benefit will be distributed equally among all parts of the of society.In the present study, the inclusiveness of growth in Turkey is examined the 2006- 2019 period. The study aims to observe the change of inclusiveness of the growth and analyze the current situation of NUTS regions in terms of inclusive growth. In the present study, social opportunity functions developed by Ali and Son (2007) are used to measure the inclusiveness of the growth. Ali and Son (2007) explain the social opportunity function an analogy of social welfare functions. Hereunder, inclusive growth is the maximization of social opportunity function. Thus, we calculated the equity index of opportunity by following the methodology developed by Ali and Son (2007) and analyzed the convergence of this index with panel unitroot tests for NUTS Regions. Within this scope, we first obtained ‘Distribution of annual equivalised household disposable income by deciles ordered by equivalised household disposable income’ data for Turkey and NUTS Level 1 Regions for the 2006-2019 periods. Afterward, we deflated the data which is in current values, and applied the method developed by Ali and Son (2007). As a result of this method, we obtained an equity index of opportunities for Turkey in general and 12 regions of NUTS Level 1. First of all, we tested the existence of cross-section dependency in the series and confirmed it. Then, we applied Cross-section Augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) unit-root test, a second-generation unit-root test used in case of cross-section dependency, to test the existence of convergence. We tested the convergence of ‘the equity index of opportunities series of each region’ both to Turkey level and also to TR4 East Marmara region, which has the highest performance.&nbsp;First, we aimed to reveal how inclusiveness of growth changes from year to year by examining opportunity curves. Accordingly, the opportunity curve of the year 2008, which is the first year of global crisis, is completely below the opportunity curve of 2007. We observed a rise in the opportunity curve of 2009, but this rise is associated with an increase in average income but a decrease in equity of opportunities. We especially observed deterioration in opportunity curves after 2016.The equity index of opportunity for Turkey, in general, has an increasing trend. As a result of the convergence analysis of NUTS level 1 regions to Turkey level, we found no convergence. There is an increasing trend in the equity index of opportunity in NUTS Level 1 regions with two exceptions: TR1 Istanbul and TR2 West Marmara regions. The equity index of opportunity has decreasing trend within these two regions. The highest index values among 12 regions belong to the TR4 East Marmara region and the TR9 East Blacksea region follows it. As a result of the convergence analysis to the TR4 East Marmara region, we found that the TRC South-East Anatolian region converges to the TR4 East Marmara region in terms of equity index of opportunity.&nbsp;

Türkiye'de İBBS Düzey 1 Bölgelerinde Kapsayıcı Büyüme Açısından  Yakınsamanın İncelenmesi

Sema

Humans, defined as biological, psychological, social, and cultural beings, are born with various biological characteristics, like their sex. Some of them are shaped by genetic transition, some of them are shaped by the environment in which they live, and some are shaped by the psychological traits of their own persona and the social and cultural conditions of the society in which they live. In this context, each person is unique, with their identity shaped by their personality traits as well as the sociocultural and socioeconomic environment in which they live, as well as their biological characteristics.With all these features that we have tried to explain above, a human is a member of the family, which is the smallest social institution, and a member of society in the broadest sense. Therefore, as a result of living in society, it is exposed to positive and negative effects, guidance, encouragement, and criticism at social and cultural levels throughout its life and it has to live in accordance with social and cultural norms adopted by the society. In this context, people are expected to dress, behave, and socialize according to the requirements of the social and cultural environment in which they live.Gender is one of the main traits that characterizes human beings, and when it comes to gender, the first thing that comes to mind is the innate state of being male or female. However, the concept of social gender includes much more than innate male and female biological characteristics. In the biological sense, the distinction of individuals as male and female is reinforced by the gender roles assigned to the individual on the social plane from the first years of life. Society shapes the two sexes by assigning them social duties, roles, and forms of behavior. In this context, society builds gender on biological sex by suggesting, directing, and criticizing men and women on many issues such as how they dress, how they behave, what is considered normal and abnormal for them, what is expected of them, and what they will be held accountable for.The two sexes, which are born as equals, stop being equal as a result of the roles determined by society and the duties and responsibilities imposed by it, and gender inequality thus emerges. Furthermore, this gender inequality is to the detriment of women. This lack of balance causes women to be pushed into the living space, which is defined as the private space and which is limited to family and friends.It is seen that the public sphere is taken as a reference while trying to define the social existence, identity, and actions of women. In many ways, such as attire, behavior, attitude, etc. the public sphere is where women are exposed to much more social pressures and limitations than men. In other words, the public sphere causes women to face various limitations and pressures in the living spaces where they are visible. These limitations and pressures cause them to feel that they are under social or societal pressure in a wide area, from their clothing to their speech and smiles, from their behavior to their socialization, and even to the hours they can be outside.When evaluated in general, the limitations and pressures experienced by women in the public sphere are not only caused by men. They also originate from women who have been brought up with the value judgements of the society, whose gender perception has been determined and adopted according to a conservative understanding, and who do not question the social order in which they live. For this reason, the oppression and restrictions on women have the characteristics of social or societal pressure.Social pressure is the behavioral and spiritual sanction power that society creates on people, and it emerges when a society tries to ensure that all individuals assimilate to the thoughts and behavior patterns it has adopted.&nbsp;Although social pressure is felt on all individuals in the society, it is more effective on women, depending on the perception of gender. In underdeveloped or developing countries and traditional societies where gender inequality is evident, the social pressure that women are exposed to is more widespread and severe.The Life Satisfaction Survey is carried out every year by the Turkish Statistical Institute, and questions are also included in the survey in order to determine the social pressure that the participants feel about various issues.In this study, the questions asked in order to determine the social pressure that the participants felt about gender, marital status, and attire were based on questions mentioned in the Life Satisfaction Survey…, and the relationship between the social pressure felt and the demographic characteristics of individuals, especially gender, were analyzed with logistic regression models.As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that women are exposed to social pressure at a much higher rate than men in terms of their gender, marital status, and attire. This situation can be accepted as an indicator of gender inequality between men and women.Furthermore, it is understood that the pressure felt regarding gender and marital status is higher in individuals who have never been married or divorced, and that the pressure regarding attire is especially high in individuals who have never been married.In terms of education and age groups, it is seen that the pressure regarding gender and clothing is higher at younger ages, the pressure regarding gender and marital status increases as the education level increases, and the pressure felt regarding clothing is higher especially for people with a higher level of education (master’s degree, etc.).As a result, women feel that they are exposed to more social pressure than men in terms of gender, marital status, and attire. When evaluated in general, it is seen that social pressure is felt more in terms of gender, marital status, and dress at younger ages, and social pressure is felt more as the education level increases.&nbsp;

Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği ve Toplumsal Baskı: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Yaşam Memnuniyeti Araştırması Üzerine Analizler

Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım, Ticari Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Seçilmiş Ülkeler ve Türkiye Örneği

Melike

OECD Ülkelerinde İşsizliğin Histeri ve Doğal Oran Çerçevesinde  İncelenmesi: Alternatif Panel Birim Kök Testlerinden Kanıtlar

Sibel

Gizem

When infant deaths in Turkey are examined, it can be seen that these deaths have decreased over time. However, this decrease is still not at the desired levels. Although Turkey is among the top developing countries in terms of manpower and economic resources, infant mortality has not shown a parallel decline. In addition to being a health indicator, infant mortality is undoubtedly one of the most important indicators of human development. There is a strong relationship between the level of development of the society and infant mortality. As the level of development increases, infant mortality decreases. It changes with regional development in countries, and it is important to measure this change statistically and econometrically. This study examines the factors affecting the number of infant deaths among married women between the ages of 15 and 49 through count data regression models using 2018 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) Syrian Migrant and Turkey Sample data—implemented by the Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies— and determines the best analysis method by comparing models.Statistical analysis of count variables has a very long history. In regression models using count data, the dependent variable takes an integer value greater than zero. Among the count data regression models, the Poisson regression model is the simplest. This model offers features where the conditional mean of the output is equal to the conditional variance. The Negative Binomial model is a special case of the Poisson regression model and is used as an alternative method in practice as a result of over-dispersion. The Zero-Inflated Poisson and Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial model is used in datasets where the value of zero is excessive and there is overdispersion. In this study where infant deaths were expressed as a count variable, the existence of over-dispersion was detected, and the Negative Binomial regression model was determined to be the most suitable model after comparing the Poisson, Negative Binomial, Zero-Inflated Poisson, and Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial regression models.The dependent variable used in the analyses in this study was the number of infant deaths, with the ages ranging from 0 to 1. The explanatory factors affecting infant deaths were education levels, working status of the mother and father, region, place of residence, mother's age at first birth, household size, family planning, ideal number of children, relationship between the relatives, use of a contraceptive method, stillbirths, duration of marriage, risk factors for infant death, number of migrations, smoking status, sporting status, desire for more infants, and multiple births. In this study where infant deaths were expressed as a count variable, the existence of overdispersion was detected and the Negative Binomial regression model was determined to be the most suitable model after comparing the Poisson, Negative Binomial, Zero-Inflated Poisson, and Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial regression models. The findings of this study showed the differences in infant mortality for the TDHS Syrian The dependent variable used in the analyses in this study was the number of infant deaths, with the ages ranging from 0 to 1. The explanatory factors affecting infant deaths were education levels, working status of the mother and father, region, place of residence, mother's age at first birth, household size, family planning, ideal number of children, relationship between the relatives, use of a contraceptive method, stillbirths, duration of marriage, risk factors for infant death, number of migrations, smoking status, sporting status, desire for more infants, and multiple births. In this study where infant deaths were expressed as a count variable, the existence of overdispersion was detected and the Negative Binomial regression model was determined to be the most suitable model after comparing the Poisson, Negative Binomial, Zero-Inflated Poisson, and Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial regression models. The findings of this study showed the differences in infant mortality for the TDHS Syrian

