Mehmet

Assoc. Prof.

Sources of law consist of norms that create, improve, and constitute a basis of legal rules. These rules legally bind everyone and may differ according to place and time. Nonetheless, they include varying degrees of importance and power in themselves. In the consensus, these sources should usually be enacted as written. However, some rules of social order are unwritten and formed over time by themselves with no need for codification. Therefore, these societal norms constitute an unwritten legal source if and to the extent they address some fundamental features of the culture. Custom (and usage) can be a prominent source of the unwritten law.&nbsp;While custom is the source of law that maintains its importance in private law, it is hard to make the same claim for administrative and tax law in conformity with the legality of administration and legality of taxes. This controversial uncertainty intensifies even more in administrative practices, which may also be considered a kind of reflection of legal custom. However, it is virtually impossible to view these practices with the same lens. The primary reason is that administrative practices do not incorporate many features of legal customs. Therefore, if administrative practices were to be regarded as a source in tax law, they would have to be evaluated within the scope of the stable behavior of the administration rather than pursuant to the custom.This study focuses on the potential of administrative practices – with particular reference to the underlying customs –as a source of tax law and the problem of their compatibility with the principle of “legality of administration” and “legal security,” which is based on the rules, concepts, and principles of administrative law. As part of this focus, it argues that administrative practices should be one of the sources of tax law to ensure legal security in matters left to the discretion of the administration laid down by the laws, however only when not contrary to the principle of legal administration and the principle of legality of taxes.This study is composed of three parts. The first part (Feature of Custom Being a Legal Source in Law) assesses and embraces the lexical meaning of “custom.” It then examines custom characteristics necessary for it to be considered a source of law as well as the differences and similarities with administrative practices. The purpose of making a detailed explanation of custom here is to determine what they are and are not and thereby propose a particular line between custom and administrative practices. The second part (The Place of Customs and Administrative Practices in Administrative Law) provides a doctrinal treatment of customs and administrative practices and their acceptance as a source for administrative law. The section also analyzes the contribution of custom to form the basis of the consideration of meaning, scope, institution, concept, and principle for the last section. Finally, the last part (The Place of Customs and Administrative Practices in Tax Law), representing the main focus and thesis of the study, covers the distinction between primary and secondary sources of law and their explicit and implicit place in tax law. It further expounds on their role as a legal source for tax law as part of Tax Procedure Law, Inheritance and Gift Tax Law, Income Tax Law, Value Added Tax Law, Stamp Tax Law, and the Act of Fees. Afterward, in order to provide a principled basis for whether administrative practices can be considered a source of tax law, the paper returns to the principles of legal administration, the legality of taxes, and legal security, which are the requirements of the rule of law, concerning the doctrine and the decisions of the Constitutional Court and the Council of State.This study concludes that when customs find their way into the tax laws, they should be recognized as the source of that tax law. Consistent with this expression and under the principles of the legality of administration and taxes, this idea illustrates that administrative practices probably should not pass for a source in those areas where the tax administration has a subordinate authority. However, the author concludes that administrative practices have formed and gained stability for a long time. In other words, the discretion granted to the administrations by tax acts should count as a source of law to protect the legal security principle. Consequently, tax administration should implement preventive regulations for the loss of rights, and not renounce its regular and stable practices. It should act objectively, transparently, comprehensibly, and accessibly. At the same time, the tax administration should refrain from arbitrary treatments and unpredictable practices while taking care of the principles of equality and administrative stability. Finally, the administration should carefully protect individual vested interests and legitimate expectations in areas it exercises discretion.&nbsp;&nbsp;

İdarî Teâmüllerin Türk Vergi Hukukuna  Kaynak Olma Vasfı

Cansu

Following the 1980 economic crisis, the Turkish economy faced economic crises in 1994, 2001, and 2008. Budget deficits and account balances resulted in the 1994 crisis, followed by political instability in 1995–1999. Resulting from rising inflation, public deficits, and debts, and reverberations of the effects of the crisis in other developing countries, Turkey faced another economic crisis in 2001. Although the 2008 global financial crisis was of international origin, it negatively affected Turkey in terms of exports, employment, economic growth, and borrowing. Before and during the economic crisis in Turkey, domestic and foreign borrowing increased instabilities. In this context, this study investigates these economic crises in Turkey in relation to the trajectory of domestic and foreign debts. The relationship between economic crises and the development of domestic and foreign debts are analyzed in five-year episodes, including two years prior to the crisis, the year of the crises, and two years following the crisis. The relationship between economic crises and domestic and external debt is evaluated according to the share of borrowing to total borrowing and debt burden variables. The study seeks to elicit practical insights for the prediction of future economic and/or debt crises based on the development of domestic and foreign debts before such crises.The frequency of economic crises in recent years has led to expanded definitions of economic crisis in the literature. Although the types and causes of crises differ, they can generally be attributed to two types, real sector crises and financial crises, and are categorized into financial, banking, foreign debt, currency/currency, and stock market crises. Although there is more than one definition of economic crisis, such crises generate economic instability in national economies, decrease growth rates, and negatively impact productivity. In addition, circumstances such as a declining GDP, rising inflation, and increasing unemployment are considered to be indicators of economic crises.The findings indicate that the amount of domestic and foreign debt increased before the 1994 economic crisis, decreased in the year of the economic crisis, and began to rise in 1995. The share of domestic debt in total debt decreased prior to the 1994 economic crisis and rose again following the economic crisis. Both internal and external debt burdens rose before and during the 1994 economic crisis and decreased in the post-crisis year.&nbsp;Before the 2001 economic crisis, the amount of domestic and foreign debt rose. In the year during the economic crisis, foreign borrowing decreased by about $5 billion and then rose again, and the amount of domestic debt increased from $58 billion to $99 billion. During and after the economic crisis, domestic borrowing remained flat and stable, whereas the share of external debt in total borrowing increased both before and after the 2001 crisis, decreasing in the year of the economic crisis. While the external debt burden increased before the 2001 crisis, the domestic debt burden remained constant. In the year during the economic crisis, both domestic and foreign debt burden increased significantly, and after the economic crisis, both internal and external debt burden declined.Before the 2008 global financial crisis and during the crisis year, the amount of domestic and foreign debt rose, and external debt rose again in the following year, although it was lower than the previous amount. Before 2008, the share of external debt in total debt increased, and remained stable following the crisis. Before the 2008 crisis and during the crisis year, the share of domestic and foreign debt in GDP declined, rising in 2009, and fell again in the following year.In summary, the three economic crisis years present similar trends, revealing that the amount of domestic and foreign debt rose prior to the crisis and the share of external debt in total borrowing also increased. Similar trends were not observed during the year of the economic crisis or in subsequent years. This may be related to the fact that the causes, dimensions, and results of the economic crises differ. It can be asserted that increases in domestic and foreign borrowing and in external debt in total borrowing are among the symptoms or causes of economic crises. As one of the identified symptoms or causes of economic crises is rising domestic and foreign borrowing, it is evident that borrowing was unsustainable in these years. For this reason, one strategic approach to avoid economic crises is to ensure and protection of the stability and sustainability of debts.

