Ahmet

Prof.

Halil

“JEPR: 10. Yıldönümü” Özel Sayısı için Makale Çağrısı

Anet

Kadın İstihdam Oranı ile Yoksulluk İlişkisinin Üç Kırılgan Ülke Bağlamında İncelenmesi: Bir Panel Veri Analizi

Süleyman

Küresel Finansal Şokların Makroekonomik Dalgalanmalar ve Kamu Borcu Üzerindeki Rolü: Türkiye Örneği

Sedef

Tuğba

The economic effect of infrastructure investments have on economic growth has attracted a great deal of attention from policymakers and researchers since the pioneering study fromAschauer (1989), who used the Cobb-Douglas production function approach and found public capital to be an important input for the USA and a high stock of public infrastructureto contribute to economic growth (Elburz, Nijkamp and Pels, 2017). Following Aschauer’s (1989) seminal work, quite a number of papers have been devoted to assessing the effect of infrastructure on growth using various data and empirical methodologies (Calderón and Servén, 2010). However, no consensus exists in the literature regarding the relationship between infrastructure investment and economic growth. In part, this is because the studiescarried out to date have used different approaches for measuring infrastructure and growth and have focused on different time periods and geographies (Välilä, 2020). Many studies have found infrastructure investments to positively impact economic growth. However, some studies have found either no relationship or a negative relationship between infrastructure investment and economic growth (see Timilsina, Hochman and Song, 2020).The points of view on infrastructure investments differ according to countries’ development levels. Because many developed countries’ infrastructure systems are at a saturation level, infrastructure investments in these countries generally occur in the form of improvements to the existing infrastructure stock. Many middle-income countries within the developing country group have insufficient existing infrastructure investments. For this reason, new infrastructure investments and services need to be provided. As a result, countries’ income level emerges as an important criterion to consider for showing the effectsThe points of view on infrastructure investments differ according to countries’ development levels. Because many developed countries’ infrastructure systems are at a saturation level, infrastructure investments in these countries generally occur in the form of improvements to the existing infrastructure stock. Many middle-income countries within the developing country group have insufficient existing infrastructure investments. For this reason, new infrastructure investments and services need to be provided. As a result, countries’ income level emerges as an important criterion to consider for showing the effects of infrastructure investments have on economic growth. Although many studies have been conducted to reveal the relationship between infrastructure and economic growth for developed and underdeveloped countries (especially in the region of Africa), this relationship has yet to be adequately addressed in middle-income countries. For this reason, this study examines the effect of infrastructure on economic growth within the framework of an endogenous growth model based on Barro’s (1990) work by considering upper-middleincome countries for the 2011-2020 period. According to endogenous growth theories, technology and human capital are not the only factors influencing economic growth. Barro asserted things such as government investment in education and infrastructure to also play asignificant role in economic growth. According to Barro (1990), investing in public infrastructure is motivated by two factors: in a positive scenario, an increase in productive government spending will boost private capital’s marginal product and generate sustained growth in per capita income, whereas in a negative scenario, per capita growth decreases when taxing income is used to finance public infrastructure.This study employs a system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation approach for measuring the effects of different infrastructure types on economic growth.According to the GMM estimation results, telecommunication, energy use, electricity consumption, and gross fixed capital formation have significant and positive effects, whiletransportation has no impact on economic growth in higher middle-income countries. The telecommunication model shows a 1% increase in investment in telecommunication to increase economic growth by 0.0098 units. Energy use and electricity consumption models indicate a 1% increase in energy use and electricity consumption to increase economic growth by 0.0073 and 0.0152 units, respectively. Finally, the gross fixed capital formation model shows a 1% increase in gross fixed capital formation to increase economic growth by 0.029 units. The insignificant findings regarding the transportation model may be due to a lack of data. In this paper, we find evidence that infrastructure investment is essential for promoting economic growth. The evidence also suggests that this role does not differ in higher-middleincome countries. The empirical approach encompasses different infrastructure types toaccount for the potential effect of every single infrastructure component, and the results indicate that all infrastructure types except transportation significantly impact economic growth.

Altyapı ve İktisadi Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz*

Hasan

Assist. Prof.

İsmail

Türkiye’de 18 Yaş Altındakilerin Bireysel Emeklilik Sistemine Katılımı: Bir Büyüme Tahmini

Veysel

Res. Assist. Dr.

Interest in the forces that drive food prices is increasing, as well as the effects from factors such as global warming and climate change that have become more dominant with the COVID-19 pandemic (Van Bodegom &amp; Koopmanschap, 2020; Barrett et al., 2021; Rasul, 2021; Wahidah &amp; Antriyandarti, 2021; Dorward &amp; Giller, 2022). The events that accompanied the worldwide spread of the COVID-19 pandemic can also be studied to provide a real example of how uncertainty is able to severely impact the global economy. In particular, economic and political uncertainties involve oil, gold, and cryptocurrency markets and can have negative effects on the food sector (Al‐Thaqeb et al., 2022). The primary aim of this study is to investigate the effect of economic policy uncertainties on food prices. Its secondary aim is to draw attention to the increases in the number of extreme climate events and in food prices in recent years and to enrich the literature on this topic. The secondary aim of the study also forms the motivation of the study. Two main studies have investigated the direct effects of economic policy uncertainty on food prices. The first of these was Wenet al. (2021), who examined the symmetric and asymmetric relationships. The findings from their study indicated anincrease in economic policy uncertainty to cause a significant increase in food prices both in the short and long run. In addition, an asymmetric relationship was found between the variables in the short run. The other study by Kirikkaleli and Darbaz (2022) discussed the relationship food prices have with the economic policy uncertainty index, as well as with the dollar index and the energy price index. Their study’s findings revealed food prices to also increase during volatile periods of high uncertainty. Moreover, economic policy uncertainty is shown as a long-term and permanent cause of food prices. Wen et al. (2021) and Kirikkaleli and Darbaz (2022) emphasized the need to further investigate the effects of uncertainties on food prices in order to ensure stability in food prices; however, the literature on this topic is still quite sparse. Therefore, this study is thought to be able to contribute to the sparse literature by using different methods and discussing results over a country group. This study examines the relationships with food price inflation in countries using monthly data for the period of January 1997-September 2022. The following data are used for this purpose: global economic policy uncertainty and food price inflation in China, Great Britain, Germany, Hungary, the Republic of South Africa, Türkiye, and the United States. The first stage of the study uses using unit root tests to identify the stationarity levels of the variables. The second stage uses the Hacker andnHatemi-J (2006) causality test to investigate the symmetric causality relationships among the variables. The last stage applies the time-varying causality test based on the Hacker and Hatemi-J (2006) causality test while taking into account the changes in the relationships among the variables over time. The Hacker and Hatemi-J (2006) causality test examines the presence of causality regarding the overall period. Despite no causal relationship sometimes occurring over the entire period, it can occur in sub-periods. Economic and political events and structural changes in a country can affect this relationship. Therefore, using a timevarying causality test may be more reasonable (Balcılar et al., 2010; Yılancı &amp; Bozoklu, 2014; Erdoğan et al., 2019). The symmetric causality test findings point to the presence of abidirectional causality relationship between global economic policy uncertainty and food inflation only in the United States. The time-varying causality analysis determined causality relationships among all the variables at different periods. Economic policy uncertainty affects food prices in developing countries, affecting the United States relatively longer. In addition, the causality relationship going from economic policy uncertainty to food prices was seen to have intensified in all countries during crisis periods, with economic policy uncertainty affecting food prices more strongly in periods of crisis, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although economic policy uncertainty is not the single leading cause of increases in food prices, the findings from this study provide evidence that economicpolicy uncertainty may be an important dynamic of food inflation. In the fight against food inflation, countries can seek ways to cope with economic policy uncertainty. Although thestudy’s findings point to important implications, the available information in this field is quite insufficient for reaching any definite decisions. Therefore, the potential effects of economic policy uncertainty on food prices require further evidence. Future studies may consider economic policy uncertainty as an explanatory variable while investigating the factors that cause inflation in food prices.