Bebek Ölümlerini Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Sayma Veri Regresyon  Modellerinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

İsmail

Tuğba

Economic and security concerns are among the leading factors that cause migration. According to the United Nations (UN), more than 280 million people engaged in international migration in 2020. UN data indicate that more than half (52%) of those who migrated in 2020 targeted developed countries. This circumstance highlights the urgency of considering the economic consequences of migration in these countries. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to analyze the effects of migration on economic growth and unemployment in OECD countries for the period 2000–2019.Two models are constructed for the analyses in this study. In the first model, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) represents economic growth, whereas the unemployment rate is the dependent variable in the second model. The level of migration is the independent variable in both models. A capital variable is also included in the models for better demonstration.Before performing the analyses, multiple linear correlation tests are performed to investigate correlations between independent variables. Accordingly, Spearman Correlation Analysis and Variance Inflation Factor Analysis (VIF) were applied, revealing no correlation. Cross-section dependence was subsequently investigated on a panel and variable basis, confirming the presence of cross-section dependence, which suggests that second generation unit root tests are preferred. The tests revealed that the variables in question stagnate at different levels. These results indicate that panel ARDL analysis is appropriate for analyzing the relationship between migration, economic growth, and unemployment.An ARDL analysis estimator is determined based on the Hausman test, with both models using these test results in a pooled in-group estimator. Analysis results for the first model reveal a long-term and statistically significant relationship between migration and economic growth, wherein 1% increase in migration level is associated with a 0.43% increase in GDP. The second model indicates a long-term and statistically significant relationship between migration and unemployment, i.e., 1% increase in migration level appears to decrease unemployment by 0.53%. Panel VECM causality analyses confirm one-way relationships from migration to GDP and from migration to unemployment. These results indicate that migration has an impact on both economic growth and unemployment.Notably, Boubtane et al. (2013) (22 OECD countries) and Damette and Fromentin’s (2013) (14 OECD countries) conducted investigations regarding migration in OECD countries; such investigation is within the scope of this study and draw similar conclusions to the current research. This study is also compatible with the results of Friedburg and Hunt (1995), Islam (2007), Bashier and Siam (2014), Škuflić and Vučković (2018), and Esposito (2020). In this context, the results of this study are generally compatible with the literature.Based on this study and previous research findings, it can be asserted that migration in OECD countries in the period 2000–2019 contributed to economic growth due to the addition of qualified manpower and investments in target countries, reducing unemployment by establishing employment opportunities. Accordingly, considering that migration provides economic growth and reduces unemployment, it is essential for future studies to examine the nature of the individuals migrating at an empirical level to determine appropriate policies.&nbsp;

Göçün Gelişmiş Ülkelerde Büyüme ve İstihdam Piyasası Üzerine  Etkileri: Bir Panel ARDL Analizi

Havva

Exchange Rate Volatility in the Covid-19 Period: An Analysis Using  the Markov-Switching ARCH Model

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

Gökçe

Nowadays, there are many investment tools in the financial markets to assess the savings of individual investors. The diversity of investment instruments in the market makes it difficult for investors to make decisions about evaluating savings. Furthermore, developments and uncertainties in the economy affect the individual investor’s investment decision. In the economy, individuals use part of their income for consumption expenditures and savings. Individuals who make savings are evaluated byvarious investment instruments in order to make a profit. In this process, the main objective of investors is to obtain the highest return with minimum risk. Investors evaluate their savings in investment instruments with a certain expectation of return. The existence of many investment instruments in the economy reveals the issue of which investment instrument the investor should use. A balanced distribution of investor accumulation in multiple investment instruments instead of a single investment instrument will provide protection against fluctuations in the markets. Throughout the history of finance, studies have been conducted on how markets affect individual investment preferences. Investors follow the political, economic and social situations in the markets to make the right investment decision. There are many investment tools for transferring the idle resources to the financial system. Financial investment instruments provide the opportunity for individuals who make savings to protect their capital and earn money. For this reason, financial decisions are important in the efficient functioning of the market. All future financial decisions include uncertainty. The uncertainty of the future makes investors’ decision difficult. The financial decisions of investors who wish to use their savings in various investment instruments are important in the efficient management of funds in the economy. Decisions have a significant impact on financial markets. Monetary loss or profit as a result of the investment makes it difficult for investors to make decisions. Individual investors aim to achieve the highest risk with the lowest risk in financial investment decisions. If the risk of a financial investment instrument is high, the expectation of high return on this investment instrument increases. Traditional finance theories are based on the principle that individuals make decisions by acting rationally. Individual investors make a rational choice of financial investment instruments in their investment decisions and strive for maximum return on their savings. Since investors are rational, they analyze decisions in financial investment instruments rationally. However, in this process, the investor encounters many factors affecting the investment decision in the market. The decisions taken affect the outcome of the investment either positively or negatively. Therefore, the evaluation of the criteria affecting the investment decision has been included in many academic researches.&nbsp;In this study, the importance of the criteria affecting the investment decisions of the investors trading in financial markets is analyzed. The aim of this study is to compare the criteria that the financial investment decision makers take into consideration in the decision-making process. The criteria included in the study; Global Markets, Domestic Financial Indicators, Investment Instrument Characteristics and Analysis Techniques Used. The aim of this study is to reveal the economic, social, investment instrument characteristics and analysis techniques that are useful in the process of evaluating the savings of individual investors in financial investment instruments. The purpose of this study is to provide a new perspective by evaluating the relationships between the criteria affecting investment decision with the Fuzzy DEMATEL method. In addition to the support from the literature, my financial work experience contributed to my study in the process of determining the criteria included in the study. In this study, the Fuzzy DEMATEL method was used and the opinions of 10 experts responsible for financial decisions were taken. As a result of the findings obtained from the opinions of the experts based on the criteria, the most important criterion among the criteria was revealed to be Technical analysis. Investors pay attention to past price movements of investment instruments in decision-making. The second criterion that was given importance among the criteria was Global markets. After the financial globalization, all the information related to the economic and political situation of countries affect the values of the investment instruments in the market.