Türkiye’de 1980 Sonrası Yaşanan Ekonomik Krizler ile İç-Dış Borçlanma İlişkisi

Emrullah

Res. Assist.

Murat

Prof.

Budgets are political texts instrumental in the implementation of government policies and for holding the status of a law approved by the legislature. Simultaneously, budgets are an instrument of economic policy because of their effects on economic activities. Budgets are the way political parties fulfill their promises to maximize their votes. Voters, who reveal their political preferences through voting, want to know how governments spend their public revenues. The acceleration of the democratization process increases the demand for transparency in public decision-making processes. That demand brings the concept of budget transparency to the fore. The expansion in the scope of the economic activities of the public sector is another factor that highlights the importance of budget transparency.Transparency and accountability are concepts that interact with each other. The transparency of the budgetary process is essential because it makes the state accountable to society. Simultaneously, budget transparency is necessary to avoid the asymmetric information problem and prevent corruption. Additionally, the public’s participation in the budgeting process is essential. Such participation by the public will increase the demand for transparency and accountability. This study aims to examine the situation of budget transparency in the world in general and Turkey specifically within the framework of current research. Based on this study, the paper will put forward suggestions for increasing budget transparency. In this context, the results of the Open Budget Survey, implemented by the International Budget Partnership organization in cooperation with local nongovernmental organizations, were analyzed and evaluated.The economic problems caused by insufficient budget transparency and the increasing perception of corruption have caused the level of budget transparency to be questioned in Turkey and many other countries. In response to these developments, especially since the beginning of the 2000s, Turkey’s efforts to increase budget transparency have started to rise. As the result of these efforts, the Public Financial Management and Control Law No. 5018, an essential reform in public financial management and budget transparency, emerged in 2003.Soon after the beginning of this century, with the increasing importance of budgetary transparency, studies on how to ensure and monitor budget transparency have increased. According to the 2019 results of the Open Budget Survey conducted by the International Budget Partnership in cooperation with the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV) since 2006, Turkey is a country that provides limited information on budget transparency. According to the relevant results, Turkey’s budget transparency score is 51. This score is 7 points lower than that from the previous survey period, 2017. The publication of the Citizen Budget Guide was effective in increasing Turkey’s budget transparency score in 2017. However, the continuation of the change in the institutional structure brought about by the new governmental system may have been influential in the decline in 2019. Additionally, the global average budget transparency score in 2019 was 45.In addition to budget transparency, the Open Budget Survey measures budget oversight and the public’s participation in the budget process. Since there is no public participation in the budget process in Turkey, the relevant score of Turkey is 0, according to the 2019 survey. However, according to the 2019 survey, the budget oversight score is 56. This score demonstrates that the Turkish Court of Accounts’ control over the budget is limited. The ability to audit and overall authority of the Turkish Court&nbsp;of Accounts over both the central and local government budgets should be increased to ensure full budgetary transparency.Finally, the authors anticipate that the increase in budget transparency will also increase the public’s overall trust in and the predictability of public institutions. Any increase in budgetary transparency will indirectly contribute to economic stability and improve the quality of economic decisions. Successively, the political authorities will decide at the final stage the extent to which there will be any budget transparency. Political authorities may use the limited transparency of the budget as a choice to prevent the budget processes from being questioned. This situation causes efforts to increase budget transparency to be beneficial to the extent that political authorities allow.&nbsp;

