Eleftherios

Öznur

Assoc. Prof.

Verimlilik ve Kaynakların Etkinsiz Dağılımı: Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika  (ODKA) Bölgesi ile Türkiye’deki Firmalardan Elde Edilen Ampirik Bulgular

Serdar

Prof.

Buket

International migration has become a global phenomenon that affects many areas. From the perspective of development, these effects are mainly considered to be the advantages and disadvantages of international migration. As a result of migration, the population of the host country increases while the population of the origin country decreases. This demographic change has many potential effects, and a well-managed migration process makes it possible to mitigate the adverse effects of population movements. Because migration is an important issue, most countries have developed various policies on migration. Therefore, this study investigates the relationship between immigrant populations and health expenditures in OECD countries.Studies investigating the causes of migration form the background against which this study emerged. However, the relevant literature primarily focuses on push factors that cause migration (Naude, 2010; Djafar &amp; Hassan, 2012; Dimant, Krieger &amp; Meerrieks, 2013). These factors are considered in different categories. However, both the push and pull effects of economic factors on migration decision are more dominant. In addition, although OECD countries are known to have dense immigrant populations, only a few studies have discussed the dynamics of migration in these countries (Mayda, 2007; Belot &amp; Ederveen, 2021). In addition, no study has directly investigated the impact of health sector development in OECD countries on immigrant populations. Thus, this study aims to fill in these gaps in the literature. For this purpose, this study adopted the PVAR approach to study the period between 2000 and 2017. In addition to health expenditures, economic growth and urbanization were also included in the model as independent variables.This study employed panel unit root testing procedures, determined the optimal lag length, estimated PVAR long-run coefficients, implemented causality testing, and obtained impulse-response graphs. According to the analysis, health expenditures have a positive impact on the immigrant populations of OECD countries. Moreover, an increase in health expenditures increases the size of immigrant populations in these countries by approximately 5.9%. Additionally, the GDP per capita and urbanization coefficients were negative but statistically insignificant. The positive effect of health expenditures on GDP and urbanization is notable; however, its effect on urbanization is relatively minimal. As a result, it can be concluded that health expenditures are a pull factor that encourage migration to these countries. They also contribute to economic growth. After determining coefficient estimations, the causal relationships between variables was investigated. It was determined that there is a unidirectional causality relationship between health expenditures and immigrant populations. This result is compatible with the long-run coefficient estimation result. In addition, there is a unidirectional causality relationship between health expenditures and GDP per capita and urbanization. According to impulse-response functions, a standard deviation shock in health expenditures first increases the immigrant population and then subsequently decreases it. A standard deviation shock in GDP per capita first decreases immigration and then subsequently increases it. Finally, it was confirmed that a shock in urbanization does not significantly affect immigrant populations in these countries.In line with the analysis results, it can be said that it is inevitable that migration, which refers to the movement of human capital, will be affected by health expenditures, which are defined as human capital investment. Health expenditures affect migration decisions, as they directly impact the life quality of individuals and contribute to labor productivity. Accordingly, individuals’ preferences for a quality health service structure that is provided equally to all may be taken into account when defining the direct effect of health services on migration decisions. The positive effect of health expenditures on the welfare of individuals reveals the indirect effect of health sector development on migration decisions. Moreover, it is possible that reforms in the field of health, especially in origin countries, may alleviate the loss of human capital caused by migration.&nbsp;

OECD Ülkelerinde Sağlık Harcamalarının Çekici Bir  Faktör Olarak Uluslararası Göç Üzerindeki Etkisinin  Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) Yaklaşımı ile  İncelenmesi

Batuhan

Öğretim Görevlisi

Arif

Traditional finance theories argue that individuals are rational and make investment decisions without being subjected to any deception. Alternatively, behavioral finance suggests that individuals’ investment decisions are influenced by psychological, exogenous, and other factors, and thus, irrational preferences may be involved. This study aims to determine the factors that affect investment decisions of investors. Homo economicus is a Latin word that means “economic or economic person.” “The Wealth of Nations” written by Adam Smith in 1776 marks the beginning of the classical economics concept and homo economicus. Traditional finance theories accept individuals as rational and consider individuals as homo economicus, i.e., as economic people. Hall (1978) assumes that in his random walk theory, individuals make decisions with rational expectations. Fama (1970) accepts the random walk theory as one of the most basic assumptions based on which the efficient markets hypothesis is formulated. Fama defines the efficient market as the market in which information is fully reflected in current asset prices. The Expectation Theory put forward by Kahneman and Tversky (1979) criticizes the Expected Utility Theory, founded by Daniel Bernoulli, for not taking into account the behavior of individuals. Factors influencing investment decisions can be grouped under three headings, namely, exogenous factors and herd behavior; cognitive illusions; and demographic and socioeconomic factors.The factors to which investors are exposed were determined by a questionnaire method used in this study. Questionnaires, consisting of 25 questions, were sent to the participants&nbsp;online and their responses were collected via Google Forms. In the study, a 5-point Likert scale was preferred because it is common in the literature. Responses of 532 participants were examined by subjecting them to various analyzes in the SPSS program for determining factors influencing investment decisions. Questionnaire responses were first subjected to factor analysis. Then, by performing a reliability analysis, it was ensured that the most influential factors were determined. It was observed that the reliability level of factors was above the determined limits. The existence of a significant and positive relationship between the factors was also determined. Within the scope of the study, the analysis started with 25 questions. One test question was not included in the analysis. Seven questions were not analyzed as their factor load was insufficient, and thus, the analysis was completed using 17 questions. The measures to evaluate the quality of factor analysis are KMO coefficient, Bartlett’s test, and Sig value. Hair et al. (2010) reported that KMO should be at least 0.50, and the KMO value in this study is 0.91, which is well above the determined threshold. When the total variance values of the study are examined, it is observed that all factors explain 51.69% of the variance. Moreover, when the literature is reviewed, it is observed that the total variance value explained is sufficient. 	Reliability analysis is a type of analysis that shows the accuracy and consistency of a study. As the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient approaches 1, the reliability of the measurement tool increases. It is stated that the level of the measurement tool should be 0.70 and above. In this study, 17 questions were analyzed, and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was found to be 0.876. Considering this result, it can be stated that the study is at a reliable level. It was also observed that 17 questions are distributed to three factors. These factors express the anomalies and heuristics that affect individuals decision-making ability. The first factor affecting individuals’ investment decisions is exogenous factors and herd behavior. Exogenous factors are factors that arise independently of investments yet have an impact on individuals. Herd behavior appears as a behavior that affects individuals who are exposed to them. The second factor is cognitive illusions that affect individuals’ psychological behavior as well as their investment decisions. The third factor is demographic and socioeconomic factors of investors. Characteristics such as age, gender, and income status also emerge as important determinants influencing investment decisions. It can be concluded that as investment decisions are influenced by these three factors, investors are unable to think rationally and make logical investment decisions. The study’s findings were applied to similar age groups, which can be considered as a limitation. It is recommended that further studies should to be conducted with different age and income groups.&nbsp;

Bireylerin Yatırım Kararlarında Maruz Kaldığı Anomali  ve Hevristikler Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma

Mervan

Şakir

Globalization movements and exchange rate fluctuations deeply affect fragile economies and pose risks. Countries have developed various policies to eliminate this exchange rate risk. A monetary union, which is formed by a group of countries, is a crucial tool against the exchange rate risk. This has many benefits, such as the reduction of transaction costs, encouragement of international trade, elimination of exchange rate uncertainty, reduction of information costs, prevention of speculative capital movements, and creation of price transparency. These further benefit consumers and producers. A monetary union also provides microeconomic efficiency because it facilitates price comparison. Therefore, the prices of the member states of the union are expected to converge. Moreover, a monetary union will inevitably create some costs and disadvantages for the member countries. These disadvantages include a loss of national monetary policy independence, imbalances between member countries, problems caused by demand changes, inability to meet unemployment-inflation targets, and deprivation of national seigniorage income.The Optimum Currency Area theory provides two sets of measures that would maximize economic efficiency for an entire region to enable the use of a single currency. The first one is the mitigation of exposure to asymmetric shocks through the similarity of economic structures, openness of trade, and low degree of specialization. The second group is easing adjustment to asymmetric shocks through preference homogeneity, factor mobility, and transfer payments. With this in consideration, the Maastricht criteria are based on economic indicators that European Union member countries must fulfill to get into the European currency area and that they must ensure to maintain once got in the union. To establish a successful and sustainable monetary union, the economic indicators of the countries must&nbsp;converge and resemble each other. These indicators are inflation rates, budget deficit rates, public debt, and interest rates.Although the concept of a monetary union is nothing new, the establishment of the European Monetary Union has led to renewed interest. Applying the European member states’ experience and knowledge on this subject is an crucial step for the economic stability and development of Islamic countries. Using quarterly data on the exchange rate, inflation, interest rate, and trade between 2000 and 2020, our study tests whether the D-8 is an optimum currency area. Based on the results of the vector error correction model, the impulse-response function, and the variance decomposition, it has been determined that the D-8 as a whole is not optimum currency area. However, Turkey, Nigeria, Egypt, and Malaysia, which can be considered as a subgroup within the D-8, experience relatively similar shocks to their exchange rates, inflation, interest rates, and trade, as compared with the rest of the D-8 countries. Therefore, although these countries are geographically fragmented and distant, their theoretical monetary union would be an optimum money field in terms of the symmetry of their shocks.&nbsp;To adopt a new common currency among D-8 countries, they have to provide economic, political, and financial integration consistent with the relevant policies and meet specific conditions designed to ensure economic convergence. It should not be forgotten that longterm preparation, which took almost 10 years, laid the groundwork for a successful European Monetary Union. The example set by the European Monetary Union should serve as the template for D-8’s goal of a monetary union consisting of Islamic countries.&nbsp;

D-8 Ülkeleri Arasında Parasal Birlik Mümkün Mü?  Optimum Para Sahası Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi

Suna

Assist. Prof.