Belirsizlik Şartlarında Yatırım Karar Analizine Etki Eden Faktörlerin Bulanık DEMATEL Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi

Gökhan

Fatma

As a result of the convergence hypothesis that the growth rates of developing and underdeveloped countries will be higher than those of developed countries, underdeveloped and developing countries will catch up with developed countries. In other words, the real gross domestic product of all countries will be equalized after a certain period of time. This idea is basically based on the law of decreasing yields. As a result of the capital increase of developed countries, which have reached the saturation point in terms of capital, the output increase rate is below the output increase rate as a result of the capital increase of underdeveloped and developing countries, which are insufficient in terms of capital. The basis of the convergence hypothesis is based on Solow (1956). Until Solow’s work, an acceptable theoretical explanation could not be given to this phenomenon, which was voiced by many theorists prior to Solow. The basis of the convergence hypothesis is based on Solow (1956). Moreover, most of the growth models are directly or indirectly based on the Solow model. There are multiple types of convergence tested in the literature. Earlier models did not distinguish between old and new technology, and looked at both old and new technology with one vision. The introduction of technological progress means that there is a difference in the efficiency of old and new technology. Thus, the model means that only physical capital accumulation cannot bring about growth per capita or increase the amount of production. In particular, given a microeconomic specification of technologies and preferences, the per capita output in an economy will approach the same level, regardless of initial capital (Timakova, 2011). When comparing different economies, it means that for economies with the same technologies and preferences, the difference in production per capita will be temporary.The Solow growth model is the first to present convergence. It has deeply influenced the way economists conceptualize long-term relationships between macroeconomics. According to this hypothesis within the neo-classical growth theory approaches, the income of the less developed countries will reach the level of developed countries after a while. That is, the exact definition of convergence is to achieve the same fixed income level. Convergence hypothesis studies generally use external theory (Rivas ve Villarroya, 2017). Because the concept of convergence emerged, if different countries have the same preferences and technology, it can be said that the poorer countries tend to grow faster than the rich countries, especially in the presence of accumulated factors, particularly the decrease in marginal returns in capital use. Each country will reach its own stable state, but the differences in the per capita income will be reduced. When the rich and poor countries reach the same fixed income level, another possible solution can be seen. The hypothesis of convergence of incomes of underdeveloped countries to incomes of developed countries is a hypothesis frequently tested in the literature. Different types of convergence hypothesis can be tested in terms of econometrics. In this study, the convergence of annual income series of the EU member countries, covering the period of 1960-2018, was examined and the stochastic convergence hypothesis, one of the convergence types, was tested with panel unit root tests based on SUR models. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests based on SUR models. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests are second generation panel unit root tests. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests take into account the cross-sectional dependency and allow for an explanation of each unit separately. In this study, using SURADF and SURKSS unit root tests, the convergence status of the EU member countries to the group average of the EU was examined, and results were given about whether the convergence hypothesis is valid for each country separately.