Ekonomik Politika Belirsizliğinin Gıda Fiyatlarına Etkisi: Seçilmiş Ülkeler İçin Zamanla Değişen Nedensellik Analizi

Sinem

İpek M.

Exchange rate volatility is a term that refers to wide fluctuations around the long-term equilibrium value of the exchange rate. The transition to floating exchange rate systems has confronted both developed and developing countries with the uncertainty created by exchange rate fluctuations and the resulting risk problem. Volatility in exchange rates is the main source of exchange rate risk, and is of great importance in this context in terms of its macroeconomic implications. Exchange rate volatility is known to negatively affect many macroeconomic variables such as investment, production, consumption, and economic growth, especially in international trade and capital movements. Therefore, empirical estimation and measurement of exchange rate volatility is important for its pervasive economic implications. The effects sudden and unexpected fluctuations in exchange rates have on basic macroeconomic variables have created a wide field of research, thus laying the groundwork for a very rich theoretical and empirical literature.This study firstly discusses the theoretical framework of the concept of exchange rate volatility and emphasizes the factors that causing exchange rate volatility, as well as the negative effects of volatility on macroeconomic variables. In order to shed light, the study then provides examples from the literature examining exchange rate volatility in Türkiye.The study’s econometric analysis section estimates volatility in the Turkish economy using effective exchange rate data for the period of 2003-2022. The volatility of many financial time series, including exchange rates, is not constant over time, and recent studies have revealed variance as a measure of volatility to not be constant. As such traditional time series models that accept variance as constant are understood to be insufficient for modeling volatility. In this framework, the study will develop modeling techniques such as autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) and generalized ARCH (GARCH) models that are based on the assumption of changing variance and that are suitable for the dynamic structure of financial markets. The ARCH and GARCH models allow volatility to change over time and have been widely used for modeling exchange rate volatility. To estimate exchange rate volatility, the study will first ensure the stationarity of the series, then it will apply the ARCH Lagrange multiplier (ARCH-LM) model to determine whether the variance in the error terms is constant. The study then examines the stationarity of the effective exchange rate series together with the autocorrelation function and the cartesian graph; it then performs the unit root test, with any non-stationary series at that level being made stationary by taking the difference. The study determined the most suitable autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model as a result of the partial and autocorrelation functions of the series. The ARCH effect was investigated regarding the error squares of the determined ARIMA model to determine the volatility of the exchange rate series. Finally, as a result of the analysis made for modeling the exchange rate volatilityin Türkiye, the most appropriate model was determined to be the GARCH(1,1) model. In order to determine the reliability of the model, the study re-performed the ARCH-LM, after which the volatility in the model was seen to have disappeared. Accordingly, theGARCH(1,1) model has been concluded to be a model that eliminates the effects of exchange rate volatility.

Türkiye’de Döviz Kuru Oynaklığının Modellenmesi: Ampirik Bir Araştırma

Yücel

Res. Assist.

Fazlı

Ersin

States have the right to sovereignty over the lands within their borders. States collect taxes based on this sovereign right. State sovereignty is related to the taxes a state is able to collect. In today’s democracies, taxation authority is accepted as a legal right of states. In the past, however, no compromise regarding taxation was able to be reached between those with taxation authority and the people bearing the tax burden. While the ruling segment aimed to increase tax revenues, the ruled objected to arbitrary taxation. As a result of these types of revolts, absolute monarchic rule had been overthrown, with taxation authority being gradually taken away from monarchs and kings and passed to parliaments. As a result, these initiatives not only limited taxation authority but also contributed to democracy.The increases in the level of taxation experienced throughout history increased the costs citizens had to bear. For this reason, citizens started to control how governments spend theirtax revenues by participating in the bargaining process. In line with this, governments have had to make more disclosures to their citizens about expenditures. Thus, governments havegained a democratic structure by adopting a more transparent structure. Another approach that examines the relationship between taxation and democracy from a similar perspective is rentier state theory. According to this theory, democracy is weak in states that derive most of their income from inefficient fields such as oil and natural gas. As a matter of fact, due to the low level of taxation, bargaining between citizens and governments remains weak, thus weakening democracy as well. The relationship between the level of taxation and democracyis not limited to the existence of a causal relationship from taxation to democracy. In addition, there are opinions that there is a casual relationship from democracy to taxation. According to this view, society can clearly monitor the economic activities in transparent and accountable states. This situation improves the harmony between the state and the individual and increases the taxation capacity.When examining the empirical literature on the causal relationship between the levels of taxation and democracy, studies are found to have revealed different results. In the literature,a one-way causal relationship has mainly been determined from the level of democratization to tax revenues. However, a substantial number of studies are also found to have revealed aone-way causal relationship from tax revenues to the level of democratization. Apart from these results, studies are also found to have detected bidirectional causality between these two variables, as well as studies that revealed no relationship to be present.This study aims to examine the causal relationship between tax revenues and the level of democratization in a total of 33 countries, including 27 member states of the EuropeanUnion (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Finland, Cyprus, Czechia, Germany, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Italy, Poland,Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden) and six candidate countries (Albania, Moldova, North Macedonia, Serbia, Türkiye, and Ukraine) over the 2010-2020 period. This relationship was examined using the panel data analysis method. The study uses the panel causality test developed by Emirmahmutoğlu and Köse (2011) based on the Toda-Yamamoto (1995) test as its method. As for data, the Democracy Index (DI) data, which shows the level of democratization, comes from the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU, 2022), and the dataon tax revenues over gross domestic product, which defines the taxation level (TR) comes from the World Bank’s (2022) World Development Indicators and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, 2022) Data Tax Revenue databases.According to the analysis results, bidirectional causal relationships were found between the level of democratization and tax revenues in the context of the relevant period and countries throughout the panel. When analyzing the results in terms of countries, one-way causal relationships from democratization level to tax revenues were identified in Albania, Greece, Ireland, Moldova and North Macedonia. On the other hand, the countries where one-way causal relationships from tax revenues to the level of democratization were found are Croatia, Cyprus, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Romania, and Slovenia. In addition to all these results, bidirectional causal relationships were found between the level of democratization and tax revenues in Poland and Ukraine. No causal relationships were found between taxes and democracy in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Slovakia, Sweden, Serbia, or Türkiye. The empirical findings of the study show the causal relationship between the level of democratization and tax revenues to differ according to country, and these differences may arise from such things as the social, economic, political, and institutional characteristics of the countries.

Vergilendirme ve Demokrasi İlişkisinin Analizi: Avrupa Birliğine Üye ve Aday Ülkeler Örneği (2010-2020)

Zehra

Prof. Dr.