Balance of payments statistics is considered an integral part of national accounts for most countries globally. The balance of payments account is essential in analyzing and forecasting the country’s economic performance and in formulating economic policy, including monetary and exchange policy. Net errors and omissions are accounts that result from inconsistencies in the double-entry accounting system due to misrecorded or missing items. The net balance of errors and omissions constitutes the balancing item. The balancing element can be interpreted differently and its analytical content and meaning change accordingly. The sum of all transactions on the credit side must equal the sum of all transactions on the debit side (with a minus sign). Therefore, it is necessary to collect data as efficiently as possible, process it, and promptly present it to the user. Even the most precise and accurate data will not be helpful if provided too late because, as a result, there will be a specific difference between credit and debit.Given that the principle of double-entry bookkeeping requires that these two sides be numerically equal, errors and omissions arise equal to the difference between credit and debit. Therefore, errors and omissions, as a balancing item of the balance of payments account, include all errors and omissions made in a given period when compiling balance of payments statistics. Net error and omission calculation have not been a subject of much attention, both in Turkey and in other countries, since it was thought that the errors and omissions in the balance of payments statement calculations would not be too significant. In this study, these countries were preferred because the net errors and omissions in the balance of payments table showed an increasing trend since 1980. In addition, it was chosen considering that the net errors and omissions, which are also stated as short-term capital inflows, have a positive effect on economic growth (the GDP figures, which are the economic growth indicators of the preferred countries, tend to increase each year). Whether there is a relationship between the ‘net errors and omissions in the balance of payments accounts and macroeconomic variables (GDP, trade volume considered as import and export figures) in 1980-2018, and if there is a relationship (positive/negative) with which variable. It has been tried to explain the empirical application it has shown. It requires introducing a compensatory entry known as net errors and omissions so that the sum of all international transactions in each country is equal to zero. The literature search shows relatively few studies on net errors and omissions or balancing elements. This study has concluded that the increase in imports and exports (trade volume) in selected countries harms net errors and omissions, while the increase in GDP positively affects net error omission in these countries. The inconsistencies are often unknown, although in some cases, explanations that require a review of statistics emerge later. Timing gaps, insufficient coverage, or methodological issues can cause imbalances. By finding the reason for the existence of the net error and omissions account, that is, its source, the quality of the balance of payments statistics can be further improved. Data sources should be chosen well, and laws and penal policies should be clearly stated to avoid problems. In addition, the movement of errors and omissions can be considered an essential indicator for those who direct the economic policy. In conclusion, it can be said that all these reasons clearly show that the calculation of net errors and omissions in the balance of payments is an economic indicator of the steps to be taken in general, not just in the field of statistics.&nbsp;

Net Hata ve Noksan Hesabına Bakış: Seçilmiş Ülkelere  Yönelik Analiz (1980-2018)

Fatma

In a changing and developing world, production activities are dependent on energy resources. A significant part of the energy needed in the world is obtained from fossil fuels. One of these fossil fuels, Petroleum, is the primary production input for countries. It is used in almost all automotive, defense, and textile sectors. Therefore, the limited petroleum reserves, which have a wide usage area, are significant. In addition, since the spread of oil resources varies from region to region, some countries are source countries for oil, and some are dependent on oil. The economic importance of oil in all these countries is indisputable.The Covid-19 pandemic, which emerged in 2019, has affected many sectors. One of these sectors is the energy sector. Global energy demand is estimated to have dropped by 4.5% in 2020 due to the pandemic. The worldwide decline in oil consumption accounts for about three-quarters of the total decline in energy demand. Considering this change in oil consumption, it is crucial to investigate whether the impact of shocks to oil consumption is temporary or permanent. If the oil consumption series is found to be stationary, it means that the shocks to oil consumption are temporary and will return to their previous state in the short term. If the oil consumption series is not stationary, shocks to oil consumption are permanent. Whether the energy consumption is stationary is also necessary to estimate the energy consumption. If the shocks to energy consumption are permanent, it can be expected that critical macroeconomic variables will take over this persistence, given the importance of energy for other sectors in the economy. By transferring this structure of the non-stationary oil consumption variable to other variables, the stationarity properties of many macroeconomic variables can change. However, if the energy consumption series is not stationary, past behavior will not matter in predicting future demand. In other words, it will not be possible to predict the future oil demand with a non-stationary oil consumption series. In this case, it is necessary to consider other variables that explain energy consumption to create future energy demand forecasts.Unit root tests can examine the impact of shocks on oil consumption. The Fourier approach is used in this study. The Fourier approach can be used to capture unknown structural breaks or neglected nonlinearity in the deterministic component of the model. In addition, the use of the Fourier approach transforms the problem of choosing the appropriate functional form into choosing the most appropriate number of frequencies to include in the approach. In this direction, it is investigated whether the oil consumption series is stationary for OECD countries. The data for the period 1965-2019 and the Fourier stationarity test developed by Li, Ranjbar, and Chang (2015), which considers the cross-section dependency, are used in the analyses. The results obtained for the panel show that the oil consumption series is stationary. According to the results of the individual stationarity test, the oil consumption series for 23 countries (Canada, USA, Colombia, Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom) is obtained as stationary. In addition, the oil consumption series has a unit root for 10 OECD countries (Mexico, Chile, Iceland, Poland, Turkey, Israel, Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Korea). In light of these findings, policymakers should consider and avoid energy design policies in the long term, especially in countries where shocks to oil consumption are temporary. In this case, policies aimed at reducing oil consumption, in the long run, will not be effective in countries where the oil consumption series is stationary.&nbsp;

Petrol Tüketiminin Durağanlık Özelliklerinin  Araştırılması: OECD Ülkeleri için Ampirik Bir Analiz

Emerson

Edmund

Credit Risk Management and the Financial  Performance of Domiciled Banks in Sierra Leone: An Empirical Analysis

Esra

Cuma

Res. Assist.

Munise

Economic growth continues to be one of the areas that researchers focus on because small increases in the growth rates of countries can create significant effects that can change their welfare and living standards. Questions such as “why are some countries developing more rapidly than others?”, “Why do different countries develop differently?” has always been on the agenda of economists since different national growth performances have caused significant differences in indicators such as per capita income and living standards (Acemoğlu, 2012).Das and Loxley (2015), Berber and Artan (2004), and Barro (1995) reveal the relationship between inflation and growth; Kutlu and Yurttagüler (2016) and Pattillo et al. (2011) indicate a relationship between foreign debt and economic growth; Kenourgios and Samitas (2007) and Dudian and Popa (2013) identified a relationship between credit and economic growth; Caporale et al., (2009), Calderon and Liu (2003), Christopoulos and Tsionas (2004), and Soytaş and Küçükkaya (2011) examine the relationship between financial development and economic growth. In addition, studies such as Feng (2001), Chen and Feng (1996), Tang and Abosedra (2014), Çela and Hysa (2021), and Pasha (2020) have investigated the relationship between political indicators and growth. These studies narrowly analyze the effect of economic, financial, and political variables on economic growth based on a single subcomponent. However, considering that these risk variables have more than one subcomponent, it is essential to examine the effects of these variables on economic growth more comprehensively. In this study, the effect of economic, financial, and political risk ratios on&nbsp;economic growth is examined for Turkey during the period of 2000:01-2020:06. For this purpose, the following tests were used: the Toda-Yamamoto causality test, the Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto causality test developed by Hatemi-J, and the time-varying symmetric and asymmetrical causality tests of the Hatemi-J test, which examine the causality relationship in terms of sub-periods.According to the findings, The Toda-Yamamoto causality test shows a causal relationship between the financial risk variable and economic growth, between the economic risk variable and the financial risk variable, and between the economic risk variable and the political risk variable. According to the Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto causality test findings, there is a causality relationship between the financial risk variable and economic growth. According to the Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto asymmetric causality test findings, it is seen that economic growth reacts positively to the positive shock arising from the financial risk variable, while economic growth responds negatively to an adverse shock. A negative shock in the political risk variable causes a positive shock on economic growth. According to the time-varying symmetric causality test findings, in general terms, the periods in which there is a causal relationship between the economic risk variable and economic growth are the following: in the periods 2003:12-2012:02, 2014:06-2017:05, 2018:01-2020:06; economic growth is affected by the financial risk variable in the period of 2000:02-2011:05 and by the political risk variable in the period of 2002:01-2018:05. According to the time-varying asymmetric causality test findings, it is seen that negative shocks in the economic risk variable affect economic growth positively in the period of 2010:05-2020:06, and the positive shocks in the economic risk variable affect economic growth negatively in the period of 2013:11-2019:04. These shocks positively affect the financial risk variable in the period 2010:05-2020:06, while having a negative effect in the period of 2011:02-2018:07. The effects of shocks in economic and financial risk variables on economic growth occurred in similar periods. This situation strengthens the theoretical view that economic and financial risks support each other. Even though the political risk variable caused no positive shock to economic growth in the said period, there was an increase in the political risk ratio in the 2011:05-2017:01 period, which negatively affected the economic growth. When the effect of risk types on economic growth is evaluated generally, improvement or deterioration in all these risk types in Turkey has positive or negative effects on economic growth. In addition, in recent years, the effect of economic and financial risks has been stronger than the effect of political risk on economic growth. In the light of this information, it can be said that it is necessary to take policies and measures to reduce economic and financial risks. In this context, there has been a deterioration in economic growth in Turkey recently, especially after 2012; Indicators such as GDP per capita, exchange rate, budget balance, inflation rate, current account balance, and external debts show that remedial measures should be taken.&nbsp;