AB Ülkelerinin Yakınsaması: Suradf ve Surkss Birim Kök Test

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Kevser

Selay

This study evaluates the relations between economic performance, democracy index and economic freedoms, which are widely discussed in economic theory. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of democracy index and economic freedoms on economic performance. The study was conducted with the data of 45 European countries for 2017. Data from countries with insufficient information was excluded from the analysis. Data on the economic freedom variable The Heritage Foundation, from the link: https://www.heritage.org/index/ explore?view=by-region-country year &amp; u = 636967067347971774), also contains data on the democracy index variable. The democracy index report published by the Economist Intelligence Unit (The EIU) can be found at the link: https://pages.eiu. com/rs/753-RIQ 438 / images / Democracy_Index_2017.pdf). Data for the economic performance variable were obtained from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (World Bank) database. The concept of freedom can encompass many different definitions of the idea of economic freedom. Some of these definitions are as follows: Economic freedom consists of a combination of property rights and the protection of individuals, the right to make individual choices and the freedom to compete (Gwartney ve Lawson, 2003, p.406). The concept of economic freedom therefore can be understood to mean that people voluntarily engage in consumption and investment activities at any time without the control and restrictions of the state, that their rights are under state protection and that they participate in the labor force (Şenalp, 2018, p.319). When democracy is defined as a political system, it is a regime in which all adults have the right to vote, where candidates in the election can freely compete, and through periodic elections, decision makers come to power with strong authority (Huntington, 1984, p.195). Democracy also provides freedom and the possibility of self-determination (Schwartz, 1993, p.552). A two-stage approach was used to determine the consistency of the data used in the study with the research hypotheses (Anderson and Gerbing, 1988). In the first step,&nbsp;the measurement model was tested to determine whether the observed variables in the model accurately measured the latent variables to which they belong. This stage of the analysis is considered as Confirmatory Factor Analysis. If the indicator variables that make latent variables measurable do not accurately measure the constructed structure, the next step, the structural model, will not need to be tested. For this reason, the measurement model must meet the requirements for compliance. The second stage includes the testing of the structural model (Huchting, Lac and Labrie, 2008, p.543). When the model was evaluated according to the obtained t-values, there was a direct relationship between economic freedom and democracy index, and between democracy index and economic performance, while no direct relationship was found between economic freedom and economic performance. This suggests that the index of democracy may be a mediating variable. In order to evaluate the mediation effect, a significant relationship was found between economic freedom and economic performance. When the index of democracy is included in the model, the value of the path coefficient between these two variables decreases and the path becomes meaningless. In this case, it can be said that the index of democracy fully mediates the relationship between economic freedom and economic performance. In other words, the relationship between economic freedom and economic performance is indirectly realized through the democracy index. The fact that there is a direct relationship between economic freedom and democracy index and democracy index and economic performance supports the mediating effect (Judd and Kenny, 1981, pp. 605-606; Baron and Kenny, 1986, p.1176-1177). This study shows that economic performance and economic freedom, which are the determinants of the institutional structure for European countries, can be increased with economic performance and economic freedoms in order to improve democracy. For sustainable economic performance, countries should strengthen and add importance to their institutional structures. Countries aiming to increase their economic performance should set policies to increase their democracies and economic freedoms. Since the findings obtained belong to a certain group of countries, they cannot be generalized for all countries of the world. In future studies, analyses can be made for different country groups and time periods. The results obtained by using different analysis programs and different estimation methods can then be compared. The sub-components of economic freedom affect the environment and functioning of the market and contribute to the development of democracy, with the effect it has on entrepreneurship. Furthermore, individual commercial activities positively affect economic performance.

Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli ile Özgürlüklerin Ekonomik Performansa Etkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Mücahit

Purchasing power parity (PPP), which is one of the subjects of interest in international finance and economy, is defined as a rate of change that equalizes the purchasing power of different currencies by eliminating price level differences between countries (TURKSTAT, 2008). In other words, the theory of purchasing power parity states that the nominal exchange rate between the two currencies is determined by the purchasing power of each country’s currency. This means that the exchange rate between the two countries must be equal to a fixed level of goods and services basket price of the two currencies. While economists generally doubt the validity of PPP in the short term, they agree that it is necessary to investigate whether PPP is valid in the long term because price differences between countries are not sustainable in the long term (Acaravcı and Öztürk, 2010). Chortareas and Kapetanios (2009) evaluated the importance of purchasing power parity in terms of both traditional and new approaches to open economy macroeconomics for policy purposes. According to the traditional approach, the validity of PPP is valuable information for policy-makers who want to evaluate the effects of devaluation since the effects of devaluation under PPP on competitiveness will be eliminated in the long term. In open economies with new approaches, PPP is a necessary condition for equalizing market integrity and marginal utility. Empirical studies use cointegration tests, variance ratio tests, and quantitative regressions for nominal exchange rates and prices, and unit root tests for real exchange rates, to assess the validity of PPP. (Chortareas and Kapetanios, 2009; 391). The estimation of PPP exchange rates is very important for practical purposes. These objectives are; (i) determining the degree of deviation from the nominal exchange rate, ie determining whether the exchange rate is low or not. (ii) making appropriate policy decisions; (iii) adjusting currency parities; (iv) an international comparison of national income levels; and (v) a comparison between domestic price and foreign price (Sarno and Taylor, 2002). Whether PPP is valid or not should be examined. Where PPP is not valid, PPP cannot be used as a criterion for international income level comparison and estimation of real exchange rates, and where applicable, it can be used as a criterion for the level of development comparisons and the reliability of all economic decisions (Güriş et al. 2016). . In this study, the validity of purchasing power parity was examined using Fourier unit root tests for Turkey for the period 1992:01-2018:12. In order to make a comparison, two different recently developed unit root tests were used in the study. The study is expected to contribute to the current literature in terms of the method used. The studies for Turkey is as follows; Gurbuz and Hasgur (1997), Telatar and Kazdagli (1998), Erlat (2003), Yazgan (2003), Alba and Park (2005), Aslan and Kanbur (2007), Ozdemir (2008), Kalyoncu (2009), Lightning and Lightning (2012), Sener et al. (2015), Güriş et al. (2016), Rock and Steel (2018). In cases where series do not have a linear structure, nonlinear unit root tests give more powerful results than linear unit root tests. In the literature, there are unit root tests examining stationarity structures of nonlinear series. In this study, Güris (2018) and Ranjbar et al. (2018) non-linear Fourier unit root tests were used. Firstly, the linearity of the calculated real exchange rate series was examined and it was found that it does not have a linear structure. In the second part of the empirical analysis, the stationarity of the series was examined with the help of Fourier unit root tests. The obtained results indicate that Turkey has a stationary structure in the real exchange rate series. Accordingly, it is seen that the PPP hypothesis is valid for Turkey. In other words, the analyzed period, the real exchange rate being stationary and Turkey coming to the real exchange rate shocks are temporary. The validity of PPP means that the prices of goods expressed in the same currency are the same anywhere in the world. Therefore, PPP is expected to play an active role in the monetary policy decision for Turkey.