Bütçe Şeffaflığı ve Türkiye

In Turkey, insurance premium incentives are an essential active employment policy tool with a wild range of applications. Hence, the number of insurance premium incentive regulations currently in effect has reached 17. These incentives basically have main purposes such as protecting the existing employment of the workplaces and preventing unemployment, providing additional employment, encouraging entrepreneurship, increasing the employment of young, women and those with vocational certificates, and employment of disadvantaged groups. It has also served other purposes such as ensuring that employers fully fulfill their social security obligations, preventing unregistered employment and fake insurance, preventing work accidents, supporting occupational health and safety services, supporting specific initiatives such as research, development, and design activities, as well as cultural investments. However, it also emerged as an essential fiscal and social policy tool besides being an effective employment policy tool.It is essential for the success of insurance premium incentives that incentive arrangements are applicable, not dispersed, and the targeted segment and financial source are determined correctly. Therefore, the nature of the insurance premium incentive must be determined correctly and appropriate remedies created. Thus, in determining the nature of these incentives, two concepts emerge as public and premium expenditures. Most insurance premium incentives applied in Turkey are like economic or social transfer expenditure, which is a type of public expenditure, as it does not reduce the budget of the relevant social security institution and is financed by other ministries/institutions. Consequently, work accident incentives, national mobilization (additional employment) incentives, and incentives to support work and social security services can be qualified as premium expenditures since they reduce the premium income of the relevant social security administration.The significance of insurance premium incentives in terms of protection, growth, and sustainability of employment is undeniable. However, failure to properly design these incentives and the emergence of challenges in implementation can result in both failure to meet the targeted objectives and waste of public resources. Thus, it is vital to monitor insurance premium incentives, periodically analyze their benefits, and discontinue the application of ineffective incentives. Nevertheless, it is impossible to compare or evaluate the effectiveness of complex incentive practices regulated by different laws in Turkey, where the implementers and supporters are diverse institutions. No structure ensures the coordination between the institutions that implement the incentives and institutions that provide the funds. Hence, the relationship between these institutions is limited to the transfer of funds from the&nbsp;budget. Therefore, it is considered that establishing an incentive coordination unit that will allow the collective monitoring and analysis of insurance premium incentives, reveal their effectiveness, and measure their performance, will be beneficial.In Turkey, most financing sources of insurance premium incentives are different ministries instead of the implementing social security administration, in other words, the incentives are public expenditures, and the research and follow-up of the efficiency of the incentives are seen as an unnecessary burden, leading to populist policies. Although the financing source of insurance premium incentives is not the Social Security Institution budget, which can be sustained with budget transfers, it can be handled positively, but it poses some challenges. Some of these challenges are that the Social Security Institution is excluded from the process, except for technical challenges, in the determination of incentive policies, statistical data is not shared with the public, and incentive legislation becomes dispersed and difficult to implement. In many incentives, it is seen that the source of financing is the unemployment insurance fund, whereas the unemployment insurance fund was established to provide financial support and job placement for certain periods and conditions, the unemployment insurance fund is exposed to criticism because it serves the purpose of reducing the financial burden of employers with insurance premium incentives. As a matter of fact, this situation causes insurance premium incentives to become a public expenditure and the amounts accumulated in the unemployment insurance fund to melt out of purpose. In this study, explanations were made regarding the determination of the nature of insurance premium incentives applied in Turkey and the observed problems were shared. In addition, for the first time in an academic study in Turkey, the concept of premium expenditure was used and tried to be explained.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Türkiye’de Uygulanan Sigorta Prim  Teşviklerinin Niteliği Üzerine Bir Tartışma:  Kamu Harcaması mı, Prim Harcaması mı?

Mustafa

Assist. Prof.

The effect of fiscal policy on economic growth is frequently discussed in the literature-; it is thought to have bipolar structure in which public intervention affects growth either positively or negatively. Turkey’s financial structure has undergone various changes in its fiscal policy to be integrated with global developments. When Turkey moved away from global integration, there were crises (i.e., such as the crises occurring in 1994, 1998, 2001, and 2008). Many changes in fiscal policy were made to avoid the negative effects of these crises. Perhaps the most important decisions were made to ensure fiscal discipline after the 2001 crisis. In Turkey, a substitution relationship emerges between the private and public sectors in times of crisis. After the contraction of demand during the crisis periods, the public sector follows non-cyclical fiscal policy in terms of expenditures and investment policy.This study examines the short- and long-term effects of public expenditure and income components on economic growth in Turkey in the period of 1999-2019 using the autoregressive distributed lag error correction (ARDL-ECM) model. Investment and borrowing issues will be discussed in terms of public expenditures and revenues. The 1999-2019 period was chosen for this study due to data constraints. The reason for choosing the ARDL-ECM method is to analyze the econometric conditions in the data and the short- and long term coefficients between the variables.In theory, the efficiency of investment in public capital significantly affects the public capital stock. However, the -investment-growth relationship expresses how an increase in public investment is translated into more public capital and higher private capital productivity, resulting in greater economic growth (Gurara et al., 2019). The higher the rate of return on public capital, the greater the impact of increased public capital on gross domestic product (GDP). Therefore, the rate of return on public capital may result in higher output and positively affect the investment-growth relationship. However, marginal public investment can lead to lower GDP growth, especially in low-productivity countries. Ultimately, the effect of productivity on the investment-growth link is unclear (Berg et al., 2018, p. 28). Therefore, one way of assessing the public investment/debt relationship in countries is to look for higher GDP growth than public investment growth. To finance the increase in public investments, governments have to borrow domestic and foreign debt. To avoid large increases in the debt level, the government must make fiscal adjustments. These include public revenue generation (tax or non-tax revenues) and public spending cuts (public consumption and transfer cuts). However, the uncontrolled increase in debt accumulation may increase the vulnerabilities of countries arising from exchange rate risk (Kumar et al., 2019, p. 3-5). The theoretical structure also differs according to the effects of fiscal policy on economic growth, according to the countries’ public revenues, debt stock, and public expenditure efficiency. This difference in the theoretical structure is also seen in the quantitative studies in the literature.&nbsp;This study examines the effect of fiscal policy on economic growth in Turkey by examining the effect of the components of public revenue and expenditures on GDP growth in Turkey between 1999 and 2019 were examined. ARDL-ECM method was used to estimate the short- and long-term coefficients of the effects of the variables on growth. According to the findings of the study, a one-unit increase in tax revenues, non-tax ordinary incomes, factor incomes, and social funds affects economic growth by 4.90, -0.71, 3.64, and 0.63 units, respectively. In terms of public expenditures, current expenditures and transfer expenditures affect 2.41 and -1.85, respectively. According to another finding, the deviation from a short-term balance in terms of public revenues is approximately 1.6; In terms of public expenditures, it reaches a long-term balance by improving in 3.33 years. On the other hand, the longterm effect of public investment expenditures on economic growth was statistically insignificant.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Türkiye’de Maliye Politikalarının Büyüme,  Harcama ve Gelir İlişkisi: ARDL-ECM Modeli