Seda

Due to internal and external security being two of the most important needs countries have, the defense industry has critical importance. With the collapse of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics in 1991, peace was said to have come to the world, but civil wars have since caused great migrations and increased the importance of the defense industry. Türkiye has an important position in the world as a result of its geopolitical location. The history of Türkiye’s defense industry dates back to the Ottoman Empire, and its defense industry came to the fore again with the Cyprus Peace Operation in 1974, after which the USA placed an arms embargo on Türkiye, marking a turning point where Türkiye began to see itself in a dangerous position. For this reason, Türkiye has sought to reduce its foreign dependency and meet its own national defense inventory needs. The 2016 coup attempt that took place in Türkiye, and the operations against ISIS and the PKK in Syria and Iraq since 2016 have caused Türkiye to make progress in the defense industry in addition to the significant progress it has made since 2000. Over the last decade, Türkiye has become able to mostly meet the needs of its Armed Forces, while also showing a significant export performance by reducing its foreign dependency. Turkish defense industry companies have achieved competitive power in the world defense industry by being among the top 100 companies in the world defense industry with their export figures.The main purpose of the study is to determine Türkiye’s export competitiveness with countries such as Germany, USA, Russia, France, and China, which lead the world in terms of defense exports. The study takes advantage of the widely used revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and comparative export performance (CEP) indices for the competitiveness analysis, which uses armored vehicle, artillery, missile, and ship product groups for the 2010-2020 period.The RCA approach was first introduced by Liesner then later developed by Bela Balassa (Balassa,1965, s.101). The RCA index allows countries to compare their advantage in a particular industry with a different country and is calculated with the following formula:RCAij = (Xij / Xi) / (Xaj / Xa) (1)The dependent variable in the formula is RCA, which is also known as the Ballassaindex and explains countries’ competitive advantage. In the formula, i denotes a particular country and j denotes a particular industry. On the right side of the equation, Xij represents the selected armored vehicle, artillery, missile, and ship products exports of a certain country for a certain period, and Xi represents the total exports of that country during the same period. Xaj, which is in the denominator, represents the total world exports of armored vehicles, artillery, missile, and ship products for a given period, and Xa represents the total world exports for the same period. The CEP index is calculated using the following formula developed by Donges (Donges ve ark.,1982, s.83):CEPirj = (Xij / Xrj) / (Σ Xit / Σ Xrt) (2)where i represents a specific country.CEPirj shows the comparative export performance index of country i versus competitor country j regarding a specific commodity.Xij is country i’s exports of good j over a given period.Xrj is the competitor countries’ exports of good j during the same period.Σ Xit is the total exports of country i during the given period.Σ Xrt is the competitor’s total exports during the same period.According to the results from the RCA index values regarding armored vehicle products for the studied period, Türkiye is seen to have great competitive power. Türkiye has index values similar to the USA’s and stronger competitive power than France, Germany, and China. Türkiye can be said to have a comparative advantage regarding the armored vehicle product group. When compared to other countries regarding the artillery product group, Türkiye had the greatest competitive power between 2011-2014. However, it has lost its strong competitive power in recent years. The results for the missile battery index values show Russia, USA, and France to have strong competitive power and Türkiye to have had no competitive power except for 2015. Türkiye occasionally had competitive power as shown by the fluctuating course it followed regarding ship RCA index values, while other times it had no competitive power during the same period.Türkiye’s armored vehicle product group had a better position than Russia in 2019 as a result of CEP index values. After 2017, Türkiye was more advantageous than the USA. Theexport performance for armored vehicles also exceeded France and China. Regarding the artillery product group, Türkiye has had superior performance compared to Russia in termsof the CEP index values. Despite fluctuations in the index, the export performance for artillery products from the selected countries was very good between 2011-2017. The CEP index values for missiles generally showed a low comparative export performance. Türkiye is seen to have been in a disadvantageous position in this regard. While its ship exportperformance exceeded Russia’s in 2010 and 2019, this was not the case for the other years. Export performance with the USA after 2012 remained high, and Türkiye also stayed in a more advantageous position than China until 2018.

Savunma Sanayi Ürünlerinde Türkiye’nin Rekabet Gücünün Belirlenmesi: Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler ve Karşılaştırmalı İhracat Performansı

Türkiye’de Dijital Bankacılık Kanalıyla Finansal Içerilme Gelir Eşitsizliğini Nasıl Etkiler?

Caner

Süleyman Emre

Industrial production is a major macroeconomic indicator due to being one of the main reasons for economic growth. Both developed and developing countries keep up with monthly industrial production index data to ensure targeted economic growth rates. Therefore, raising industrial production results in higher gross domestic product (GDP) levels. Approximating actual capacity to full capacity and enabling firms to produce at lower costs are primary macroeconomic objectives for every country. Thus, increases in capacity utilization are expected to positively affect and increases in producer prices to negatively affect industrial production. Based on this perspective, this study investigates the impacts of capacity utilization rate and producer prices on the industrial production index in Türkiye.By reviewing the existing literature, studies on this subject are noticed to have dealt with this issue with the assumption of a linear relationship. The present study aims to observe the nonlinear impacts of capacity utilization rate and producer prices on the industrial production index. To do this, the study uses the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model, which separates the positive and negative shocks caused by the explanatory factors. The NARDL model is a modified version of the linear ARDL model developed by Peseranand Shin (1999) and Peseran et al. (2001). This model has no requirements due to all the variables in the model being integrated in the same order; namely, the series can be I(0) (stationary at level) or I(1) (stationary at first difference). Thus, when some of the variables are stationary at first difference while others are stationary at levels one can continue with the cointegration test using the ARDL model, unlike other cointegration tests. Shin et al. (2014) went on to transform the linear ARDL model into an asymmetrical structure. The structure of the estimated NARDL model in the present study is shown in Eqs. 5 and 6. The variables for the logarithms of the industrial production index, capacity utilization rate, and producer price index are respectively abbreviated as LSAN, LKKO, and LUFE.By utilizing the data obtained from the Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye, the study constructed a data set covering the period of June 2007-September 2022. Due to the data being monthly, the total number of observations is 189. The empirical analysis section of the study first tests the stationarity of the variables (see Table 2). The augmented Dickey- Fuller unit root test suggests the LSAN and LUFE variables to not be stationary at level and LKKO to be stationary. On the other hand, the Dickey-Fuller generalized least squares (GLS) unit root test suggests the LUFE variable to not be stationary at level and the LSAN and LKKO variables to be stationary. Both tests also show all variables to be stationary at their first difference. Due to the variables being unsuitable for integrating in the same order, ARDL-based models should be used to fulfill the needs.The NARDL cointegration test results in Table 3 show the F-statistics to exceed the critical values, which implies the presence of a cointegrating relationship among industrial production, capacity utilization rate, and producer prices. The next step estimates the longterm coefficients of the explanatory factors and applies some diagnostic tests. The results in Table 4suggest a 1% increase in the capacity utilization rate to raise industrial production by 1.63% and a 1% decrease in the same factor to reduce industrial production by 1.27%. On the other hand, a 1% increase in producer prices reduces industrial production by 0.06% while a 1% decrease in the same factor has no statistically significant impact. The fact that positive and negative shocks do not affect at the same rate implies that the shocks from capacity utilization rate and producer prices on industrial production have an asymmetric structure. The diagnostic tests regarding the estimated model show no serial correlation, heteroskedasticity, or misspecification problem to be present in the model and the residuals to be normally distributed. The cumulative sum of the recursive residuals (CUSUM) and the cumulative sum of the squares of the recursive residuals (CUSUMSQ) plot tests are depicted in Figure 1 and Figure 2 and show the estimated coefficients to be stable and within the critical bounds of the model. Lastly, to check the robustness of the asymmetry, the previously estimated model was transformed into a stepwise regression model to test the symmetry hypothesis based on the coefficients of this model. The test results reveal both capacity utilization rate and producer prices to have asymmetric impacts on the industrial production index in Türkiye.The findings from the study briefly suggest that in order to sustain economic growth in Türkiye, policymakers should first raise the capacity utilization rate and prevent any potential decrease in this indicator. Secondly, they should prevent increases in producer prices. However, the findings revealed no statistically significant favorable impact from decreases in producer prices. The ability of the NARDL model to permit asymmetric effects allows for differentiating policy designs against negative and positive shocks.

Türkiye’de Sanayi Üretimi, Kapasite Kullanım Oranı ve Üretici Fiyatları Arasındaki Asimetrik İlişki: Doğrusal Olmayan ARDL Modeli Yaklaşımı