Satın Alma Gücü Paritesi Hipotezi Geçerliliğinin Fourier Birim Kök Testleri ile İncelenmesi: Türkiye Örneği

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Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics yılda iki kez olmak üzere, her 6 ayda bir yayınlanmaktadır.

Dergimiz ölçme, tahmin, test, tahmin ve politika analizi konularını kapsayan, ekonomi ve ilgili konularda olmak üzere yeni ekonometrik tekniklerin uygulanması ile ilgili yüksek kaliteli makaleler yayınlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Ekonometrik tekniklerin dikkatli ve titiz bir şekilde uygulanması ile elde edilen sonuçların uygun yorumlanması üzerinde durulmaktadır. Makalelerde ekonomik içerik üzerinde vurgu yapılmalıdır. Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics başta Ekonometri, istatistik ve Yöneylem Araştırması olmak üzere yüksek kaliteli araştırmalar yayınlamaktadır. Uzmanlık alanlarına deyinen, ulaşılabilir teknikleri içeren ve diğer araştırmacılar tarafından kolayca tekrarlanabilen, ekonomide yenilikçi, niceliksel araştırmalar için bir çıkış sağlamaktır. Tüm gönderimler farklı hakemler tarafından inceleme sürecine tabidir.

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Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics

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Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics yılda iki kez olmak üzere, her 6 ayda bir yayınlanmaktadır.Dergimiz ölçme, tahmin, test, tahmin ve politika analizi konularını kapsayan, ekonomi ve ilgili konularda olmak üzere yeni ekonometrik tekniklerin uygulanması ile ilgili yüksek kaliteli makaleler yayınlamayı amaçlamaktadır.Ekonometrik tekniklerin dikkatli ve titiz bir şekilde uygulanması ile elde edilen sonuçların uygun yorumlanması üzerinde durulmaktadır.Makalelerde ekonomik içerik üzerinde vurgu yapılmalıdır.Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics başta Ekonometri, istatistik ve Yöneylem Araştırması olmak üzere yüksek kaliteli araştırmalar yayınlamaktadır.Uzmanlık alanlarına deyinen, ulaşılabilir teknikleri içeren ve diğer araştırmacılar tarafından kolayca tekrarlanabilen, ekonomide yenilikçi, niceliksel araştırmalar için bir çıkış sağlamaktır.Tüm gönderimler farklı hakemler tarafından inceleme sürecine tabidir.Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics 2005'ten bu yana altı ayda bir &#34;hakemli dergi&#34; olarak yayınlanmaktadır.Derginin dili İngilizce ve Türkçedir.Çeşitli ekonomik sorunlara uygulanabilir istatistiksel yöntemleri tanıtan katkılar amaçlanır.