Arzu

The Privacy Right of Legal Person Taxpayer

İlhan

Stress, the most common disease of the current era, has affected many people of all ages. Stress, encountered at every stage of life, causes physical and psychological disease. Today, human life, subject to constant change, creates psychological and economic pressure on those struggling to keep up with the changes, which results in stress.Every person suffers unique causes and symptoms of stress. For some, any given situation is normal and ordinary, while for others, the same situation can be a cause of stress. Of course, some situations can be shown as a common cause of stress for virtually everyone who experiences them.When we examine the factors that cause stress in working life, we see that one of the most important features of the job, among all environmental and physical factors, is the relationship between employees and their motivation. As a consequence of stress, many psychological and physical diseases occur in people, negatively affecting their performance in the working environment and causing behavioral disorders.Although stress is often experienced as a negative, it can also act as a stimulant and stimulate important human responses in situations of difficulty and change. While healthy anxiety may increase the ability to work, excessive pressure and strain can be distressing and cause loss of motivation and deterioration of health.When dealing with stress, there are no common methods of analysis that will apply to everyone. Every individual has a clear tolerable level of exposure to stress. Therefore, individuals should endeavor to find and implement methods suitable for their own lives and take their stress management into their own hands.In this study, we investigated their sources of stress and how they coped with that stress. In this descriptive case study with a qualitative holistic single-case design, the authors created semi-structured open-ended problem sentences and conducted recorded interviews with the participants. The data obtained from the interviews and accompanying document review were first coded and themes determined between these codes. The researcher then interpreted the findings obtained as a result of the themes.As a result of the interviews performed in this study, the authors concluded that annual periodic in-service training should be given to financial affairs employees or during process changes. Such training would enable these personnel to progress more confidently and carry out their work with fewer errors. Even though they are in different faculties, these employees often strive to overcome their ongoing problems by communicating with one another in a team spirit. In addition, the authors found that the number of qualified personnel desiring to work in this field in faculties is very low due to the acknowledged stressful work environment in the field of financial affairs.It is clearly impossible to eliminate stress completely. However, employees should attempt to maintain their stress at the lowest level possible in their particular situation and the conditions of their job. Further, they should aim to learn effective coping methods for stress and try to minimize the negative effects of stress on their work life. It is difficult to eliminate the factors that cause stress in business life but managing them is possible. People are not necessarily affected in similar ways by the stress they experience because of differences in their character. Nonetheless, the data argue that some stress is essential to maintain and increase the quality of an individual’s work.Based on the research findings, the authors make the following suggestions: (1) In order to reduce the stress of financial affairs employees resulting from the imposition of administrative fines, an additional compensation payment might be made in their salaries. (2) The acceptable margin of error in the work of this personnel could be minimized by providing a calmer and better equipped environment to reduce distraction by improving the working environment. (3) The number of trained financial affairs employees should be increased. (4) Faculty administration should regularly communicate with financial affairs personnel and support them in obtaining information about the various transactions to better understand these employees and the work performed by them.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Üniversite Fakültelerinde İdari Mali İşler Biriminde Çalışan Personelin Yaşadığı İş Stresi

Feride

Not all income segments of the society are equally affected by the pandemic. The inequality of income distribution worldwide, between regions and on a national basis, has become increasingly evident during the pandemic. This article discusses the effect of the injustice in income distribution on accessing housing opportunities. In every country, regardless of its development level, the homeless, those living in slums and crowded houses, refugees, workers, precarious workers, the unemployed, those who cannot pay their mortgages, etc. are more severely affected by the pandemic. In addition, they face problems in accessing housing opportunities. Having access to a house where one can stay safe is an important factor in protecting oneself from the virus and reducing the risk of transmission during the pandemic.The legal ground for safe housing has been developed within the framework of the right to shelter so that everyone has access to a house where they can live in healthy conditions. This right is enshrined in the constitutions of 69 countries, the United Nations (UN) Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Conventions, and European Union documents. The declarations of the UN conferences titled HABITAT are among the current documents on housing policies in the international arena.When we look at the historical development of housing, the general trend shows that housing has been commodified as a financialization tool and has now become an investment tool rather than a place to live. However, we can see a deviation from this trend in the period of the Socialist Bloc, when housing policies were applied widely as a policy of the welfare states. In the face of the extraordinary increase in housing prices during the pandemic, recommendations on evacuation bans for protecting the right to housing against the commodification process, stopping the rent increases, protecting the homeless, preventing real estate from turning into an investment tool more unfairly than in normal times, etc. are presented. However, the rate of evacuations experienced while the pandemic was still in progress shows that the recommendations in question did not find many places in implementation. In the countries where these policies were implemented, these policies have caused deficits in the budgets, and it is estimated that the financing of these deficits will disrupt the income distribution.The last section of this article discusses the possibilities of providing housing through social housing as part of longer-term strategies. Although there are different applications on a country basis, there are two basic elements in the definition of social housing: the amount of housing and the condition and quality of social housing are affected by political decision-making processes, and they are allocated to individuals without any profit motive. Social housing practices vary from country to country. Accordingly, social housing can be offered to a small audience, or it can be open to the use of every member of society. Social housing policies can be formulated by regional governments, local governments, housing cooperative associations, national governments, or for-profit organizations. Financing of social housing is realized through rental income, borrowing from the owner of the house, or publicly provided debts, subsidies, guaranties, and tax deductions.Today, social housing policies are also affected by policies aimed at narrowing the public sector in&nbsp;general, and as a common feature added to the differences in country practices, it is emphasized that social housing policies are becoming increasingly private-sector driven. In this context, the already worn-out social housing stock, which is a result of the reduction of funds for social policy, is decreasing due to the lack of renovations and the inability to produce new ones, resulting from the decrease in public investments. The existing stock of social housing is privatized, and therefore, it becomes a policy tool that can serve only smaller target groups. The role of the private sector in the financing of social housing, which is a purely political choice, is increasing not only in investments but also in financing investment. All these developments in the current stage of capitalism show that social policy cannot offer housing opportunities for everyone and that social housing policies remain a promise that only politically presents the right to housing.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Pandemide Barınma