Ekonomik, Finansal ve Politik Risk ile Büyüme  Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği

Filiz

Aynur

Ayşe

The tourism sector, which is described as a chimneyless industry, is an important area that affects the growth indicators of a country’s economy. In terms of the sector, financial opportunities and service confidence perception are the subjects that should be examined. Financial support is provided to develop, support, and grow the tourism sector to contribute to economic growth. The banking system continuously supports sectors with various credit products to maintain activities in the tourism sector, establish new tourism enterprises, renew the enterprises, and support renovation activities. The tourism sector is an important sector for countries’ economies with a foreign currency input. This sector provides employment opportunities, solving the unemployment problem by creating income. Among the subservice sectors in Turkey in general and the services sector in particular, tourism has an increasing share of gross domestic product (GDP).In this context, the study aims to determine the causality relationship among various psychological and economic sizes affecting the tourism sector in Turkey. Monthly data for the period 2011:01–2021:02 and the Toda Yamamoto Causality test were used in the study. Moreover, six different variables were preferred in the investigation of the total tourism loans financed by the banking system and the psychological and economic effects of the BIST tourism index. As an indicator of economic growth, industrial production index, BIST tourism index, tourism total cash loans, and consumer price index (CPI) variables represent economic activities. The service sector confidence index and Turkey geopolitical risk index are important variables selected to represent psychological factors. According to the results of the analysis, a one-way causality relationship has been obtained from the service sector confidence index to growth and CPI indicators and from the BIST Tourism Index to the service sector confidence index. Other findings include a one-way causality relationship toward CPI from Hotels and Restaurants (Tourism) Total Cash Loans. The result of the analysis method used in the study shows that the effects on economic factors for the tourism sector are strengthened specifically by the service sector confidence index, which represents the psychological perception. Among the findings, the service sector confidence index is the cause of the hotel/restaurant price index. The result of the BIST Tourism Index’s service sector confidence index supports this view. In other words, an increase in value in tourism companies traded on the stock exchange representing the financial sector can positively affect the services confidence index, whereas an increase in confidence can affect the price index by increasing sectoral activities. The share of the service sector in GDP in Turkey is undeniable. The importance of expectation and increased trust in the sectors increases and even provides a psychological perspective to the relationship between the two phenomena. In this context, confidence indices consisting of various criteria affect the value of companies in the stock exchange and the service sector. One of the more general findings is that the service sector confidence index is the cause of economic growth. This result emphasizes the increasing importance of perception and expectation, which is considered a psychological factor in economic growth in economic decision-makers. A causality relationship between tourism loans used by banks and economic growth has not been determined. In the study, tourism sector loans and company values are expected to have an indirect effect, although not directly, on economic growth. This notion will be explained by the change in price indices. Therefore, the loans used to increase the economic growth of tourism loans should be directed more to the areas that will encourage tourism investments. Moreover, banks should continue to finance investments in tourism enterprises renewed to provide employment growth with affordable price and maturity opportunities. Investment loans given to the tourism sector through banks will only reflect positively on economic growth when investments occur. Although Turkey is a country in demand with its geopolitical position and service potential, the sector still needs to be made more effective. In this context, in addition to various financial conveniences or incentives, policies that will increase the number of tourists visiting our country and the diversity of the visiting country should also be established. This research hopes to guide future studies by measuring and comparative analysis of the effects of tourism loans on economic activities using different countries or different analysis methods in new studies.&nbsp;

Otel-Restoran Kredileri ile BIST Turizm Endeksinin  Psikolojik ve Ekonomik Yansımaları: Türkiye Örneği

Emrah

Oktay

Assessing the Impact of High-Technology Exports on  the Growth of the Turkish Economy

Ahmet

Halil

“JEPR: 10. Yıldönümü” Özel Sayısı için Makale Çağrısı

Fatih

Assist. Prof. Dr.

One of the topics that have intensively been examined and discussed in international economics literature, particularly since the 1980s, is whether the purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis is valid in reality. It is a well-known fact that the PPP doctrine that has a special place among different theories of exchange rates is built around a sound theoretical base, i.e., the notion of the law of one-price. However, when the studies testing the validity of the PPP approach, especially of its absolute version, through time-series techniques are reviewed generally, it can easily be inferred that no widespread evidence favoring the hypothesis has surfaced as yet. One may even go on to conclude that the findings obtained against it outweigh those of the opposite case when it comes to developing economies. The mixed evidence appeared in the literature can partly be attributed to the limitations of the traditional econometric methodologies and/or to the shortness of the time-spans that have been made use of in some of the studies. Indeed, the analyses taking account of potential structural breaks or non-linear developments in the relevant series or models have, in general, yielded more evidence in favor of the PPP approach relative to those making use of traditional methods. Besides, the studies utilizing time-spans that are relatively longer in terms of the number of years have typically provided more support to the PPP hypothesis than otherwise, probably because it is, in essence, a long-term phenomenon.The fact that there has generally been a noticeable disagreement between the PPP doctrine and empirical evidence has motivated many researchers to carry out new studies on the subject, especially for developing countries. Recent advancements in econometrics and the increasing numbers of observations emerging during the era of floating exchange rate regime have facilitated carrying out more reliable tests for the PPP hypothesis. Using a battery of alternative econometric techniques, this study attempts to uncover if the absolute PPP hypothesis holds good in the Turkish economy for the period in which the floating regime is effectively adopted. Specifically, during the political and economic crises that had begun towards the 20th of February, 2001, the Turkish exchange rate regime was, once and for all, switched from a type of crawling-peg regime to a floating one on the 22nd of the same month of 2001. The empirical investigations of the current study cover the time-periods spanning from just after this latest major change in the regime to the most recent available time-points that varied according to which one of the two average price indicators, i.e., the CPI and PPI series, was considered. The nominal exchange rate variables were measured based on two different types, i.e., the period-average and end-of-period rates. Therefore, four alternate real exchange rate variables or long-run regression models were made use of in testing the hypothesis. Those nominal and real exchange rate variables are defined in terms of the direct quotation between the Turkish Lira (TL) and the US Dollar (USD). The data employed here are of quarterly frequency.The analyses of central interest in the current study were conducted by using the ADF-based unit-root tests and KPSS-based stationarity tests. Traditional versions of those tests, which do not take control of potential structural breaks, have all shown that each of the four alternate real exchange rate series has a unit-root at its level. Based on this incomplete picture, one might conclude that deviations from the equilibrium exchange rate implied by the PPP relationship are permanent. Secondary analyses conducted here within the same context relate to the question of whether there is a cointegration relationship between the variables of nominal exchange rate and relative price, for each model composed of alternate variables. Doing so has made it possible to determine whether the results of the unit-root and stationarity tests are sensitive to relaxing the restriction of “proportionality”. The findings from the traditional ADF-type cointegration tests have indicated that, with one exceptional case, there is no long-run equilibrium relationship between those two variables while the traditional KPSS-type cointegration tests have, in general, yielded findings showing that there does exist such a relationship. An important implication derived from these two types of tests is the lack of an unambiguous confirmatory evidence supporting the existence of a long-run relationship. Taking into consideration the results of these KPSS-type cointegration tests, I went ahead and estimated the long-run models by means of the dynamic OLS (DOLS) and fully-modified OLS (FMOLS) techniques. Those models have revealed that the coefficient estimates are significantly different from zero and the condition of proportionality is, as expected, not satisfied. To evaluate the findings obtained by using, and based on, the traditional cointegration tests shortly, one can say that the weak form of the absolute PPP hypothesis has been supported for the Turkish economy only weakly.&nbsp;This study also contains some analyses in which a series of modern test procedures taking into account the possibility of structural breaks in the relevant real exchange rate variables are used. Among four different types of ADF-based tests that control for the structural break(s) in the variables of interest by way of the standard “dummy variable” approach, one type, which controls for two breaks, has produced strong evidence in favor of the PPP hypothesis. The other three, however, have returned findings indicating otherwise for almost all the alternative cases. Nevertheless, the KPSS-based tests used in this very context have unequivocally supported the validity of the hypothesis. What seemed intriguing based on these modern tests is that the findings obtained by using the one-break version of the ADF unit-root test are clearly at odds with those of the one-break version of the KPSS stationarity test. Because of this contradiction, the ADF- and KPSS-based cointegration tests that control for one-break in the relevant model were also carried out in this study. The results obtained therefrom have shown that the contradictory findings just mentioned were, to a certain extent, resolved as a result of relaxing the restriction of proportionality. The long-run models estimated based on those tests by employing the DOLS and FMOLS estimators have provided robust evidence indicating the validity of the absolute PPP hypothesis with a break in its weak form. This study, on the other hand, benefited from a newer strand of unit-root and stationarity tests in which potential structural breaks in the relevant series are taken into account with the aid of a Fourier-function. The Fourier-ADF tests employed in this regard have unanimously shown that the PPP hypothesis is valid when the frequencies contained in the relevant Fourier-expansions are taken fractionally, and invalid when they are defined by integer values. Finally, the Fourier-KPSS tests with integer frequencies have, to a large extent, yielded evidence indicating the validity of the hypothesis.&nbsp;Based upon the econometric analyses carried out in this study, one can derive a few “generalized” results. First, according to the findings from the traditional unit-root and stationarity tests, the absolute PPP hypothesis does not seem to hold in its restricted (or strong) form in Turkiye for the particular time-periods studied. It has, however, been found to hold true when a number of modern tests with higher performance are employed. Second, the KPSS-based modern tests with the null hypothesis of stationarity have provided more evidence favoring the PPP hypothesis, compared to the ADF-based modern tests taking the presence of a unit-root as their null hypothesis. Third, traditional cointegration tests that were used to determine whether the absolute PPP hypothesis is valid in its unrestricted (or weak) form have not yielded convincing evidence in its favor. Nonetheless, the cointegration tests taking the possibility of a break into account have returned some affirmative and confirmed findings in that regard. Fourth, it has been seen that the findings obtained both in favor of and against the hypothesis are not fragile to changing the measurement type of the exchange rate variable. Unlike this, the variables or models constructed with the PPI indicator have, in some cases, led to achieving more pronounced evidence in support of the PPP relationship, relative to those constructed with the CPI. Fifth, the findings obtained here have generally supported the qualified-PPP hypothesis, rather than its standard (Casselian) version. The reason for this is that the affirmative evidence that is mutually confirmed, to a certain degree, by two different types of tests has only come from the cases with structural breaks. Overall, the empirical analyses conducted in this paper reveal the non-trivial dependence of the results pertaining to the PPP hypothesis on the techniques and methods employed. They also imply that the equilibrium bilateral exchange rate between the TL and the USD can best be calculated by using the PPP models that take account of the possibility of structural breaks. It may nevertheless need to be emphasized that all the results presented herein should be approached with some caution because of the boundaries involved.&nbsp;