Amaç ve Kapsam

TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR DizinProQuest CentralDOAJ <a href="https://ideas.repec.org/s/ist/ekoist.html" target="_blank" style="font-size: 10pt;">RePEc IDEAS</a> <a href="https://econpapers.repec.org/article/istekoist/" target="_blank">RePEc EconPapers </a><a href="http://atif.sobiad.com/index.jsp?modul=dergi-sayfasi&amp;ID=0&amp;magazinename=Ekoist:%20Journal%20of%20Econometrics%20and%20Statistics" target="_blank">SOBIAD</a>ERIH PLUS

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) ve World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak COPE ve ICJME yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) ve World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.-    Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.-    Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.-    Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.-    Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.-    Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.-    İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6457DE12A1C843DD826BC8AAF9767B86" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu'nda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır. Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDerginin yayın dili Türkçe ve İngilizce’dir.Yazıların Hazırlanması ve GönderimiAksi belirtilmedikçe gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılacaktır. Makale gönderimi online olarak ve <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist</a> üzerinden yapılmalıdır. Gönderilen yazılar, yazının yayınlanmak üzere gönderildiğini ifade eden, makale türünü belirten ve makaleyle ilgili bilgileri içeren (bkz: Son Kontrol Listesi) bir mektup; yazının elektronik formunu içeren Microsoft Word 2003 ve üzerindeki versiyonları ile yazılmış elektronik dosya ve tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6457DE12A1C843DD826BC8AAF9767B86" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir.  <ol><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmalar, A4 boyutundaki kağıdın bir yüzüne, üst, alt, sağ ve sol taraftan 2,5 cm. boşluk bırakılarak, 12 punto Times New Roman harf karakterleriyle ve 1,5 satır aralık ölçüsü ile hazılarlanmalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmalar 4500 - 8500 sözcük arasında olmalı ve sayfa numaraları sayfanın altında ve ortada yer almalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yazar/yazarların adları çalışmanın başlığının hemen altında sağa bitişik şekilde verilmelidir. Ayrıca yıldız dipnot şeklinde (*) yazarın unvanı, kurumu ve e-posta adresi ve telefonu sayfanın en altında dipnotta belirtilmelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergimize gönderilen Türkçe makalelerde Giriş bölümünden önce 200-250 sözcük arasında çalışmanın kapsamını, amacını, ulaşılan sonuçları ve kullanılan yöntemi kaydeden Türkçe ve İngilizce öz (abstract) ile Türkçe makalelerde 600-800 kelime içeren İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. İngilizce makalelerde ise, yalnızca İngilizce öz (abstract) yer almalıdır. İngilizce ve Türkçe özlerin altında çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden 3-5 İngilizce, 3-5 Türkçe anahtar kelime yer almalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: Başlık, Türkçe öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce başlık, İngilizce öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce genişletilmiş özet, ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. versiyonu kullanılmalıdır. APA 6 stili hakkında bilgi için; http://ekoist.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/content/yazarlara-bilgi/kaynaklar sayfasını ziyaret edebilir veya Yazarlara Bilgi’nin Kaynaklar başlığı altında ilgili açıklama ve örnekleri inceleyebilirsiniz.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmalarda tablo, grafik ve şekil gibi göstergeler ancak çalışmanın takip edilebilmesi açısından gereklilik arz ettiği durumlarda, numaralandırılarak, tanımlayıcı bir başlık ile birlikte verilmelidir. Tablolara ait başlık üstte, Şekiller’e ait başlık altta yer almalıdır. Demografik özellikler gibi metin içinde verilebilecek veriler, ayrıca tablolar ile ifade edilmemelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen makale ile birlikte yazar bilgilerini içeren kapak sayfası gönderilmelidir. Kapak sayfasında, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş ve faks numaraları ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).</li><li style="text-align: left;">Kurallar dâhilinde dergimize yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen çalışmaların her türlü sorumluluğu yazar/yazarlarına aittir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergi Yazı Kurulu ve hakem raporları doğrultusunda yazarlardan, metin üzerinde bazı düzeltmeler yapmaları istenebilir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yayınlanmasına karar verilen çalışmaların, yazar/yazarlarının her birine dergi gönderilir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergiye gönderilen çalışmalar yayınlansın veya yayınlanmasın geri gönderilmez.</li></ol>