Şehadet

Saltuk

Environmental degradation, economic conditions, and demographic factors are significant determinants of life expectancy. Life expectancy is the average life of a newborn based on current health conditions (Chukmaitova, 2003, p.4). Life expectancy is also an indicator of a country’s economic, social, and environmental development (Teker, Teker, &amp; Sönmez, 2012, p. 119). Life expectancy has significant effects on the public finances and economic growth of countries due to how it affects the financing of health and retirement benefits. Environmental degradation such as air pollution, water pollution, and climate change can have significantly adverse effects on health and life expectancy. Economic conditions can also play a role in life expectancy, as countries with higher levels of economic development often have better access to health care, education, and other resources that can contribute to longer lifespans. However, income inequality can negatively impact health outcomes due to lower-income individuals possibly having more limited access to health care and other resources. Demographic factors such as infant mortality rate also affect life expectancy.This study examines the effects of CO2 emissions, unemployment rates, infant mortalityrates, and public health expenditures on life expectancy for the period of 2000-2019 for tenhigh-income countries. The variables used in the study have been determined as CO2 emissions for environmental degradation, infant mortality rates for demographic indicators, and unemployment rates and public health expenditures’ share of current health expenditures as the economic variables. Data regarding life expectancy (LE), unemployment rate (UR), infant mortality rate (IMR), public health expenditures (HE), and CO2 emissions have been taken annually from the World Bank (2023) database for the 2000-2019 period. According to the results obtained from the study, evaluating the countries as a group reveals a 1% increase in infant mortality rate to reduce average life expectancy by 0.11%, while increases in CO2emissions, the unemployment rate, and public health expenditures decrease average life expectancy. These do not appear to have a significant effect on the duration. either.Findings from the results regarding the concept of average life expectancy differ for underdeveloped and developed countries. The findings from studies conducted in underdeveloped countries show factors such as clean and easily accessible water, nutrition and food, and environmental health to affect average life expectancy. Teker, Teker and Sönmez (2012) found health expenditures, income, unemployment, and inflation to affect life expectancy in high-income countries. Infant mortality rates are also among the most important factors affecting life expectancy in all countries (Bayın, 2016; Linden &amp; Ray, 2017; Şener, Aslan, &amp; Yiğit, 2019). Private health expenditures have a positive effect on life expectancy in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Şahin (2018) analyzed 16 Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation Organization (APEC) countries using data from the 2000–2013 period.The findings from the current study have revealed a 1% increase in total lifetime health expenditures to increase life expectancy at birth by 0.635%. Some studies have determined the relationship between CO2 emissions and expected CO2 emissions to be a determinant affecting lifespan (Ali &amp; Ahmad, 2014; Issaoui, Toumi, &amp; Touili, 2015; Balan, 2016; Tıraş &amp; Özbek, 2020). The results from the current study indicate unemployment’s negative impact on life expectancy to be highest in England, with a 1% increase in unemployment being associated with a 0.109% decrease in life expectancy. This relationship is weaker in Belgium, Germany, Spain, and the USA, whose decreases range from 0.021%-0.001%. These findings are consistent with previous studies in the field. Furthermore, the current study has found increasing public health expenditures to be able to lead to an increase in life expectancy, with a 1% increase resulting in a maximum increase of 0.12% in England and 0.091% in Italy. This result is also consistent with previous studies (Dhrifi, 2018; Pedram &amp;.Mehrjou, 2019; Tatlı&amp; Barak, 2021). Also, in this study an increase in CO2 emissions negatively impacted life expectancy in France, whereas an increase in infant mortality rate was found to be negatively associated with life expectancy in Canada. Surprisingly and contrary to previous studies, this study found a 1% increase in public health expenditures to reduce life expectancy by 0.193% in Canada. These findings can contribute to having policymakers develop further comprehensive policies regarding the factors that affect life expectancy in high-income countries.

Çevresel Bozulma, Ekonomik ve Demografik Değişkenlerin Beklenen Yaşam Süresi Üzerindeki Etkileri: Yüksek Gelir Grubundaki Ülkeler İçin Panel Veri Analizi*

Mustafa

Technological developments play an important role in economic growth and development. However, the neoclassical approach ignores technological learning and effort by considering technology as an external element. Moreover, this approach assumes that countries will converge in the long run due to free technology. However, these assumptions of the neoclassical approach have been criticized by the evolutionary approach, and special attention has been given to technological learning. In theevolutionary approach, technological learning and imitation are included in the convergence process. In general, convergence is evaluated as an economy’s tendency toward a steady state by growing or shrinking at a certain speed (Ünsal, 2007, p. 157). In this respect, whether technological convergence occurs in developing countries needsto be investigated. This study aims to examine whether technology convergence occursin developing countries. For this purpose, the study considers the ten big emerging markets (BEM-10) of Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, South Korea, Mexico,Poland, South Africa, and Türkiye from among important economies and discusses these emerging economies. Unlike other studies, this one includes total factor and labor productivity in the analysis as supplemental variables, as well as the number of patents, thus aiming to analyze the technological developments among countries in detail overdifferent variables. The study also aims to make significant contributions to the technological convergence literature, which is limited in terms of the scope of study and the variables and analysis techniques that have been used. At the same time, this study differs from other studies that have examined technological developments through different variables, thus showing itself to possess originally.Many theoretical and empirical studies have occurred with regard to the convergence approach. However, due to the scope and content of what is being studied, apart from the fundamental studies on the convergence approach, this article also will extensively examine studies that have evaluated the technological convergence approach in terms of convergence analyses. The papers the study has examined within its scope show that various types of the convergence approach have been developed among countries, regions, and sectors. At the same time, these studies are understood to have examined the presence of convergence using various socioeconomic variables in addition to income convergence. When considering the technological convergence studies, the variables of number of patents, labor productivity, and total factor productivity are seen to have been used intensively to represent technology.In terms of the number of patents, technological convergence has been confirmed in Argentina, Indonesia, Mexico, Türkiye, China, South Korea, Poland, and South Africa as a result of Pesaran’s (2007) cross-sectionally augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) unit root test, as well as South Korea, Argentina, and Poland as a result of the seemingly unrelated regression augmented Dickey-Fuller (SURADF) unit root test. In terms of total factor productivity, Türkiye, Mexico, and Poland are seen to have converged as a result of the Pesaran CADF unit root test, and Türkiye and Mexico as a result of the SURADF unit root test. Regarding labor productivity, convergence has been found in Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil based on the Pesaran CADF test and in Mexico based on the panel SURADF test.This study aims to examine whether technology convergence occurs in developing countries. For this purpose, the study has discussed the 10 big emerging markets.Technological convergence is understood to have occurred in a limited number of countries regarding number of patents, total factor productivity, and labor productivity. Natural convergence was not seen to have occurred as assumed in the neoclassical approach. The fact that technological convergence was not confirmed in the group of examined countries offers important implications for developing countries. High income and technology, especially in South Korea, are known to result from conscious policies aimed at science, industry, and technology. In this respect, special attention should be given to technological learning in developing countries. At the same time, policies for national technological efforts and learning need to be developed and implemented consistently. In addition, importance is had in establishing and successfully operating national innovation systems.

Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri ile Bir İnceleme

Melike

Yeşil Ekonomi Alanındaki Çalışmaların Bibliyometrik Analizi ve Görselleştirilmesi (1993-2023)