Satınalma Gücü Paritesi Yaklaşımı: Teori, Literatür ve Türkiye Örneği İçin ADF-Temelli ve KPSS-Temelli Testlerden Kanıtlar

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

The effects of uncertainty on macroeconomic variables have been frequently discussed in recent years due to the global uncertainty caused by the 2008 Global Economic Crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. Global economic policy uncertainty and oil price shocks are interrelated and affect stock returns. When uncertainty is high, oil prices increase, and increases in oil prices negatively affect stock markets and reduce stock returns through such channels as production costs, inflation, investment, consumption, and interest rates. Economic policy uncertainty is the main transmitter in the transmission mechanism of oil price shocks, so it acts as the main transmitter in the relationship between oil price shocks and stock markets. Global economic policy uncertainty and oil price shocks significantly affect both fundamental macroeconomic variables and stock returns. These effects become even more critical for fragile emerging economies and energy-importer countries such as Türkiye. Although many studies have examined the impact of oil price shocks on stock markets, the number of studies that including economic policy uncertainty in this relationship has increased in recent years. The main motivation for the current study is the limited number of studies in the existing literature analyzing the linkages among global economic policy uncertainty, oil price shocks, and stock returns. The second motivation is that no study has investigated the relationships among these variables for Türkiye using structural VAR analysis. Based on these motivations, this study aims to contribute to the investigation of the effects of global economic policy uncertainty and oil price shocks on stock returns in Türkiye.The study analyzes the effects of oil price shocks on stock returns under global economic policy uncertainty for Türkiye using monthly data for the period of 2014:01-2023:06. The variables used in the analysis are the Global Economic Policy Uncertainty Index, the global price of Brent crude oil, the Bursa Istanbul (BIST)-100 Return Index, the Consumer Price Index (CPI)-based real effective exchange rate, and interest rate. The study has applied the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests to the relevant series to investigate their stationarity. The results of both unit root tests provide consistent empirical evidence that the series are stationary in their first differences. The study then constructs the vector auto-regression (VAR) model, with the results from the Lagrange multiplier (LM) test to determine whether an autocorrelation problem is present among the error terms, from the White test to detect the problem of changing variance, and from the Jarque-Bera normality test indicating the specified model to be well-structured.After providing the preconditions for the structural VAR (SVAR) analysis, the long-run multiplier matrix of the model is obtained to interpret the signs of the variables before the impulse-response analysis. Accordingly, a negative relationship exists between global economic policy uncertainty and the BIST-100 Return Index. According to the variance decomposition analysis, 1.79% of the changes in the BIST-100 Return Index at the end of the period are explained by shocks in global economic policy uncertainty, 4% by shocks in oil prices, 12.3% by interest rates, and 55.8% by changes in the real exchange rate. These results suggest that changes in the BIST-100 Return Index in Türkiye are explained mainly by shocks to the exchange rate. The results indicate global economic policy uncertainty and oil price shocks to have relatively less of a shock. BIST-100 stock returns in Türkiye are affected by global economic policy uncertainty, oil price shocks, real exchange rates, and interest rates. However, real exchange rate shocks explain most of the changes in BIST-100 stock returns. The impact of interest rate changes is also more significant than economic policy uncertainty and oil price shocks. Accordingly, exchange rate and interest rate policy can be claimed to significantly impact the stock market in Türkiye. However, the impact of global economic policy uncertainty and oil price shocks is relatively limited. These results suggest that investors who invest or who will invest in the stock market should closely monitor the exchange and interest rates alongside uncertainty and oil price shocks.

Ekonomik Politika Belirsizliği ve Petrol Fiyatı Şoklarının Hisse Senedi Getirileri Üzerindeki Etkileri: Türkiye Üzerine Yapısal VAR Analizi

Mehmet

Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde İhracat, İthalat ve Toplam Faktör Verimliliği Arasındaki Nedensellikler: Türkiye, Brezilya, Hindistan ve Güney Afrika Örneği

Barış

Dilek

Prof. Dr.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of university students’ financial literacy level on their participation in financial investment markets. For this purpose, a survey was conducted with the participation of 703 undergraduate and associate degree students at the University of Health Sciences. The obtained data were subjected to logistic regression analysis. According to the analysis results, although objectively measured financial literacy (via a test) did not have a significant effect on participation in investment markets, perceived financial literacy measured through self-report had an impact on participation in such markets. While students make their investment choices, they do not support their actions even with a basic investment knowledge. The low financial literacy score also supports this result (Average 33.3). On the other hand, students are aware of whether they are qualified to invest or not. However, they invest without having basic investment knowledge. This reveals that students act irrationally in their investment choices and tend to behave speculatively. In addition, while it was concluded that risk aversion, savings tendency, gender, age, working status, and the presence of family members in the field of finance had an impact on students’ participation in financial investment markets, it was determined that education level was not an explanatory factor on participation in such markets. Additionally, while a positive relationship was found between perceived financial literacy, propensity to save, age, being employed, having a family member working in the field of finance, and investing in financial instruments, a negative relationship was determined between risk aversion, being a woman, and investing in financial instruments. Supposing that exposure to risk is part of the nature of investing, it makes sense that a negative relationship between risk aversion and investing in financial instruments. Considering that savings are the source of financing investments, a direct relationship is expected between saving and investing. Working students (mean 0.92/2) have a higher savings bracket than non-working students (mean 0.71/2). This is a possible explanation for the relatively high tendency of working students to invest. The fact that women’s risk aversion (mean. 3.66/5) is higher than men’s (mean. 3.30/5) is a possible reason why women tend to invest less in financial instruments. The presence of a parent or sibling who works in finance can create a positive externality for other family members through that person’s financial knowledge, financial socialisation and experience. This is a possible explanation for the positive effect of having a financial employee in the family on financial investments. Considering that being a university student is a semi-autonomous process on the way to becoming an individual independent of parental guidance, many students make their own consumption, savings, and investment decisions for the first time during their time at university. This can be expected to create awareness, experience, and awareness among students over time when making individual financial decisions. Thus, older students may tend to invest. It can be said that the participation rates of undergraduate (39.86%) and associate degrees (38.02%) students in investment markets are increasing. This indicates that students in both groups have similar financial awareness. This may indicate that academic success does not have a decisive effect on financial awareness. As a result, although students invest in financial instruments based on a rational reason in accordance with their level of financial literacy, in reality, they do not have this level of financial literacy, and their financial investments consist of speculative investments that are not supported by basic investment knowledge. Although they intend to act consciously when making investment decisions, they make unconscious investments without realising it. Students’ attempts to invest without increasing their knowledge on financial matters prevent them from being able to manage their risks correctly and make rational financial decisions. Today, when access to information is easier than ever before, it is recommended that students invest in financial instruments after increasing their financial literacy to prevent possible material and moral losses. Considering that financial literacy is a common issue for all segments of society, policymakers are recommended that courses in the field of personal finance should be taught as compulsory courses not only in the economics and finance-themed departments of universities but also in the curricula of all undergraduate and associate degree departments.