Yazım Kuralları

Makaleyi göndermeden önce lütfen Yazım Kuralları’nı okuyun ve aşağıdakilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:Editöre mektup<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin türü</li> <li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li> <li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği</li> <li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li> <li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6457DE12A1C843DD826BC8AAF9767B86" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>Daha önce basılmış material (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D6F99DA5E4E1495899D8CAEC33175E6B" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin kategorisi</li> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonar şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li> <li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li> <li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li> </ul> </ul>Makalenin ana metni<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 200-250 kelime makale dilinde ve 200-250 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5 adet makale dilinde ve 5 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca vd dillerdeki makaleler) İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul>Makale Gönderme<ul type="disc"> <li>Makalenin gönderileceği Dergipark sayfası adresi:  <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist</a>  </li> <li>Makale ana metninin dosyasını (Main Document)  yüklerken, çift taraflı kör hakem süreci gereği, bu dosyanın yazar kimliğini deşifre eden hiçbir unsur barındırmadığından emin olun. Makale ana metni dosyası (Main Document) başlık sayfasını (Title Page) içermemeli; yazar adı geçen ya da yazar adlarını ifşa edebilecek bölümler içermemeli (Örneğin: Teşekkür, her sayfada tekrar eden ve yazar adlarını içerebilen başlık).</li> <li>Ayrıca, ek olarak yüklediğiniz Supplemental File for Review türü dosyalarda da yazar kimliğinin ifşa edilmediğinden emin olun. ​</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Ayrı Ayrı Yüklemeniz gereken dosyalar<ul type="disc"> <li>Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</li> <li>Resim, Tablo vb başka kaynaktan alındıysa izin belgesi</li> <li>Makale Kapak Sayfası</li> <li>Makale Ana Metni Dosyası  (Bu dosya aşağıdaki unsurları içermelidir)</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 200-250 kelime makale dilinde ve 200-250 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5 adet makale dilinde ve 5 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca, Türkçe vd dillerdeki makaleler ) İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract)  600-800 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Derleme yazıları okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “advance online publication” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stili ve FormatıEKOİST Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. edisyonunu benimser. APA 6. Edisyonu hakkında bilgi için:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org/</a>Metin İçinde Kaynak GöstermeKaynaklar metinde parantez içinde yazarların soyadı ve yayın tarihi yazılarak belirtilmelidir. Birden fazla kaynak gösterilecekse kaynaklar arasında (;) işareti kullanılmalıdır. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Örnekler:Birden fazla kaynak;(Esin ve ark., 2002; Karasar 1995)Tek yazarlı kaynak;(Akyolcu, 2007)İki yazarlı kaynak;(Sayıner ve Demirci, 2007, s. 72)Üç, dört ve beş yazarlı kaynak;Metin içinde ilk kullanımda: (Ailen, Ciambrune ve Welch, 2000, s. 12–13) Metin içinde tekrarlayan kullanımlarda: (Ailen ve ark., 2000)Altı ve daha çok yazarlı kaynak;(Çavdar ve ark., 2003)Kaynaklar Bölümünde Kaynak GöstermeKullanılan tüm kaynaklar metnin sonunda ayrı bir bölüm halinde yazar soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak numaralandırılmadan verilmelidir.Kaynak yazımı ile ilgili örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir.Kitapa) Türkçe KitapKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). Ankara: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Türkçeye Çevrilmiş KitapMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.c) Editörlü KitapÖren, T., Üney, T. ve Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Çok Yazarlı Türkçe KitapTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. ve Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Ankara: Total Bilişim.e) İngilizce KitapKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) İngilizce Kitap İçerisinde BölümBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Türkçe Kitap İçerisinde BölümErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Bursa: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Yayımcının ve Yazarın Kurum Olduğu YayınTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Makalea) Türkçe MakaleMutlu, B. ve Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182.b) İngilizce Makalede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Yediden Fazla Yazarlı MakaleLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) DOI’si Olmayan Online Edinilmiş MakaleAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Erişim adresi: http://www.tk.org.tr/e) DOI’si Olan MakaleTurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online Olarak Yayımlanmış MakaleSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Popüler Dergi MakalesiSemercioğlu, C. (2015, Haziran). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39.Tez, Sunum, Bildiria) Türkçe TezlerSarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.b)Ticari Veritabanında Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans Ya da Doktora TeziVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Kurumsal Veritabanında Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from: Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Web’de Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Sempozyum KatkısıKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at American Psychological Association meeting, Orlando, FL.g) Online Olarak Erişilen Konferans Bildiri ÖzetiÇınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Öz]. Akademik Bilişim Konferansında sunulan bildiri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir. Erişim adresi: http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27h) Düzenli Olarak Online Yayımlanan BildirilerHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105i) Kitap Şeklinde Yayımlanan BildirilerSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140). Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Kongre BildirisiÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. X. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, BoluDiğer Kaynaklara) Gazete YazısıToker, Ç. (2015, 26 Haziran). ‘Unutma’ notları. Cumhuriyet, s. 13.b) Online Gazete YazısıTamer, M. (2015, 26 Haziran). E-ticaret hamle yapmak için tüketiciyi bekliyor. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.milliyetc) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. 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Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektupü    Makalenin türüü    Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisiü    Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)ü    İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)ü    İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığıü    Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiğiü    Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6457DE12A1C843DD826BC8AAF9767B86" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış ve telife bağlı materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1E033FB7101F402FAD661EB2D81D4A4E" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a>ü    Makalenin türüü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleriü    Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosuü    Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri●    Makale ana metniü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Özetler: 200-250 kelime Türkçe ve 200-250 kelime İngilizceü    Anahtar Kelimeler: 3-5 adet Türkçe ve 3-5 adet İngilizceü    Makale Türkçe ise, 600-800 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Summary)ü    Makale ana metin bölümleriü    Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Kaynaklarü    Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/4B4F9DC35E854DED9953C603868BF903" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5BC458EAD3554E249EC7C7A89071D85A" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası </a>

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