Salim

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

Gülsema

Sevda

Since the start of the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the 18th century, continual technological developments have increased the use of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. This situation has led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and the onset of global warming. In order to limit and/or reduce the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, many conventions and protocols have been prepared, in particular the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Climate Accords. As one of the most important initiatives for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the Paris Climate Accords aim to limit the increase in global average temperatures to below 2°C, keeping it as close as possible to 1.5°C. However, achieving these targets will require a great deal of effort, as the amount of carbon emissions the atmosphere can absorb without leading to excessive global warming is limited.In this framework, the balance between the amount of carbon emissions released into the atmosphere and the carbon sinks that absorb these emissions has brought the concept of a global carbon budget to the agenda. The income portion of the concept of a carbon budget, which is calculated using the income–expense balance metaphor for the financial budget, consists of the emissions arising from fossil fuels, industry, and land-use change, while the expenses portion consists of atmospheric growth, ocean sinks, land sinks, and cement carbonation. The carbon budget deficit that emerges in this context is the amount that carbon sinks (i.e., budget expenditures) are unable to absorb from the carbon emissions (i.e., budget revenue). Therefore, implementing a global carbon budget that has more carbon sinks than the amount of emissions going to the atmosphere will assist in staying below the 1.5°C-2°C temperatures increase limit detailed in the Paris Climate Accords.The literature on the global carbon budget generally suggests policies for reducing carbon emissions and examines the distribution of the carbon budget among countries, as well as the importance of the budget’s components and its harmony with the Paris Climate Accords. However, studies are also found stating that the sources that make up the global carbon budget are essentially uncertain, and therefore the carbon budget may be uncertain and inconsistent. Thus far, no studies are reported in the literature to have examined the global carbon budget specific to Turkiye. Therefore, this study is expected to contribute to the literature in this way.This study evaluates the greenhouse gas reduction scenarios that are created through the possible policies Turkiye can implement within the framework of the Paris Climate Accords as well as Turkiye’s share of the global carbon budget. Turkiye’s carbon emissions began to increase through industrialization in the 1990s. This increase continued in the 2000s, but decreased in 2001 and 2008 due to the effects from financial crises. This increase in the number of emissions continued in the following years; despite decreasing in 2019–2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Turkiye’s contribution to the global carbon budget has increased. After the pandemic, production was increased to eliminate its negative effects on the economy, and widespread forest fires in the summer of 2021 resulted in Turkiye’s land sinks being reduced.Turkiye has committed to a 21% reduction in its greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, as per the scope of the Paris Climate Accords. In accordance with this, four different emission forecasting scenarios compatible with the 1.5°C limit detailed in the Paris Agreement have been prepared within the scope of this study for the 1990-2050 period. These four can be categorized as: 1.5°C Paris Agreement compatible, almost sufficient, insufficient, and highly insufficient. If Turkiye can implement a reduction scenario that is compatible with the 1.5°C limit stated in Paris Agreement, Turkiye will be seen to be converging with its zero emissions target at the end of the period. However, even in the case of an application that is compatible with the almost sufficient scenario, greenhouse gas emissions are predicted to decrease and be able to approach the level of emissions from 1990. This scenario shows that Turkiye is able to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions with the right policies and effective decarbonization roadmap.&nbsp;

Türkiye’nin Küresel Karbon Bütçesindeki Payı:  Öngörü Senaryoları ile Bir Değerlendirme