Finansal Okuryazarlığın Yatırım Piyasalarına Katılım Üzerindeki Etkisi: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Mustafa

Nuriye

Ekonomi Politikası Belirsizliğinin Türkiye’de İşsizlik Üzerindeki Yayılma Etkileri

Güner

Metin

With the progress of digitalisation, customer behaviours in the financial sector are also undergoing transformations. The simplest example of this is the evolution of consumption habits. With the expansion of digital network platforms, consumption has become easier, faster, and more reliable. Undoubtedly, credit card expenditures take precedence over these outlays. In a period characterised by such an elevated intensity of credit card expenditures, the importance of secure shopping has significantly increased for both the customer and the banks. In this context, while banks broaden credit card spending networks, they are simultaneously trying to maintain safety infrastructure. With the progress of online money transactions, banks have abandoned traditional methods and have initiated the use of advanced artificial intelligence-based methodologies to detect fraudulent transactions in credit card expenditures.&nbsp;In the introductory section of the study, while determining its outlines, it has been noted that credit card expenditures have increased significantly with the globalisation. In parallel with this trend, it has been mentioned that banks may experience challenges because they rely on conventional methods for fraud detection in credit card transactions.&nbsp;In the second part of this study, a literature review is conducted, and machine learning is briefly mentioned, as well as studies on detecting credit card fraud. In this context, it has been observed that machine learning methods are generally used to detect credit card fraud, and domestic studies are found to be relatively fewer than international studies.&nbsp;The third and final part of the study covers the practical application phase. This section provides information about the model’s data and preparation. In this study, artificial intelligence-based machine learning methods were used with the aim of shedding light on banks’ ability to detect credit card fraud. Real data from January 2023 is used to create the model, with an observation count of 13050. The dataset was obtained from a public capital bank and has not been shared because it contains customer information for security reasons. The dependent variable of the model consists of two categories: fraud and non-fraud. Independent variables are not detailed. However, other studies have observed that independent variables are not shared. Unlike previous studies, a model proposal is prepared using some features.During model setup, algorithms with high prediction performance for classification problems are preferred. In this context, Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, K-Nearest Neighbour, Random Forest and Gradient Boosting algorithms have been used. The accuracy scores of the algorithms used in the model setup have been determined as, Logistic Regression 92.5%, Decision Tree 93.1%, K-Nearest Neighbour 86.4%, Random Forest 91.8%, and gradient boosting 86.9%. A detailed analysis of the models was shared comparatively, and unlike previous studies, both ROC-AUC curves and confusion matrices of the models were individually shared in the test performance metrics. In addition, the precision and F1 score metrics of the models are also presented.Looking at the test results of the models, it is determined that they have high performance in predicting credit card fraud. In this context, the study has demonstrated the successful construction of prediction models using supervised machine learning techniques. Five algorithms were offered as alternatives to the study. As a limitation of this study, the dataset was not publicly available. In addition, the "transaction time" information from the dataset was excluded due to the risk of anomalies. In this context, by adding this information, which was excluded from the dataset for other studies, a new model proposal can be made.

Denetimli Makine Öğrenmesi Yöntemleri ile Kredi Kartı Sahteciliğini Tahmin Etme: Karşılaştırmalı Analiz

Zaim

Covid-19 Salgınının Türkiye’nin İhracat Performansına Etkisi: ARDL Modelinden Kanıtlar

Yahya

Neoliberal development paradigms have long been associated with advocating for the primacy of free market principles and trade liberalisation as engines of economic growth and development in developing countries. Central to this ideology is the critique of foreign aid, which is often deemed to foster dependency and hinder progress. However, an intriguing paradox emerges when one scrutinises the actual practises within neoliberal frameworks. Despite rhetoric against foreign aid, approaches such as Aid for Trade and Global Value Chains underscore the pivotal role of aid in fostering trade and enabling participation in global markets.This study explores this paradox by examining the discrepancy between the discourse and the practical use of foreign aid within neoliberal development approaches. Neoliberal development approaches have consistently criticised foreign aid on several grounds. First, aid dependency theory posits that continuous inflows of aid create reliance on aid, thus inhibiting self-sufficiency and sustainable development. Second, aid has been accused of perpetuating a cycle of poverty by distorting local markets and disincentivizing domestic entrepreneurship and investment. Finally, Neoliberalism’s emphasis on individual responsibility and market efficiency suggests that aid undermines these principles by fostering a culture of entitlement and handouts.Aid creates dependency, hinders development, and should be eliminated. However, OECD data indicate that despite the rise of neoliberalism since the 1980s, foreign aid has continued to increase and has reached record levels in recent years. This discrepancy between the rhetoric surrounding neoliberal development approaches and their implementation highlights that foreign aid has not been phased out as advocated. Contrary to the discourse against foreign aid, the scope and amount of aid have significantly increased in the implementation of neoliberal development approaches. Rather than eliminating foreign aid, approaches such as Aid for Trade and Global Value Chains emphasise the necessity of foreign aid to enable poor countries to benefit from global trade and free market opportunities. Neoliberal development approaches have increasingly utilised foreign aid as a tool to facilitate trade in aid-recipient countries and integrate them into global value chains. Aid for Trade initiatives, for instance, aim to enhance the trade capacity and infrastructure of developing countries, thereby enabling them to participate more effectively in international trade. Similarly, the Global Value Chains approach recognises the importance of aid in upgrading production capabilities in poor countries and enhancing their competitiveness in global markets. These approaches acknowledge the structural barriers faced by developing countries and advocate targeted aid interventions to address these challenges. Paradoxical use of aid within neoliberal frameworks reflects a pragmatic acknowledgement of the limitations of market-led development strategies. While neoliberal rhetoric emphasises the virtues of self-reliance and market efficiency, but the realities of global economic dynamics necessitate a more nuanced approach. When strategically deployed, foreign aid can address market failures, alleviate structural constraints, and catalyse inclusive growth. Moreover, aid for trade initiatives aligns with neoliberal goals by promoting market access and enhancing export competitiveness, thereby facilitating the integration of developing countries into the global economy. The paradox of neoliberal development, where foreign aid is criticised in rhetoric but used in practise to foster trade and free-market mechanisms, highlights the complex interplay between ideology and pragmatism in development discourse.&nbsp;While neoliberalism’s emphasis on market-led solutions remains influential, the pragmatic utilisation of aid underscores the need for flexibility and adaptation in responding to the diverse challenges of development. The discrepancy between neoliberal discourse and aid utilisation underscores the inherent tensions within development paradigms. Neoliberalism espouses a minimalist role for the state and emphasises individual agency; however, the practical realities of development often require state intervention and collective action. Similarly, while foreign aid has been critiqued ideologically, its instrumental role in fostering trade and market mechanisms cannot be ignored. Navigating these contradictions requires a pragmatic approach that balances ideological commitments with the imperatives of development effectiveness and poverty reduction.

Neoliberal Kalkınma Yaklaşımlarında Dış Yardımın Rolü ve Etkisi

Abdullah

Res. Assist. Dr.

Faiz Oranı-Tasarruf İlişkisi: Keynesyen-Klasik Tartışmanın OECD Ekonomilerinde Yeniden Değerlendirilmesi

Necati

Şerife

İlkay

Sinan

Selçuk

Legal arrangements for investment incentive systems are among the most important fiscal policy instruments used to increase development. Regardless of the country’s level of development, the aim of incentives is to ensure sustainable economic development and increase the level of welfare. At this point, incentives aim to ensure sustainable economic development, such as ensuring efficient resource allocation, eliminating regional inequalities, creating new employment areas, increasing export potential, increasing foreign investments, ensuring international competitiveness, and closing current account deficits. Regional development definitions emphasise raising the quality of life in developing countries to the level of developed countries in terms of socioeconomic indicators (Keskin, 2022:4). The investment incentive system has been in place in Türkiye for many years. Evaluations and research on the incentive system evaluate these incentives from different perspectives. In particular, the results of the studies show that incentives, an important policy tool for eliminating regional imbalance in Türkiye, have not had a sufficient effect in eliminating imbalance over the years. A major criticism is that the criteria applied to determine the degree of incentives are inadequate and inaccurate.Studies investigating the effectiveness of investment incentives using different methods are available in the literature. The literature on the subject can be analysed in two parts. In the first part, the relationship between investment incentives and macroeconomic variables is investigated. In the second part of the study, survey studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of incentives.This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of incentives from the perspective of investors, who are the most important stakeholders in investment incentive policies. The survey questions prepared for this evaluation were applied to firms benefiting from incentives in different regions. The expected contribution of this study to the literature is to determine investors’ views on the effectiveness of incentives. The views of investors who implement incentives in the field are thought to be effective in determining incentives’ deficiencies.&nbsp;The data to be used in the evaluation of the Investment Incentive System implemented in Türkiye were collected through a situation assessment questionnaire. The situation assessment questionnaire comprised 48 questions. Of these questions, 21 are demographic questions, 10 are about the effects of incentives on firm activities (5-point Likert type), 16 are about firm opinions on the incentive implementation process (5-point Likert type) and 1 is a comment question. The situation assessment questionnaire was sent online to companies serving in different provinces and in different fields of activity in 6 regions classified according to the Socio-Economic Development Index (SEGE) using the simple random sampling method, and 313 companies responded positively. For the selection of companies to participate in the survey, the Chambers of Industry and Commerce of the provinces selected from these 6 regions were contacted, and the survey questions were sent through the communication channels received. The responses obtained from the surveys were compiled, analysed and interpreted.When the results of the survey are evaluated in general, 72.2% of enterprises benefiting from the incentives have positive effects. In other words, approximately one-third of companies state that they are not positively affected. This is an important rate. It would be appropriate to increase the positive aspects of incentives and take initiatives to eliminate negative aspects. In this context, according to Table 4, institutionalisation increases the positive effects of incentives. Therefore, when offering incentives to firms, setting criteria that will increase their institutionalisation as a prerequisite may be a measure that will increase effectiveness. It was found that the effectiveness of incentives varies across sectors. For example, it is observed that the effectiveness in the agriculture, food, machinery, and textile sectors is higher than the effectiveness in the health, restaurant, and entertainment sectors. Therefore, incentives should be selective rather than generalising in terms of sectors. It is important to take sectoral distinctions into account when directing resources to appropriate and effective areas.The primary effect expected from incentives is to reduce regional imbalances while ensuring economic growth. These two effects are realised together. Otherwise, ignoring regional differences and focusing only on firm growth will increase regional imbalances. On the other hand, incentivizing inefficient sectors to support regional development negatively affects economic growth. In conclusion, according to both the data obtained as a result of the literature review and the results of the survey conducted within the scope of the study; according to investors, the effectiveness of incentives as not at a sufficient level. To increase this level, it is important to review the incentive programme and increase sustainable and permanent effects.&nbsp;