Tuğçenur

As a result of globalization, an increase has been observed in the development of technology, in consumers becoming more conscious, and in greater competition between companies. Companies are working hard to reach a higher level and to gain competitive advantage by making greater use of developing technology. With rapidly developing and changing technology, the demands of consumers are both increasing and becoming more varied in their nature. Thus, creating a fast and secure shopping environment for consumers is inevitable in today's conditions. Electronic commerce, which has started to be used as a new shopping model, provides great convenience to consumers. It is more appropriate for businesses to use e-commerce to meet the needs and demands of consumers, rather than to continue their sales with traditional methods.The aim of this research is to measure consumer behavior based on the sense of trust of consumers shopping via e-commerce. This research is very important in terms of determining factors for both consumers and businesses. By addressing the important points that affect and ensure consumer trust valuable contributions to e-commerce businesses and to future studies in this field can be made. This research was carried out on 409 participants who have social media accounts in Turkey. As a result of the necessary research and in accordance with the research model, the hypotheses of the research were determined as follows.H1: Platform reliability significantly affects brand loyalty.H2: Customer trust significantly affects brand loyalty.H3: Brand loyalty significantly affects purchase intention.H4: There are differences between socio-demographic factors and platform reliability.H4a: There is a difference between gender and platform reliability.H4b: There is a difference between marital status and platform reliability.H4c: There is a significant relationship between age and platform reliability.H4d: There is a difference between educational status and platform reliability.H5: There are differences between socio-demographic factors and customer trust.H5a: There is a difference between gender and customer trust.H5b: There is a difference between marital status and customer trust.H5c: There is a difference between age and customer confidence.H5d: There is a difference between educational background and customer confidence.H6: There are differences between socio-demographic factors and brand loyalty.H6a: There is a difference between gender and brand loyalty.H6b: There is a difference between marital status and brand loyalty.H6c: There is a difference between age and brand loyalty.H6d: There is a difference between educational status and brand loyalty.H7: There are differences between socio-demographic factors and purchase intention.H7a: There is a difference between gender and purchase intention.H7b: There is a difference between marital status and purchase intention.H7c: There is a difference between age and purchase intention.H7d: There is a difference between educational background and purchase intention.While conducting research on the relevant literature, scales consisting of 20 statements were found. In addition, questions that collect information about the demographic characteristics of the survey were found. These scale expressions were used in the research conducted by Uçan in 2020. The survey questions prepared in this research were arranged by the researcher in accordance with the purpose of the research. Thus, only the dimensions of platform reliability, brand trust, brand loyalty and purchase intention were included in the research. When the data were examined, it was determined that there was a positive and significant relationship between platform reliability, brand trust, brand loyalty and purchase intention.Platform reliability was found to affect brand loyalty significantly (p=0.000) and H1 hypothesis was accepted.Customer trust was found to affect brand loyalty significantly (p=0.000) and H2 hypothesis was accepted.Brand loyalty was found to have a significant effect on purchase intention (p=0.000) and H3 hypothesis was accepted.No differences were found between socio-demographic factors and platform reliability, and H4 was rejected.No differences were found between socio-demographic factors and customer trust, and H5 was rejected.No differences were found between socio-demographic factors and brand loyalty, and H6 was rejected.No difference was found between gender and purchase intention, and H7a was rejected.No difference was found between marital status and purchase intention and H7b was rejected.A difference was found between age and purchase intention and H7c was accepted.A difference was found between education level and purchase intention and H7d was accepted.Trade, which is as old as the history of humanity, is the activity of making a profit in return for a certain commodity. Ways of conducting trade have been shaped by people from past to present. E-commerce, which has developed in recent years, is a shopping method that allows us to shop over the internet by moving commerce to the electronic environment.Electronic commerce plays an important role in making shopping easier, safer and more profitable. Businesses want to increase productivity by providing online shopping.Businesses that open websites for online shopping aim to reach wider audiences with electronic commerce in addition to their traditional shopping. In this study, the effect of online shopping trust on consumer behavior in e-commerce was examined.In the study different hypotheses were proposed which considered socio-demographic factors, platform reliability, customer trust, brand loyalty and purchase intention. According to the results of the analysis, all four hypotheses tested were accepted. It was determined that there is a positive significant relationship between platform reliability, customer trust, brand loyalty and purchase intention.An examination of the results of the survey in the light of demographic characteristics revealed that the number of female participants was quite high. In addition, the marital status of the majority of the participants was single, and the level of education was associate degree / undergraduate. As a result of the analysis obtained by correlation modeling and simple linear regression, the data belonging to the structure, platform reliability, customer trust, brand loyalty and purchase intention scales reached the desired values and it was concluded that they were reliable. It was determined that there is a significant and positive relationship between the hypotheses of the research.New concepts and hypotheses can guide future studies and create areas of investigation. In addition, research can be initiated to encourage consumers who avoid shopping to shop online.

Sosyal Medya ve E-Ticaret Şirketlerine Olan Güvenin Tüketici Kararına Etkisi

Recep

In addition to the infrastructure needs caused by developments, population growth, rapid urbanization, pandemics, climate change, and digitalization, among others, an increasing number of countries are utilizing public-private partnerships to provide public services more effectively and quickly. By combining the public and private sector’s dynamism in terms ofproduction speed, quality, technology, and financing, well-designed and implemented public-private partnership projects can yield significant efficiency gains. However, poorly designed and managed public-private partnership projects can result in significant fiscal risks and increased costs due to their complex risk structure and long-term structure. In recent years, public-private partnerships have become more controversial as a result of these features, the necessity of projects, social and economic benefits, and risks and liabilities assumed by the public sector.Within the scope of these discussions, the conceptual framework of public-private partnership was first examined in this study, which was designed to evaluate and analyze the public-private partnership practices in the world and Türkiye using numerical data. In accordance with the increasing need for infrastructure investment, quantitative data on public-private partnership in developing countries and EU countries were subsequently examined, and public-private partnership practices worldwide were analyzed. Moreover, an attempt has been conducted to determine the differences between Türkiye and other countries. Finally, the data on public-private partnership practices in Türkiye were examined, along with the difficulties encountered during the process and the findings related to these difficulties.The study’s findings show that Turkish public-private partnership practices differ from those of other countries. Larger megaprojects are attempted to be realized through publicprivatepartnerships, and the average project size is the first among developing countries, whereas the proportion of projects supported by multinational development banks remains extremely low. The other differences include the fact that all direct supports are of the minimum income support nature despite the share of projects with direct and indirect support being the same as the average; Türkiye is a country where income guarantees are used the most among direct supports; the guarantees given are in foreign currency; and these guarantees are concentrated in the health sector as opposed to the transportation sector.Although a legal framework for public-private partnerships has been established in Türkiye, it is difficult to speak of a clear and well-designed governance framework that encompasses all phases of the process. Nonetheless, the management and reporting of fiscal risks and fiscal transparency issues stand out as the most significant problems in Türkiye’s public-private partnership sector. In reality, there is no publicly accessible information on the fiscal risks of public-private partnerships, neither in Türkiye nor on a global scale. This situation makes it difficult to accurately evaluate and analyze the costs of public-private partnership projects and necessitates the use of estimates and limited data in order to conduct studies. However, these estimates vary considerably from one another. These studies have emphasized that a rise in exchange rates or a potential economic recession can significantly increase the cost of foreign currency guarantees.According to the calculations made in the studies, between 2021 and 2045, a cumulative total of 152.8 billion dollars in income guarantees were provided, and their proportion to the2020 GDP was 22%. According to another study based on Turkish Lira (TL) calculations, public-private partnership guarantee payments in the 2022 budget represent 2% of the central government budget and 0.4% of the GDP. Considering the recent depreciation of the TL, the World Bank estimates that the burden of public-private partnership on the budget will double between 2019 and 2022 (from 1.2% to 2.4%) due to payments made for predetermined guarantees, exchange differences provided to project contractors, and rent payments.To take advantage of the potential benefits of public-private partnership, Türkiye must first address the problems within its governance framework and take the necessary steps to address one of its weakest areas, namely, the management and reporting of fiscal risks, and solve fiscal transparency issues. Therefore, contingent liabilities should be given in TL rather than foreign currency, long-term guarantees should be avoided, and information on guarantees given by institutions that implement public-private partnership projects other than the Treasury should be shared with the public transparently and regularly. Moreover, all guarantees should be consolidated under a single institution, and resources should be usedeffectively, converted into efficient investments, and directed to priority sectors. If these objectives are met, the discussions on public-private partnerships in Türkiye will decrease, the potential contributions of these projects will be enhanced, and their positive contribution to Türkiye’s economic performance will increase.

Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Kamu-Özel İşbirliği Uygulamaları: Rakamsal Verilerle Bir Analiz