Osman

One of the focal points regarding the developments and ongoing debates in macroeconomic theory and policy after the 1990s is the Taylor rule, which provides the relationship between interest and the inflation-output gap, and the policy practices this rule puts forth. Various monetary policy reaction models have been developed that examine the relation ships among production, inflation, and interest rates in economic theory. Taylor (1993) suggested that the Central Banks responsible for monetary policy should change short-term interest rates in the same direction as the difference between the actual inflation-output gap and the targeted inflation rate, with this view later being called the Taylor rule. The Taylor rule allows a central bank to use the short-term interest rate as a monetary policy tool and is more generally based on ensuring sustainable economic growth and price stability (Taylor, 1996). Taylor (1993) introduced this rule specifically to the US Federal Reserve (FED), and since then it has become a widely used and discussed model in other countries’ economies.When looking at the interest rate practices in Turkiye, market interest rates pre-1980s are seen to have been determined by the political authority. In the 1980s, interest rates were occasionally left to market forces, and after 1989, they were completely left to market forces. As the monetary authority, the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkiye (CBRT) initiated an inflation targeting strategy in 2002, and used short-term interest rates as the main policy instrument when applying the inflation targeting regime.The aim of this study is to develop an opinion on whether Taylor’s rule is valid for the Turkish economy. This study aims to test Taylor’s rule based on a data set of the Turkish economy and a time series analysis and has been organized as follows. The introduction provides the theoretical background regarding the Taylor rule. The second section presents summaries of some studies on the subject. The third section defines the model, the data set, and the econometric methods used in the study and discusses the empirical findings. The last section evaluates the empirical findings.In order to determine at what level the central bank should set policy rates within the framework of the Taylor rule, the study discusses the Turkish economy within the scope of quarterly data for the period 2003 Q3-2019 Q4. For this purpose, the study uses the variables of nominal interest rate (𝑖𝑡 ), inflation gap (p𝑡 −p𝑡 ∗ ), and output gap (𝑦𝑡 −𝑦𝑡 ∗ ) by taking the traditional Taylor rule equation as a reference. Model 1 takes the deposit interest rate (12-month average) as the short-term nominal interest rate. The difference between the consumer price index (CPI, or actual inflation) and the targeted inflation data announced by the CBRT (i.e., expected inflation) is used to define the inflation gap, and the industrial production index (IPI) is used to represent GDP for the output gap. The output gap is obtained by subtracting the potential series obtained by applying the Hodrick-Prescott filter from the available series. IPI and CPI series are seasonally adjusted usingthe X12 procedure. Next, the study representsthe logarithmic interest rate as LFAIZ, inflation gap as INFLATION, and logarithmic production gap as LGDP. The data set for the three variables used in the study was compiled from the CBRT Electronic Data Delivery System. The vector autoregressive (VAR) models preferred in this study are among the standard analysis tools forexaminingthe dynamic relationships between macroeconomic variables and are used extensively in applied econometrics (Lovrinovic&amp;Benazic, 2004, p. 30). VAR is applied when the variables used in the macroeconomic models are not known for certain to be purely exogenous or not. The VAR approach was developed by Sims (1980) and examines all the selected variables together in a system integrity without imposing any restrictions on the structural model.&nbsp;The study first examined whether the series are stationary or not with the help of both the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests. Under the traditional Taylor rule, the interest rate is expected to react positively to increases in the inflation-production gap. When examining the impulse-response functions, the policy interest rate is seen to react negatively to the inflation gap and positively to shocks in the production gap. On the other hand, variance decomposition results show 5% of the variance inthe interest rate to beexplained by the inflation gap at the end of the 10 year period; 8% of the variance was also explained by deviations in the output gap. These empirical findings indicate the traditional Taylor rule to not be valid for the case of Turkiye, with the changes in the interest rate being due to production gap deviations rather than the inflation gap. This situation can be interpreted as the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkiye needing to consider the production gap rather than the inflation gap when making interest rate adjustments. The central bank, whose main objective is to establish price stability, is believed to take into account fluctuations in inflation when formulating its interest policy, which may have positive effects on the general course of the economy.&nbsp;

Taylor Kuralının Türkiye Örneğinde Tahmini

Rabia

The shadow economy is defined as activities that contribute to the officially calculated but unrecorded gross domestic product (GDP) (Schneider &amp; Enste, 2000). Many causes exist for the shadow economy. While some of these causes decrease the size of the shadow economy, others are able to increase its size. When looking at the causes of the shadow economy, they can be listed as being economic, political, social, psychological, cultural, legal, and administrative, among others. This study emphasizes financial development, which is seen as one of the causes of the shadow economy, and reveals the relationship between the two empirically.Financial development has a shrinking effect on the shadow economy. Increases in financial development facilitate the follow-up of economic activities. The shadow economy generally operates with cash, which is preferred because keeping track of cash is difficult and keeping cash is easier compared to other prohibited goods. Increases in financial development also decrease the use of cash, with various other methods being able to be used in place of cash. This will facilitates monitoring the flow of money through various means.The main function of the financial system is the transfer of funds from savers to companies and individuals. Financial development not only helps savings to change hands but also operationalizes various functions. It facilitates the exchange of goods and services and also provides resource allocation and organizational control. These both are the factors that increase economic growth while reducing the shadow economy. Firms and individuals will have to operate in the formal sector to take advantage of financial development, which will then reduce the shadow economy. They get encouraged to operate in the formal economy due to financial development. Therefore, a negative relationship exists between financial development and the shadow economy.Studies in the literature have found a negative relationship between the shadow economy and financial development, stating that increases in financial development decrease the shadow economy. When examining these studies, they are seen to generally use panel data analysis (Ajide, 2021; Bayar, &amp; Özturk, 2016; Berdiev, &amp; Saunoris, 2016; Bose, Capasso, &amp; Wurm, 2012; Canh, &amp; Thanh, 2020; Capasso, &amp; Jappelli, 2013; Gharleghi, &amp; Jahanshahi, 2020; Gobbi, &amp; Zizza, 2007; Khan, Abdul Hamid, &amp; Rehman, 2021; Njangang, Nembot, &amp; Ngameni, 2020). This study presents the relationship between financial development and the shadow economy by considering the example of Turkey. The study uses indices involving financial development, financial markets, and financial institutions to represent financial development and the shadow economy forecast data revealed by Elgin et al. (2020) for representing data on the shadow economy. The study covers the years 1990-2017 and also uses the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root, Fourier ADF unit root, and Fourier Todo-Yamamoto causality tests.As a result of the findings, a causal relationship has been found between the shadow economy and financial markets. The direction of causality has been found to go from financial markets to the shadow economy. With regard to the analyzed period, the shadow economy has been affected by the movements of financial markets. Under favorable financial markets conditions, firms and individuals can diversify their savings and increase their earnings. As a result of the effective and smooth operation of financial markets, the income obtained from the formal economy may exceed the income obtained from the shadow economy. Effective financial markets encourage firms, and individuals tend toward a formal economy. While struggling with the shadow economy, the relationship between financial development and the shadow economy should be considered. Economies that have more developed financial systems see both stimulation regarding economic growth as well as a decline in the shadow economy.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Kayıtdışı Ekonomi ve Finansal Gelişme  Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği

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İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Maliye Araştırma Merkezi yayımı olan Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi - Journal of Public Finance Studies, açık erişimli, hakemli, yılda iki kere Mayıs ve Kasım aylarında yayımlanan, uluslararası bilimsel bir dergidir. 1955 yılında kurulmuştur. Derginin ismi 2020 yılında Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi – Journal of Public Finance Studies olarak değiştirilmiştir. Derginin önceki ismi  Maliye Araştırma Merkezi Konferansları’dır (ISSN: 1304-0251).
Dergiye yayımlanması için gönderilen bilimsel makaleler Türkçe ya da İngilizce olmalıdır.

Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi - Journal of Public Finance Studies, maliye, kamu ekonomisi ve kamu kesiminin çeşitli sorunları hakkında teorik ve uygulamalı araştırmalar yayımlamayı ve bilimsel bilginin gelişimine katkı sunan uluslararası bir platform sağlamayı amaçlar.

Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi’nin kapsamını kamu maliyesi, kamu ekonomisi, kamu politikası, maliye politikası, kamu bütçesi, davranışsal maliye, vergileme ve ilişkili konular oluşturur. Derginin hedef kitlesini akademisyenler, araştırmacılar, profesyoneller, öğrenciler ve ilgili mesleki, akademik kurum ve kuruluşlar oluşturur.

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Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi - Journal of Public Finance Studies, maliye, kamu ekonomisi ve kamu kesiminin çeşitli sorunları hakkında teorik ve uygulamalı araştırmalar yayımlamayı ve bilimsel bilginin gelişimine katkı sunan uluslararası bir platform sağlamayı amaçlar.Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi’nin kapsamını kamu maliyesi, kamu ekonomisi, kamu politikası, maliye politikası, kamu bütçesi, davranışsal maliye, vergileme ve ilişkili konular oluşturur. Derginin hedef kitlesini akademisyenler, araştırmacılar, profesyoneller, öğrenciler ve ilgili mesleki, akademik kurum ve kuruluşlar oluşturur.

Amaç ve Kapsam

<a href="https://doaj.org/toc/2757-6728?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22filtered%22%3A%7B%22filter%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A%7B%22index.issn.exact%22%3A%5B%222757-6728%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22query%22%3A%7B%22match_all%22%3A%7B%7D%7D%7D%7D%2C%22size%22%3A100%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22created_date%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22_source%22%3A%7B%7D%7D" target="_blank">DOAJ</a>ProQuest CentralEBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) ve World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak COPE ve ICJME yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi-Journal of Public Finance Studies, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) ve World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.<ul><li>Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.</li><li>Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.</li><li>Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.</li><li>Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.</li><li>İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.</li></ul>