Türkiye’de Yatırım Teşvikleri Etkinliğinin Yatırımcılar Açısından Değerlendirilmesi Üzerine Ampirik Bir Uygulama

Yağmur

Mehmetsıddık

The net effect of external debt on economic growth is a heavily debated issue. For developing and less developed economies, external debt can provide the necessary capital for economic growth, but it can lead to negative consequences if misused and becomes unsustainable. The effect of external debt can vary depending on a country’s effective management of its economic policies, debt utilisation, and repayment capacity. Therefore, when evaluating the impact of external debt, it is important to consider a careful balancing and sustainability perspective is important to ensure stable and long-term economic growth. Additionally, a country’s dense population can be viewed as a potential labour force and can contribute to economic growth by increasing economic output. On the other hand, foreign trade can stimulate economic growth because it enhances productivity through greater market access and specialisation.The relationship between economic growth and external debt is crucial in modern macroeconomics. Keynes’ principle of the necessity of state intervention for developing countries’ growth forms the basis for external debt theory. Keynes emphasised the importance of external debt in achieving economic growth for many developing countries that have problems in accumulating savings.The growth model, which forms the theoretical basis of Keynes and explains which paths countries should follow in their growth processes, was developed by his colleagues Harrod-Domar, who came after him.External debt growth theory continued with Harrod-Domar’s model, which accepts investments as the primary element of growth. In this model, the importance of external debt in increasing total savings to reach the targeted growth rate is demonstrated. The Harrod-Domar model explains the long-term equilibrium state of aggregate supply and demand at the point at which the investment-saving ratio in a certain period is equalised. According to this model, when countries with insufficient savings accumulate to meet their financing needs through borrowing, investments increase, resulting in high long-term growth rates. Transferring foreign debt to investments generates a significant increase in national income, which also positively impacts domestic savings. Thus,increasing domestic savings will reduce the country’s initial external debt requirements, and sufficient resources will be provided to pay off the existing debt (Mosley et al. 1987).According to the findings obtained from studies by other economists, such as Krugman and Paper, external debt affects economic growth positively initially but negatively after a certain threshold value. Moreover, according to these economists, external debt reduces domestic savings. Krugman (1988) emphasised debt overhang when this value of a country’s potential future resource transfers is lower than its total debt. As external debt stock gradually increases over the long term, investors reduce their return expectations in anticipation of higher tax rates for debt repayment.&nbsp;In this study, we examined how external debt, population growth, and openness to foreign trade affected economic growth in the Turkish economy between 1973 and 2021. The findings indicate that the effects of external debt and population growth rate variables on economic growth are statistically significant and negative. It is observed that the effect of openness on foreign trade is statistically significant and positive. According to the results, a 1% increase in external debt will cause a 1.20% decrease in economic growth. A 1% increase in population growth will cause a 0.51% decrease in economic growth. An increase in openness to foreign trade by 1% has a positive impact on economic growth of 0.50%.The results from the literature are as follows; Uysal et al. (2009), Çelik and Direkçi (2013), and Biçer (2020) found a negative relationship between external debt and growth. Kutlu and Yurttagüler (2016), Yavuzer (2020), Çeştepe et al. (2021), Arslanhan ve Çondur (2022), Kadiroğlu (2023) found this relationship to be positive. Çöğürcü and Çoban (2011), Çevik and Cural (2013), Ağır (2016) concluded that there is no relationship between external debt and growth.In this study, we examined the relationship between economic growth and external debt using various unit root tests. The examination of the unit root processes of the series used in our analysis constitutes the first step of our study. In this step, we used the Augmented Dickey Fuller and Phillips-Perron unit root tests, which are considered conventional unit root tests. Because it is known that conventional unit root tests do not take into account structural breaks and thus give non-stationary results for stationary series, we analysed the series using the Narayan and Popp (2010) unit root test, which takes into account structural breaks. In recent years, the use of nonlinear unit root tests in which the structural break is modelled by Fourier functions has increased considerably. This approach makes it possible to examine the unit root process without assuming the form, number, and date of the structural break. For this reason, the series are finally analysed with the Güriş-Fourier Kruse (2019) unit root test. After this step in which the stationarity levels of the series are determined, the second step, the existence of a long-run relationship between the series is analysed with the ARDL approach. ARDL analysis allows other variables to be I(0) or I(1), provided that the order of the dependent variable is I(1). Therefore, the use of this approach provides an advantage when investigating the existence of long-run relationships between series.Taking these factors into consideration, the main objective of this study is to determine how external debt affects economic growth. In addition to external debt, trade openness and population growth rate are considered effective variables for explaining economic growth. Therefore, we investigate how external debt, trade openness, and population growth influence Turkish economic growth.&nbsp;

Dış Borç-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Ekonomisi İçin Ekonometrik Bir Analiz

Nimet

In the literature, the relationship between financial development and income inequality is tested through three different hypotheses. The first hypothesis is the Inequality Narrowing Hypothesis by Galor and Zeira (1993), which suggests a negative linear relationship between financial development and income inequality. The second hypothesis is the Inequality Widening Hypothesis, which posits a positive linear relationship between financial development and income inequality. As proposed by Rajan and Zingales (2003), this hypothesis suggests that an increase in financial development intensifies income inequality. The third hypothesis is based on the idea that a reverse U-shaped relationship between financial development and income inequality. Financial Kuznets Hypothesis proposed by Greenwood and Jovanovic (1990) is another version of Kuznets’ literature.According to the Financial Kuznets Hypothesis (FKH), access to financial services is limited and costly in the early stages of financial development due to inadequate financial regulations. Consequently, the low-income segment cannot access financial services, whereas the high-income segment can. As a result, the gap between high- and low-income individuals widens (Keskin, 2022). However, in the later stages of economic development, as financial regulations improve, the cost of accessing financial services decreases, and more individuals benefit from these opportunities. Therefore, the income gap between high- and low-income segments narrows, leading to reduced income inequality (Greenwood and Jovanovic, 1990).The mathematical model employed when testing the (FKH) should satisfy specific conditions that determine the shape of the curve (U-shaped, inverted U-shaped, N-shaped, inverted N-shaped) and its turning points. However, when these conditions are met, the empirical model used is validated. In this study, a quadratic model will be utilised for FKH; therefore, only the conditions of the quadratic model will be evaluated. In this case, the empirical model can be validated by examining the sign of the square of the financial development indicator used. To elucidate, we consider the quadratic model expressed by Equation (1):𝑌 = 𝑏0 + 𝑏1𝐹 + 𝑏2𝐹 2 + EHere, Y represents income inequality indicator and F denotes financial development indicator. Equation (1) represents the mathematical form of the (FKH). The first and second derivatives of Equation (1) relative to F are obtained as follows:𝑑𝑌/𝑑𝐹 = 𝑏1 + 2𝑏2F𝑑 2𝑌/𝑑𝐹2 = 2𝑏2Where 𝑏2 &lt; 0 and statistically significant, indicating the presence of a local maximum point and thus an inverted U-shaped relationship, while 𝑏2 &gt; 0 and statistically significant indicates the validity of a U-shaped relationship. However, fulfilling this condition alone is not sufficient to determine the type of relationship. To determine the relationship between income inequality and financial development, Lind and Mehlum (2010) proposed a three-step approach.&nbsp;The first step involves examining the sign and significance of the coefficient, as mentioned above. The second step, the slope between the minimum and maximum values of the data must be sufficiently steep. Lind and Mehlum (2010) developed a new test statistic called the U test based on the Sasabuchi (1980) test for investigating U-shaped and inverted U-shaped relationships. Finally, the third step involves the value of −𝑏1/2𝑏2 represents the turning point. Ensuring that the turning point lies between the minimum and maximum values of the data. When these three conditions are satisfied simultaneously, a U-shaped or inverted U-shaped relationship exists (Hans et al., 2016).It is observed that the three-step method mentioned above for assessing the validity of the mathematical form has not been utilised, when examining the literature on Turkiye. Generally, studies have only evaluated the first step of the three-step method, leading to conclusions about the presence of a U-shaped or inverted U-shaped relationship. In this study, while investigating the relationship between income inequality and financial development, this three-step method is followed. It is believed that this study will contribute to the literature in this regard.&nbsp;The relationship between income inequality and financial development is investigated within the framework of the FKH. The aim is to determine the effects of financial development, inflation, and per capita income variables on income inequality in Turkiye annually from 1987 to 2021. Domestic loans provided by banks to the private sector (%GDP) is considered as a measure of financial development. The Gini coefficient is used as an indicator of income inequality. According to the results obtained from the ARDL bounds test, we conclude that there is co-integration among the variables. In addition, it is found that there is a U-shaped relationship when looking at the long-term coefficients of the financial development variable and its square. However, upon a detailed examination of the conditions that the U-shaped quadratic model should satisfy, it can be concluded that the U-shaped model is valid.