Murat

The execution after 1950 was in the form of the reconstruction roads of Istanbul, the opening of new roads in the city and the continuation of the existing roads in accordance with the road train. This situation has greatly reduced the characteristics of high-capacity public transport vehicles, while the tire can use the wheels in the city. In fact, the general vehicle inspection rate of large passenger transportation vehicles such as trams, buses and trolleybuses has been restored over the years with a decreasing course.As the tram network reached its economic life, it was not renewed and the tram lines were disabled and over time, the rails were dismantled and turned into a highway. Tram services have served Istanbul residents for 90 years on the European side and 38 years on the Anatolian side. Bus and trolleybus services were replaced by tram routes, which were gradually removed until 1960, and the public transportation activities of Istanbul were handed over to rubber-tired motor vehicles.Out of the 268 million passengers carried by public transport in Istanbul in 1951, the share of 19.4 million passengers carried by the IETT bus company was around 7%. The increase in the population of Istanbul and its distribution within the city have led to serious changes in transportation demands. The inability of the public transportation services carried out by thepublic authority to keep up with this change has had an impact on passenger preferences. Thefact that the public transportation vehicles have moved away from providing the desired comfort has pushed the citizens to other searches, including private cars.When the average income per passenger is calculated based on the basic ticket fare, a 29% loss of income is calculated between the years 1960-1975. The income loss is caused by the reduced student fees, as well as the excess number of passengers traveling for free.It is understood that IETT employs quite a lot of personnel. Personnel expenses constitute an important part of company expenses. Between 1967-1973, the share of personnel expenditures in operating expenses was around 69% on average. When the total number of personnel is divided by the vehicle in service, it is understood that an average of 16 personnel serve per bus. The reason this number is significantly high is due to the fact that the maintenance and repairs of the buses are done by the institution. By dividing the population data by the vehicle in service, the population ratio per bus in the enterprise is obtained. It has been calculated that this value was 6,048 people on an annual average in Istanbul between 1960 and 1973.The fact that the vehicle fleet is quite old is the biggest factor that increases the maintenance costs. The fact that there is a fleet of various brands and models makes it difficult to manage the spare part stock. The fact that the parts required for service and maintenance are mostly procured from abroad makes the inventory cost very expensive.Between 1960 and 1965, due to the inadequacy of public transportation vehicles, the increasing role of minibuses and minibuses caused congestion on the roads and traffic jams, as well as a decrease in the commercial speed of transportation vehicles throughout the city. Like public buses and minibuses, minibuses are public transportation vehicles that are not under the control of a single authority, do not run regularly, and are not considered to offer safe transportation services.The gap between Istanbul's passenger demand in general and the service that the public authority can provide has been filled with minibuses and minibuses, and partially by publicbuses. The inability to provide a supply in accordance with the demand in a planned manner has pushed the urban transportation system into a mixed and far from being integrated with each other. The unfair competition of minibuses and minibuses, which are not suitable for the transportation flow of the city, caused blockages on the highway and reduced commercialspeed, as well as reduced the income of the public authority. Leaving aside the rail systems and leaving the burden of transportation to rubber-tired vehicles alone has left Istanbul faced with huge problems. After the 1950s, the city had to deal with the huge burden of rubbertired vehicles and the huge problems it brought.

Şehir İçi Otobüs İşletmesinin Ekonomik Tarihi İstanbul (1927-1977)

Hatime

Studies examining the relationship between per capita income and happiness in the field of happiness economics have recently increased. One of the pioneers of happiness economics was Richard Easterlin, who published his work “Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence” in 1974 as one of the cornerstones of the field.Easterlin stated in this study that a significant correlation exists between happiness and per capita income. However, he claimed that no increase occurred in the happiness levels individuals stated and that the average happiness in rich countries was not higher than that in poor countries, despite the increase in per capita income in the countries that were the subject of his research. This result, on which much research has been made, found its place in the literature as the Easterlin Paradox. However, after this study, two different views emerged on whether an increase in GDP will increase happiness or not.Ruut Veenhoven as another pioneer of happiness economics criticized Easterlin’s (1973, 1974) argument in various studies using the same data as well as other data after Easterlin’swork on economic growth and happiness. Contrary to Easterlin, Veenhoven claimed that an increase in per capita income increases that country’s happiness. Veenhoven stated the results that had been tested with data from many countries had shown the opposite of Easterlin’s claim. Contrary to Easterlin, Veenhoven argued that increasing per capita income increases happiness more in poor and developing countries and less so in developed countries. According to Veenhoven, the Easterlin Paradox was an illusion rather than a rule.In his scientific studies in response to Veenhoven, Easterlin maintained that no long-term relationship exists between economic growth and happiness and that the relationship was uncertain in some countries. In addition, he emphasized in these more recent studies that, although he had observed an increase in income to increase happiness in some countries, this was not long-term and no trend was present between happiness and income. Therefore, and unlike Veenhoven, Easterlin emphasized that one should not focus on the idea that an increase in economic growth will increase happiness. Easterlin instead argued that the need exists for an approach that should focus on other trends in happiness, such as family life, health, and job satisfaction, rather than focusing on economic growth and feeding the illusion that material things will create happiness. In response, Veenhoven agreed with Easterlin’s view that other variables also increase happiness but maintained the argument that GDP growth also increases happiness. According to Veenhoven, as the average life expectancy of people increases with an increase in income, the time they spend more happily will increase with an increase in happiness. Therefore, people’s happiness will increase annually as a result of certain growth.These discussions from both happiness economics pioneers form the cornerstones of the happiness economics literature. This study aims to examine in detail the research and studiesof Easterlin and Veenhoven that occurred in response to one other and to explain the relationship between economic growth and increase in happiness in countries using the results from their studies. As a result, while agreeing with the views of two important happiness economists would be correct, in this case one should still state that the effect of per capita income on happiness should not be underestimated, as Veenhoven has stated. This is because each variable brings different amounts of happiness to people. As the average life expectancy of people increases with an increase in income, the time they spend more happily will also increase with an increase in happiness. When considering all this information, this study concludes that, in addition to social policies that will increase happiness, havingpolicymakers determine policies to increase income will be in the interest of society based on the conclusion that economic growth increases happiness, even if only slightly.

Mutluluk İktisadında Easterlin’e Karşı Veenhoven: İktisadi Büyüme Mutluluğu Artırır mı?*

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KOBİ’LERİN ULUSLARARASI TİCARETTE KARŞILAŞTIĞI TARİFE DEZAVANTAJLARI

Şule

Öğretim Görevlisi

Elifcan

In the globalized world market, the developments made in the fields of trade and industry are of great importance for countries to achieve economic growth. With this movement, the liberalization of trade positively affected the course of international trade in general. As a result of international trade becoming a competitive factor between countries and companies, logistics attracts attention. In line with these developments, the logistics sector gains a strategic dimension and acts as a lever in the economy in order to ensure the sustainability of international trade in the desired dimensions. The logistics sector is one of the most important sectors that attracts intense attention with its investments in the country’s economy, employment and national income, and the development of it through globalized trading networks. In particular, enterprises and countries aiming to increase their competitiveness have been making significant investments for the development of the sector and have great expectations about the possible returns of the sector. As a result of the investments and the expectations, manufacturing sectors are highly affected by the logistics parameters. In addition to this, the investments made for logistics directly affect the commercial formation of businesses or countries in a positive way and increase the trade volume.The importance of logistics for companies and countries in terms of global trade develops and eventually becomes vital. The importance of logistics may vary for the countries in terms of geographies and logistic opportunities. Especially for the countries who have a coast side and can ensure sea transportation efficiently may gain greater profit. Otherwise, it can be observed that the countries in the same region have similarities in terms of economics and global trade. In this study, the common point in logistics activities and the economic point of view are similar to each other. In order to examine the economic magnitude of the countries and the effect of logistics activities on the economic magnitude of the countries concerned, The impact of the logistics sector on the economies of the 15 Mediterranean coasts was analyzed for the period 1980-2018 using the logistic performance index and gross domestic product values with panel data analysis. The results of the analysis covering the years 2007, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016 revealed a moderate positive relationship and 32% of the changes in the gross domestic product could be explained by the logistic performance index. On the other hand the strongest relationship between the gross domestic product and logistics performance index is observed Turkey and Albania. Changes in the value of gross domestic product in Turkey and Albania is explained by the high proportion of logistics performance index. This situation shows the importance of logistics activities in the economic magnitude of the two countries concerned. In addition, it is determined that if countries concentrate heavily on “Infrastructure” and “Customs” activities among the activities constituting the logistic performance index, they may have higher gross domestic product.

Lojistik Faaliyetlerin Akdeniz Ülke Ekonomileri ile İlişkisi

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Hüseyin

GÜÇLÜ KAPİTALİSTLERİN KARARLARI VE BELİRSİZLİK: RASYONEL  BEKLENTİLER YAKLAŞIMI

Gülden

The crisis of 2007-2008 was the largest financial crisis since the 1930s and is characterised by being the deepest, most large scale and severe crisis of its predecessors. Davis and Karim (2008) suggested that the global financial crisis of 2007-2008 was revealed as a surprise for both most of the market participants and policymakers. In the early years of 2007, financial institutions such as the European Central Bank (ECB), BIS and the IMF couldn’t anticipate the severity of the crisis or its scope of the international. The recent financial crisis has triggered significant debates concerning economic theory and policy. The most important discussions focused on the question ‘why was the crisis not foreseen?’. In this context, the question that why the global financial crisis in 2007-2008 is not foreseen is considered in three different perspectives. The first view is that the crisis could not be predicted by economists in general and that the recent financial crisis emerged as a surprise for most of the academicians and policy makers. In this respect, the most important criticism towards the question “Why wasn’t the crisis predicted” is directed to the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium models. These models include real sector variables except for money supply and interest rates. Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium models provide detailed predictions about the real economy. Moreover, the equations that composed in these models do not include finance and banking sectors despite the fact that their failures may turn the general economy upside-down. Therefore, It is indicated that by their nature of these models don’t have the appropriate tools in order to struggle with the financial crisis and a suitable structure that cover the dynamics of the crisis. Considering that the long-term stagnations were due to the balance sheet problems partly in the financial sector as a result of the collapse of asset prices since the late 1980s (Bezemer, 2009: 19), necessitate the inclusion of financial markets to these models. Existing deficiencies in Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium models emerged along with the global crisis. Thus, since 2016, The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) began to use a new macroeconomic model called MARTIN (Macroeconomic Relationships for Targeting INflation) in its policy analysis and forecasts. In this respect, the study provides a discussion of the methods used by economists in analysing the economy and formulating their proposals. Within this scope, two explanations can be given to the question of why the 2008 global financial crisis could not be predicted. The first was that the failure of economists to expand these models in a way to cover the risk of crisis or consciously prefer to do not so (Davies and McGoey, 2012). The second explanation is the fact that the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium models that widely used today keep the especially financial markets out of the model, underestimated the new financial system created by financial institutions and weaknesses in risk assessment techniques. Considering all these factors, it may help explain the question of why the 2007-2008 global crisis couldn’t be predicted. The second view is that the crisis was predicted by some of the economists, but&nbsp;these predictions were not considered and ignored. As mentioned above, the idea that “no one could foresee the crisis” is a widespread opinion among the public, policymakers, and economists in general. Contrary to this view, although the economist/finance managers who are predicting the crisis warned that predominantly financial globalization, the real estate market of the U.S. and derivative products have significant risks, the question of ignoring why these warnings can be answered with a tendency towards “strategic ignorance”. The last opinion is the approach that economics/economists do not need to predict the crisis. This approach explains in the framework of the efficient market hypothesis and rational expectations that economics or economist does not need to predict the crisis.

2007-2008 Küresel Finansal Krizin Öngörülebilirliği Üzerine Tartışmalar

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İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi-Journal of Economic Policy Researches, İstanbul Üniversitesi Ekonomi Politikaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi’nin ulusal ve küresel düzeyde etkili olan iktisat politikaları üzerine yapılan kaliteli araştırma makaleleri yayınlamayı amaçlayan uluslararası hakemli bir dergisidir. Yılda iki kere Ocak ve Temmuz aylarında yayınlanır. Dergiye yayınlanması için gönderilen bilimsel makaleler Türkçe ya da İngilizce olmalıdır.

İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi-Journal of Economic Policy Researches, iktisat teorisi ve uygulamaları için uluslararası bir tartışma forumu niteliğindedir. Dergi, iktisat araştırmaları üzerinde uzun dönemli etkileri olacak seçkin ve güncel konularda referans niteliği taşıyan makaleler yayınlamayı hedeflemektedir. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi – Journal of Economic Policy Researches, politik iktisat, para teorisi ve politikası, maliye politikaları, finansal iktisat, kalkınma ekonomisi, çalışma ekonomisi, mikro ve makro teori, ulaştırma ekonomisi, uluslararası ticaret ve finans gibi birçok alanda analitik, yorumlayıcı ve ampirik çalışmaları kapsar.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

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İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi-Journal of Economic Policy Researches, ulusal ve küresel düzeyde etkili olan iktisat politikaları üzerine yapılan kaliteli araştırma makaleleri yayınlamayı amaçlayan uluslararası hakemli bir dergidir. İktisat teorisi ve uygulamaları için uluslararası bir tartışma forumu niteliğindedir. Dergi, iktisat araştırmaları üzerinde uzun dönemli etkileri olacak seçkin ve güncel konularda referans niteliği taşıyan makaleler yayınlamayı hedeflemektedir.İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi-Journal of Economic Policy Researches, politik iktisat, para teorisi ve politikası, maliye politikaları, finansal iktisat, kalkınma ekonomisi, çalışma ekonomisi, mikro ve makro teori, ulaştırma ekonomisi, uluslararası ticaret ve finans gibi birçok alanda analitik, yorumlayıcı ve ampirik çalışmaları kapsar.

Amaç ve Kapsam

<ul><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</li><li>RePEc IDEAS</li><li>RePEc EconPapers</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>ERIH PLUS</li><li>SOBİAD</li><li>EBSCO Business Source Ultimate </li><li>Cabells Journalytics </li></ul>

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi-Journal of Economic Policy Researches, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığını beyan etmelidir. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

İstanbul İktisat Dergisi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.<ul><li>Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.</li><li>Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.</li><li>İnsan denekler ile yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.</li><li>Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.</li><li>İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.</li></ul>

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir. Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/89E187D5F6804651A42DD4D3D1B93FFD" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formunda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar. Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir. Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır. Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak plagiarizm için taranır. Plagiarizm kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDerginin yayın dili Türkçe ve Amerikan İngilizcesi’dir.Yazıların Hazırlanması ve Yazım KurallarıAksi belirtilmedikçe gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılacaktır. Makale gönderimi online olarak ve <a href="http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/journal/jepr/home" target="_blank">http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/journal/jepr/home</a> adresinden erişilen <a href="http://dergipark.gov.tr/login" target="_blank">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a> üzerinden yapılmalıdır. Gönderilen yazılar, makale türünü belirten ve makaleyle ilgili detayları içeren (bkz: Son Kontrol Listesi) <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E4BFBD09F43443BDA1BED511D55DC345" target="_blank">kapak sayfası</a> ve sunuş yazısı ile gönderilmelidir. Makaleler, Microsoft Word 2003 ve üzerindeki versiyonları ile yazılmalıdır. Ayrıca tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/89E187D5F6804651A42DD4D3D1B93FFD" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir.1. Çalışmalar, A4 boyutundaki kağıdın bir yüzüne, üst, alt, sağ ve sol taraftan 2,5 cm. boşluk bırakılarak, 12 punto Times New Roman harf karakterleriyle, Türkçe font kullanılarak ve 1,5 satır aralık ölçüsü ile hazırlanmalıdır.2. Gönderilen makalelerin şekil, grafik ve tabloları derginin belirttiği formata uygun olması gereklidir. Dipnotlar, grafikler ve tablolar olabildiğince atıf yapılan sayfada veya hemen devamında yer almalıdır. Grafik ve tabloların altındaki notlar bu materyalleri ana metne bakmaksızın anlaşılabilir hale getirme amacını taşımalıdır. Metne konan tablolar yazılım programı çıktısı olarak konmamalı, sonuçları yazar/lar kendileri tablo haline getirmelidir, tablolar mümkün olduğunca A4 kağıt boyutuna uygun düzenlenmiş olmalıdır. Grafiklerin bilgisayar yazılım programı çıktısı olmamaları, çizim veya çizim resim halinde ve A4 kağıt boyutunu aşmayacak şekilde düzenlenmiş olmaları gerekmektedir.3. Giriş bölümünden önce 200-250 kelimelik Türkçe ve İngilizce öz ile 600-800 kelimelik İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. Özetlerde; amaç, yöntem, bulgular ve sonuç bilgilerinin yer almasına özen gösterilmelidir. İngilizce ve Türkçe özlerin altında çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden, 5 adet Türkçe, 5 adet İngilizce anahtar kelime yer almalıdır. Özlerde kısaltma kullanılmamalıdır.4. Gönderilen makalelerde mutlaka, iki rakamlı düzeyde (örneğin; Q11) üç adet JEL (Journal of Economic Literature) sınıflaması yapılmalıdır. Makalenin konu başlığına göre seçilmesi gereken jel sınıflamaları için <a href="http://www.aeaweb.org/journal/jel_class_system.html" target="_blank">http://www.aeaweb.org/journal/jel_class_system.html</a> adresinden yararlanılabilir.5. Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: Türkçe başlık, öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce başlık öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce genişletilmiş özet, ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.6. Araştırma makalesi bölümleri şu şekilde sıralanmalıdır: “Giriş”, “Amaç ve Yöntem”, “Bulgular”, “Tartışma ve Sonuç”, “Son Notlar”, “Kaynaklar”, “Tablolar ve Şekiller”. Derleme ve yorum yazıları için ise, çalışmanın öneminin belirtildiği, sorunsal ve amacın somutlaştırıldığı “Giriş” bölümünün ardından diğer bölümler gelmeli ve çalışma “Tartışma ve Sonuç”, ”Son Notlar”, “Kaynaklar” ve “Tablolar ve Şekiller” şeklinde bitirilmelidir.7. Online Makale Sistemine” Türkçe ve İngilizce öz, makale metni ve kaynakça bilgilerinin yer aldığı tek bir Word dosyasının yüklenmesi gerekmektedir. Yazar/ların özgeçmişlerini içeren dosya, ve yazar/ların detaylı iletişim bilgilerini içeren sunum yazısı ile makale kapak sayfası ek dosya olarak yüklenmelidir.8. <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E4BFBD09F43443BDA1BED511D55DC345" target="_blank">Kapak sayfasında</a>, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş ve faks numaraları, ORCID ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).9. Makalelerde dile getirilen düşüncelerden yazarları sorumludur.10. Makalelerde Türk Dil Kurumu'nun (TDK yazım kılavuzu ve yazım kuralları örnek alınmalıdır. Detaylı  bilgi için TDK'nın web sayfasına bakınız: www.tdk.gov.tr . Yabancı sözcükler yerine olabildiğince  Türkçe sözlükler kullanılmalıdır. Türkçe'de alışılmamış sözcükler kullanılırken ilk geçtiği yerde yabancı dildeki karşılığı parantez içinde verilebilir.11. İngilizce dilinde gönderilen makalelerin ve Türkçe gönderilen makalelerin İngilizce yazılmış bölümlerinin, gönderim öncesinde yetkin bir dil kontrolünden geçirilmiş olması gerekmektedir. İçerikten bağımsız olarak, dil yönüyle yetersiz olan makaleler iade/ret edilmektedir. Yazarların bu hususa azami dikkat göstermeleri önemlidir.12. Makale sunum ve değerlendirme süreçlerine ilişkin tüm iletişim e-mail sistemi ile gerçekleştirilir. Telefonla bilgi verilmez.13. Kaynaklara atıf ve referans formatı ilgili ayrıntılı bilgi Kaynaklar başlığı altında yer almaktadır.