Finansal Gelişmişlik ve Gelir Eşitsizliği Arasındaki Parabolik İlişki Üzerine U Testi İncelemesi: Türkiye Örneği

OECD Ülkelerinde Hanehalkı Tüketimi ile Ayrıştırılmış Servet Bileşenleri Arasındaki İlişki: 2010-2017 Dönemi İçin Panel Veri Analizi

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Hasan

KOBİ’LERİN ULUSLARARASI TİCARETTE KARŞILAŞTIĞI TARİFE DEZAVANTAJLARI

Şule

Elifcan

In the globalized world market, the developments made in the fields of trade and industry are of great importance for countries to achieve economic growth. With this movement, the liberalization of trade positively affected the course of international trade in general. As a result of international trade becoming a competitive factor between countries and companies, logistics attracts attention. In line with these developments, the logistics sector gains a strategic dimension and acts as a lever in the economy in order to ensure the sustainability of international trade in the desired dimensions. The logistics sector is one of the most important sectors that attracts intense attention with its investments in the country’s economy, employment and national income, and the development of it through globalized trading networks. In particular, enterprises and countries aiming to increase their competitiveness have been making significant investments for the development of the sector and have great expectations about the possible returns of the sector. As a result of the investments and the expectations, manufacturing sectors are highly affected by the logistics parameters. In addition to this, the investments made for logistics directly affect the commercial formation of businesses or countries in a positive way and increase the trade volume.The importance of logistics for companies and countries in terms of global trade develops and eventually becomes vital. The importance of logistics may vary for the countries in terms of geographies and logistic opportunities. Especially for the countries who have a coast side and can ensure sea transportation efficiently may gain greater profit. Otherwise, it can be observed that the countries in the same region have similarities in terms of economics and global trade. In this study, the common point in logistics activities and the economic point of view are similar to each other. In order to examine the economic magnitude of the countries and the effect of logistics activities on the economic magnitude of the countries concerned, The impact of the logistics sector on the economies of the 15 Mediterranean coasts was analyzed for the period 1980-2018 using the logistic performance index and gross domestic product values with panel data analysis. The results of the analysis covering the years 2007, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016 revealed a moderate positive relationship and 32% of the changes in the gross domestic product could be explained by the logistic performance index. On the other hand the strongest relationship between the gross domestic product and logistics performance index is observed Turkey and Albania. Changes in the value of gross domestic product in Turkey and Albania is explained by the high proportion of logistics performance index. This situation shows the importance of logistics activities in the economic magnitude of the two countries concerned. In addition, it is determined that if countries concentrate heavily on “Infrastructure” and “Customs” activities among the activities constituting the logistic performance index, they may have higher gross domestic product.

Lojistik Faaliyetlerin Akdeniz Ülke Ekonomileri ile İlişkisi

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Hüseyin

GÜÇLÜ KAPİTALİSTLERİN KARARLARI VE BELİRSİZLİK: RASYONEL  BEKLENTİLER YAKLAŞIMI

Gülden

The crisis of 2007-2008 was the largest financial crisis since the 1930s and is characterised by being the deepest, most large scale and severe crisis of its predecessors. Davis and Karim (2008) suggested that the global financial crisis of 2007-2008 was revealed as a surprise for both most of the market participants and policymakers. In the early years of 2007, financial institutions such as the European Central Bank (ECB), BIS and the IMF couldn’t anticipate the severity of the crisis or its scope of the international. The recent financial crisis has triggered significant debates concerning economic theory and policy. The most important discussions focused on the question ‘why was the crisis not foreseen?’. In this context, the question that why the global financial crisis in 2007-2008 is not foreseen is considered in three different perspectives. The first view is that the crisis could not be predicted by economists in general and that the recent financial crisis emerged as a surprise for most of the academicians and policy makers. In this respect, the most important criticism towards the question “Why wasn’t the crisis predicted” is directed to the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium models. These models include real sector variables except for money supply and interest rates. Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium models provide detailed predictions about the real economy. Moreover, the equations that composed in these models do not include finance and banking sectors despite the fact that their failures may turn the general economy upside-down. Therefore, It is indicated that by their nature of these models don’t have the appropriate tools in order to struggle with the financial crisis and a suitable structure that cover the dynamics of the crisis. Considering that the long-term stagnations were due to the balance sheet problems partly in the financial sector as a result of the collapse of asset prices since the late 1980s (Bezemer, 2009: 19), necessitate the inclusion of financial markets to these models. Existing deficiencies in Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium models emerged along with the global crisis. Thus, since 2016, The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) began to use a new macroeconomic model called MARTIN (Macroeconomic Relationships for Targeting INflation) in its policy analysis and forecasts. In this respect, the study provides a discussion of the methods used by economists in analysing the economy and formulating their proposals. Within this scope, two explanations can be given to the question of why the 2008 global financial crisis could not be predicted. The first was that the failure of economists to expand these models in a way to cover the risk of crisis or consciously prefer to do not so (Davies and McGoey, 2012). The second explanation is the fact that the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium models that widely used today keep the especially financial markets out of the model, underestimated the new financial system created by financial institutions and weaknesses in risk assessment techniques. Considering all these factors, it may help explain the question of why the 2007-2008 global crisis couldn’t be predicted. The second view is that the crisis was predicted by some of the economists, but&nbsp;these predictions were not considered and ignored. As mentioned above, the idea that “no one could foresee the crisis” is a widespread opinion among the public, policymakers, and economists in general. Contrary to this view, although the economist/finance managers who are predicting the crisis warned that predominantly financial globalization, the real estate market of the U.S. and derivative products have significant risks, the question of ignoring why these warnings can be answered with a tendency towards “strategic ignorance”. The last opinion is the approach that economics/economists do not need to predict the crisis. This approach explains in the framework of the efficient market hypothesis and rational expectations that economics or economist does not need to predict the crisis.

2007-2008 Küresel Finansal Krizin Öngörülebilirliği Üzerine Tartışmalar

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İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi-Journal of Economic Policy Researches, İstanbul Üniversitesi Ekonomi Politikaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi’nin açık erişimli, hakemli, yılda iki kere Ocak ve Temmuz aylarında yayınlanan bilimsel dergisidir. Dergiye yayınlanması için gönderilen bilimsel makaleler Türkçe ya da İngilizce olmalıdır.

Dergi, ulusal ve uluslararası camiaları hedeflemekte, yayın kurulunda hem ulusal hem de uluslararası üyeler bulunmakta ve uluslararası yazar katkılarını artırmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Ulusal ve küresel düzeyde etkili olan iktisat politikaları üzerine yapılan kaliteli araştırma makaleleri yayınlamayı amaçlayan İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi-Journal of Economic Policy Researches, iktisat teorisi ve uygulamaları için uluslararası bir tartışma forumu niteliğindedir. Dergi, iktisat araştırmaları üzerinde uzun dönemli etkileri olacak seçkin ve güncel konularda referans niteliği taşıyan makaleler yayınlamayı hedeflemektedir. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi – Journal of Economic Policy Researches, politik iktisat, para teorisi ve politikası, maliye politikaları, finansal iktisat, kalkınma ekonomisi, çalışma ekonomisi, mikro ve makro teori, ulaştırma ekonomisi, uluslararası ticaret ve finans gibi birçok alanda analitik, yorumlayıcı ve ampirik çalışmaları kapsar.

Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz. Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır.

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Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

Cabells Journalytics

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İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi-Journal of Economic Policy Researches, İstanbul Üniversitesi Ekonomi Politikaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi’nin açık erişimli, hakemli, bilimsel dergisidir.İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi-Journal of Economic Policy Researches, ulusal ve küresel düzeyde etkili olan iktisat politikaları üzerine yapılan kaliteli araştırma makaleleri yayınlamayı amaçlar.Dergi, ulusal ve uluslararası camiaları hedeflemekte, yayın kurulunda hem ulusal hem de uluslararası üyeler bulunmakta ve uluslararası yazar katkılarını artırmayı amaçlamaktadır.Dergi, iktisat teorisi ve uygulamaları için uluslararası bir tartışma forumu niteliğindedir. İktisat araştırmaları üzerinde uzun dönemli etkileri olacak seçkin ve güncel konularda referans niteliği taşıyan makaleler yayınlamayı hedeflemektedir.İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi-Journal of Economic Policy Researches, politik iktisat, para teorisi ve politikası, maliye politikaları, finansal iktisat, kalkınma ekonomisi, çalışma ekonomisi, mikro ve makro teori, ulaştırma ekonomisi, uluslararası ticaret ve finans gibi birçok alanda analitik, yorumlayıcı ve ampirik çalışmaları kapsar.