Yazım Kuralları

Derleme yazıları okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “advance online publication” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır.Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stili ve Formatıİktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi-Journal of Economic Policy Researches, metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. edisyonunu benimser. APA 6. Edisyon hakkında bilgi için:- American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.- <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org/</a>Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar aşağıdaki örneklerdeki gibi gösterilmelidir.Metin İçinde Kaynak GöstermeKaynaklar metinde parantez içinde yazarların soyadı ve yayın tarihi yazılarak belirtilmelidir.Birden fazla kaynak gösterilecekse kaynaklar arasında (;) işareti kullanılmalıdır. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Örnekler:Birden fazla kaynak;(Esin ve ark., 2002; Karasar 1995)Tek yazarlı kaynak;(Akyolcu, 2007)İki yazarlı kaynak;(Sayıner ve Demirci 2007, s. 72)Üç, dört ve beş yazarlı kaynak;Metin içinde ilk kullanımda: (Ailen, Ciambrune ve Welch 2000, s. 12–13) Metin içinde tekrarlayan kullanımlarda: (Ailen ve ark., 2000)Altı ve daha çok yazarlı kaynak;(Çavdar ve ark., 2003)Kaynaklar Bölümünde Kaynak GöstermeKullanılan tüm kaynaklar metnin sonunda ayrı bir bölüm halinde yazar soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak numaralandırılmadan verilmelidir.Kaynak yazımı ile ilgili örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir.Kitapa) Türkçe KitapKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). Ankara: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Türkçeye Çevrilmiş KitapMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.c) Editörlü KitapÖren, T., Üney, T. ve Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Çok Yazarlı Türkçe KitapTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. ve Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Ankara: Total Bilişim.e) İngilizce KitapKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) İngilizce Kitap İçerisinde BölümBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Türkçe Kitap İçerisinde BölümErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Bursa: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Yayımcının ve Yazarın Kurum Olduğu YayınTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Makalea) Türkçe MakaleMutlu, B. ve Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182.b) İngilizce Makalede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Yediden Fazla Yazarlı MakaleLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) DOI’si Olmayan Online Edinilmiş MakaleAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Erişim adresi: http://www.tk.org.tr/e) DOI’si Olan MakaleTurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online Olarak Yayımlanmış MakaleSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Popüler Dergi MakalesiSemercioğlu, C. (2015, Haziran). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39.Tez, Sunum, Bildiria) Türkçe TezlerSarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.b)Ticari Veritabanında Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans Ya da Doktora TeziVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Kurumsal Veritabanında Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Web’de Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Sempozyum KatkısıKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B. &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at American Psychological Association meeting, Orlando, FL.g) Online Olarak Erişilen Konferans Bildiri ÖzetiÇınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Öz]. Akademik Bilişim Konferansında sunulan bildiri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir. Erişim adresi: http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27h) Düzenli Olarak Online Yayımlanan BildirilerHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105i) Kitap Şeklinde Yayımlanan BildirilerSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140) . Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Kongre BildirisiÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. X. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, BoluDiğer Kaynaklara) Gazete YazısıToker, Ç. (2015, 26 Haziran). ‘Unutma’ notları. Cumhuriyet, s. 13.b) Online Gazete YazısıTamer, M. (2015, 26 Haziran). E-ticaret hamle yapmak için tüketiciyi bekliyor. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.milliyetc) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Ansiklopedi/SözlükBilgi mimarisi. (2014, 20 Aralık). Vikipedi içinde. Erişim adresi: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisiMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastRadyo ODTÜ (Yapımcı). (2015, 13 Nisan). Modern sabahlar [Podcast]. Erişim adresi: http://www.radyoodtu.com.tr/f) Bir Televizyon Dizisinden Tek Bir BölümShore, D. (Senarist), Jackson, M. (Senarist) ve Bookstaver, S. (Yönetmen). (2012). Runaways [Televizyon dizisi bölümü]. D. Shore (Baş yapımcı), House M.D. içinde. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) Müzik KaydıSay, F. (2009). Galata Kulesi. İstanbul senfonisi [CD] içinde. İstanbul: Ak Müzik.Yukarıda sıralanan koşulları yerine getirmemiş çalışma kabul edilmez, eksiklerinin tamamlanması için yazara iade edilir. Yayın Komisyonu tarafından kabul edilen yazılar basıma kabul sırasına göre yayınlanır. Baskı tashihleri yazarlar tarafından yapılır.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/89E187D5F6804651A42DD4D3D1B93FFD" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5D2F2C8FEAAE428A9B18BEF72F649A1B" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0E0C490A6C014871B8C0D59C033B40C2" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a>

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektupü    Makalenin türüü    Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisiü    Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiğiü    İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığıü    Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/89E187D5F6804651A42DD4D3D1B93FFD" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=kapaksayfasi_jepr.docx" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a>ü    Makalenin kategorisiü    Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlıkü    Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleriü    Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosuü    Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri●    Makale ana metniü    Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlıkü    Özetler 200-250 kelime Türkçe ve 200-250 kelime İngilizceü    Anahtar Kelimeler: 5 adet makale dilinde ve 5 adet İngilizceü   JEL Code: 3 adetü    Makale Türkçe ise, 600-800 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract)ü    Makale ana metin bölümleriü    Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Son notlar (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Kaynaklarü    Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

Sayı Türü	Regular
Editör(ler)	Ahmet İncekara, Halil Tunalı

Sayı Türü	Regular
Editör(ler)	Ahmet İncekara, Halil Tunalı

İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi

CİLT 10, SAYI 2, 2023

CİLT 10, SAYI 1, 2023

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