Amaç ve Kapsam

<ul><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</li><li>RePEc IDEAS</li><li>RePEc EconPapers</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>ERIH PLUS</li><li>SOBİAD</li><li>EBSCO Business Source Ultimate </li><li>Cabells Journalytics </li><li>Web of Science – Emerging Sources Citation Index </li></ul>

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi-Journal of Economic Policy Researches, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığını beyan etmelidir. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

İstanbul İktisat Dergisi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.<ul><li>Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.</li><li>Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.</li><li>İnsan denekler ile yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.</li><li>Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.</li><li>İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.</li></ul>

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir. Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/89E187D5F6804651A42DD4D3D1B93FFD" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formunda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar. Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir. Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır. Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak plagiarizm için taranır. Plagiarizm kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDerginin yayın dili Türkçe ve Amerikan İngilizcesi’dir.Yazıların Hazırlanması ve Yazım KurallarıAksi belirtilmedikçe gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılacaktır. Makale gönderimi online olarak ve <a href="http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/journal/jepr/home" target="_blank">http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/journal/jepr/home</a> adresinden erişilen <a href="http://dergipark.gov.tr/login" target="_blank">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a> üzerinden yapılmalıdır. Gönderilen yazılar, makale türünü belirten ve makaleyle ilgili detayları içeren (bkz: Son Kontrol Listesi) <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E4BFBD09F43443BDA1BED511D55DC345" target="_blank">kapak sayfası</a> ve sunuş yazısı ile gönderilmelidir. Makaleler, Microsoft Word 2003 ve üzerindeki versiyonları ile yazılmalıdır. Ayrıca tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/89E187D5F6804651A42DD4D3D1B93FFD" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir.1. Çalışmalar, A4 boyutundaki kağıdın bir yüzüne, üst, alt, sağ ve sol taraftan 2,5 cm. boşluk bırakılarak, 12 punto Times New Roman harf karakterleriyle, Türkçe font kullanılarak ve 1,5 satır aralık ölçüsü ile hazırlanmalıdır.2. Gönderilen makalelerin şekil, grafik ve tabloları derginin belirttiği formata uygun olması gereklidir. Dipnotlar, grafikler ve tablolar olabildiğince atıf yapılan sayfada veya hemen devamında yer almalıdır. Grafik ve tabloların altındaki notlar bu materyalleri ana metne bakmaksızın anlaşılabilir hale getirme amacını taşımalıdır. Metne konan tablolar yazılım programı çıktısı olarak konmamalı, sonuçları yazar/lar kendileri tablo haline getirmelidir, tablolar mümkün olduğunca A4 kağıt boyutuna uygun düzenlenmiş olmalıdır. Grafiklerin bilgisayar yazılım programı çıktısı olmamaları, çizim veya çizim resim halinde ve A4 kağıt boyutunu aşmayacak şekilde düzenlenmiş olmaları gerekmektedir.3. Giriş bölümünden önce 200-250 kelimelik Türkçe ve İngilizce öz ile 600-800 kelimelik İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. Özetlerde; amaç, yöntem, bulgular ve sonuç bilgilerinin yer almasına özen gösterilmelidir. İngilizce ve Türkçe özlerin altında çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden, 5 adet Türkçe, 5 adet İngilizce anahtar kelime yer almalıdır. Özlerde kısaltma kullanılmamalıdır.4. Gönderilen makalelerde mutlaka, iki rakamlı düzeyde (örneğin; Q11) üç adet JEL (Journal of Economic Literature) sınıflaması yapılmalıdır. Makalenin konu başlığına göre seçilmesi gereken jel sınıflamaları için <a href="http://www.aeaweb.org/journal/jel_class_system.html" target="_blank">http://www.aeaweb.org/journal/jel_class_system.html</a> adresinden yararlanılabilir.5. Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: Türkçe başlık, öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce başlık öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce genişletilmiş özet, ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.6. Araştırma makalesi bölümleri şu şekilde sıralanmalıdır: “Giriş”, “Amaç ve Yöntem”, “Bulgular”, “Tartışma ve Sonuç”, “Son Notlar”, “Kaynaklar”, “Tablolar ve Şekiller”. Derleme ve yorum yazıları için ise, çalışmanın öneminin belirtildiği, sorunsal ve amacın somutlaştırıldığı “Giriş” bölümünün ardından diğer bölümler gelmeli ve çalışma “Tartışma ve Sonuç”, ”Son Notlar”, “Kaynaklar” ve “Tablolar ve Şekiller” şeklinde bitirilmelidir.7. Online Makale Sistemine” Türkçe ve İngilizce öz, makale metni ve kaynakça bilgilerinin yer aldığı tek bir Word dosyasının yüklenmesi gerekmektedir. Yazar/ların özgeçmişlerini içeren dosya, ve yazar/ların detaylı iletişim bilgilerini içeren sunum yazısı ile makale kapak sayfası ek dosya olarak yüklenmelidir.8. <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E4BFBD09F43443BDA1BED511D55DC345" target="_blank">Kapak sayfasında</a>, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş ve faks numaraları, ORCID ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).9. Makalelerde dile getirilen düşüncelerden yazarları sorumludur.10. Makalelerde Türk Dil Kurumu'nun (TDK yazım kılavuzu ve yazım kuralları örnek alınmalıdır. Detaylı  bilgi için TDK'nın web sayfasına bakınız: www.tdk.gov.tr . Yabancı sözcükler yerine olabildiğince  Türkçe sözlükler kullanılmalıdır. Türkçe'de alışılmamış sözcükler kullanılırken ilk geçtiği yerde yabancı dildeki karşılığı parantez içinde verilebilir.11. İngilizce dilinde gönderilen makalelerin ve Türkçe gönderilen makalelerin İngilizce yazılmış bölümlerinin, gönderim öncesinde yetkin bir dil kontrolünden geçirilmiş olması gerekmektedir. İçerikten bağımsız olarak, dil yönüyle yetersiz olan makaleler iade/ret edilmektedir. Yazarların bu hususa azami dikkat göstermeleri önemlidir.12. Makale sunum ve değerlendirme süreçlerine ilişkin tüm iletişim e-mail sistemi ile gerçekleştirilir. Telefonla bilgi verilmez.13. Kaynaklara atıf ve referans formatı ilgili ayrıntılı bilgi Kaynaklar başlığı altında yer almaktadır.

Yazım Kuralları

Derleme yazıları okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “advance online publication” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır.Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stili ve Formatıİktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi-Journal of Economic Policy Researches, metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. edisyonunu benimser. APA 6. Edisyon hakkında bilgi için:- American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.- <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org/</a>Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar aşağıdaki örneklerdeki gibi gösterilmelidir.Metin İçinde Kaynak GöstermeKaynaklar metinde parantez içinde yazarların soyadı ve yayın tarihi yazılarak belirtilmelidir.Birden fazla kaynak gösterilecekse kaynaklar arasında (;) işareti kullanılmalıdır. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Örnekler:Birden fazla kaynak;(Esin ve ark., 2002; Karasar 1995)Tek yazarlı kaynak;(Akyolcu, 2007)İki yazarlı kaynak;(Sayıner ve Demirci 2007, s. 72)Üç, dört ve beş yazarlı kaynak;Metin içinde ilk kullanımda: (Ailen, Ciambrune ve Welch 2000, s. 12–13) Metin içinde tekrarlayan kullanımlarda: (Ailen ve ark., 2000)Altı ve daha çok yazarlı kaynak;(Çavdar ve ark., 2003)Kaynaklar Bölümünde Kaynak GöstermeKullanılan tüm kaynaklar metnin sonunda ayrı bir bölüm halinde yazar soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak numaralandırılmadan verilmelidir.Kaynak yazımı ile ilgili örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir.Kitapa) Türkçe KitapKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). Ankara: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Türkçeye Çevrilmiş KitapMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.c) Editörlü KitapÖren, T., Üney, T. ve Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Çok Yazarlı Türkçe KitapTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. ve Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Ankara: Total Bilişim.e) İngilizce KitapKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) İngilizce Kitap İçerisinde BölümBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Türkçe Kitap İçerisinde BölümErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Bursa: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Yayımcının ve Yazarın Kurum Olduğu YayınTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Makalea) Türkçe MakaleMutlu, B. ve Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182.b) İngilizce Makalede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Yediden Fazla Yazarlı MakaleLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) DOI’si Olmayan Online Edinilmiş MakaleAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Erişim adresi: http://www.tk.org.tr/e) DOI’si Olan MakaleTurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online Olarak Yayımlanmış MakaleSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Popüler Dergi MakalesiSemercioğlu, C. (2015, Haziran). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39.Tez, Sunum, Bildiria) Türkçe TezlerSarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.b)Ticari Veritabanında Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans Ya da Doktora TeziVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Kurumsal Veritabanında Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Web’de Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Sempozyum KatkısıKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B. &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at American Psychological Association meeting, Orlando, FL.g) Online Olarak Erişilen Konferans Bildiri ÖzetiÇınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Öz]. Akademik Bilişim Konferansında sunulan bildiri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir. Erişim adresi: http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27h) Düzenli Olarak Online Yayımlanan BildirilerHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105i) Kitap Şeklinde Yayımlanan BildirilerSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140) . Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Kongre BildirisiÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. X. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, BoluDiğer Kaynaklara) Gazete YazısıToker, Ç. (2015, 26 Haziran). ‘Unutma’ notları. Cumhuriyet, s. 13.b) Online Gazete YazısıTamer, M. (2015, 26 Haziran). E-ticaret hamle yapmak için tüketiciyi bekliyor. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.milliyetc) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Ansiklopedi/SözlükBilgi mimarisi. (2014, 20 Aralık). Vikipedi içinde. Erişim adresi: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisiMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastRadyo ODTÜ (Yapımcı). (2015, 13 Nisan). Modern sabahlar [Podcast]. Erişim adresi: http://www.radyoodtu.com.tr/f) Bir Televizyon Dizisinden Tek Bir BölümShore, D. (Senarist), Jackson, M. (Senarist) ve Bookstaver, S. (Yönetmen). (2012). Runaways [Televizyon dizisi bölümü]. D. Shore (Baş yapımcı), House M.D. içinde. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) Müzik KaydıSay, F. (2009). Galata Kulesi. İstanbul senfonisi [CD] içinde. İstanbul: Ak Müzik.Yukarıda sıralanan koşulları yerine getirmemiş çalışma kabul edilmez, eksiklerinin tamamlanması için yazara iade edilir. Yayın Komisyonu tarafından kabul edilen yazılar basıma kabul sırasına göre yayınlanır. Baskı tashihleri yazarlar tarafından yapılır.

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