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5F22F3EC6CAF4ED6A6A8413CE9D9A7BE" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formunda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir.Ön değerlendirmeyi geçen yazılar iThenticate intihal tarama programından geçirilir. İntihal incelemesinden sonra, uygun makaleler Editör tarafından orijinaliteleri, metodolojileri, makalede ele alınan konunun önemi ve derginin kapsamına uygunluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Editör, gönderilen makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.- Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?- Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?- Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?- Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?- Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?- Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDergide Türkçe, İngilizce makaleler yayımlanır. Gönderilen makalelerde makale dilinde öz, İngilizce öz ve İngilizce geniş özet olmalıdır. Ancak makale İngilizce ise, İngilizce geniş özet istenmez.Yazıların Hazırlanması ve Yazım KurallarıAksi belirtilmedikçe gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılacaktır. Makale gönderimi online olarak <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jpfs" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jpfs</a> sayfasından erişilen <a href="http://dergipark.gov.tr/login" target="_blank">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a> üzerinden yapılmalıdır. Gönderilen yazılar, makale türünü belirten ve makaleyle ilgili detayları içeren (bkz: Son Kontrol Listesi) <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/EF423919F5A644509CA7C08C8C031AE0" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a>; yazının elektronik formunu içeren Microsoft Word 2003 ve üzerindeki versiyonları ile yazılmış elektronik dosya ve tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5F22F3EC6CAF4ED6A6A8413CE9D9A7BE" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir.1. Çalışmalar, A4 boyutundaki kağıdın bir yüzüne, üst, alt, sağ ve sol taraftan 2,5 cm. boşluk bırakılarak, 10 punto Times New Roman harf karakterleriyle ve 1,5 satır aralık ölçüsü ile hazılanmalıdır. Ana makale dosyası, çift taraflı kör hakemlik gereği yazar bilgilerini içermemelidir.2. Yayımlanmak üzere gönderilen makale ile birlikte yazar bilgilerini içeren <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/EF423919F5A644509CA7C08C8C031AE0" target="_blank">kapak sayfası</a> gönderilmelidir. Kapak sayfasında, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş numaraları ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).3. Giriş bölümünden önce 180-200 sözcük arasında çalışmanın kapsamını, amacını, ulaşılan sonuçları ve kullanılan yöntemi kaydeden Türkçe ve İngilizce öz ile 600-800 kelimelik İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. Çalışmanın İngilizce başlığı İngilizce özün üzerinde yer almalıdır. İngilizce ve Türkçe özlerin altında çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden 5 İngilizce, 5 Türkçe anahtar kelime yer almalıdır. İngilizce genişletilmiş özet İngilizce olmayan makaleler için zorunludur.4. Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: Başlık, Türkçe öz ve anahtar kelimeler; yabancı dilde başlık, İngilizce öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce genişletilmiş özet, ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.5. Araştırma makalelerinde bölümler şu şekilde olmalıdır: “GİRİŞ”, “AMAÇ VE YÖNTEM”, “BULGULAR”, “TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ”, ”SON NOTLAR” “KAYNAKLAR” ve “TABLOLAR VE ŞEKİLLER”. Derleme ve yorum yazıları için ise, çalışmanın öneminin belirtildiği, sorunsal ve amacın somutlaştırıldığı “GİRİŞ” bölümünün ardından diğer bölümler gelmeli ve çalışma “TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ”, ”SON NOTLAR”, “KAYNAKLAR” ve “TABLOLAR VE ŞEKİLLER” şeklinde bitirilmelidir.6. Çalışmanın başında yer alan giriş bölümü “1. Giriş” şeklinde belirtilmelidir. Gönderilen çalışmalarda sorunsalın betimlendiği ve çalışmanın öneminin belirtildiği tüm bölüm ve alt bölümler numaralandırılmalıdır. Bu düzenlemede, bölümler sırasıyla 1,2,3,4 şeklinde numaralanırken, alt bölümler ve onların da altındakiler için 1.1., 1.2., 2.1., 2.2., ve 1.1.1., 1.2.1, 1.2.2., 2.1.1., 2.1.2 gibi birden çok haneli şekilde olmalıdır.7. Çalışmalarda tablo, grafik ve şekil gibi göstergeler numaralandırılarak, tanımlayıcı bir başlık ile birlikte verilmelidir.8. Referanslar derginin benimsediği American Psychological Association (APA) 6 stiline uygun olarak hazırlanmalıdır.9. Kurallar dâhilinde dergimize yayımlanmak üzere gönderilen çalışmaların her türlü sorumluluğu ve çalışmada geçen görüşler yazar/yazarlarına aittir.

Yazım Kuralları

İstanbul Üniversitesi Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi, metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. edisyonunu benimser. APA 6. edisyon hakkında bilgi için:- American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.- <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org/</a>Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar aşağıdaki örneklerdeki gibi gösterilmelidir. Metin İçinde Kaynak GöstermeKaynaklar metinde parantez içinde yazarların soyadı ve yayım tarihi yazılarak belirtilmelidir.Birden fazla kaynak gösterilecekse kaynaklar arasında (;) işareti kullanılmalıdır. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Örnekler: Birden fazla kaynak; (Esin ve ark., 2002, s. 43; Karasar 1995, s. 197-198)Tek yazarlı kaynak; (Akyolcu, 2007, s. 62)İki yazarlı kaynak; (Sayıner ve Demirci 2007, s. 72)Üç, dört ve beş yazarlı kaynak; Metin içinde ilk kullanımda: (Ailen, Ciambrune ve Welch 2000, s. 12–13) Metin içinde tekrarlayan kullanımlarda: (Ailen ve ark., 2000)Altı ve daha çok yazarlı kaynak; (Çavdar ve ark., 2003, s. 34)Kaynaklar Bölümünde Kaynak Gösterme Kullanılan tüm kaynaklar metnin sonunda ayrı bir bölüm halinde yazar soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak numaralandırılmadan verilmelidir. Kaynak yazımı ile ilgili örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir.Kitapa) Türkçe Kitap Karasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). Ankara: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd. b) Türkçeye Çevrilmiş Kitap Mucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. c) Editörlü Kitap Ören, T., Üney, T. ve Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık. d) Çok Yazarlı Türkçe Kitap Tonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. ve Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Ankara: Total Bilişim. e) İngilizce Kitap Kamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. f) İngilizce Kitap İçerisinde Bölüm Bassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. g) Türkçe Kitap İçerisinde Bölüm Erkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Bursa: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Yayımcının ve Yazarın Kurum Olduğu Yayım Türk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Makalea) Türkçe Makale Mutlu, B. ve Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182. b) İngilizce Makale de Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002 c) Yediden Fazla Yazarlı Makale Lal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184</a> d) DOI’si Olmayan Online Edinilmiş Makale Al, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Erişim adresi: <a href="http://www.tk.org.tr/" target="_blank">http://www.tk.org.tr/</a> e) DOI’si Olan Makale Turner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910</a> f) Advance Online Olarak Yayımlanmış Makale Smith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867</a> g) Popüler Dergi Makalesi Semercioğlu, C. (2015, Haziran). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39. Tez, Sunum, Bildiri a) Türkçe Tezler Sarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. b)Ticari Veritabanında Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans Ya da Doktora Tezi Van Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI No. 9943436) c) Kurumsal Veritabanında Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora Tezi Yaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portali d) Web’de Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora Tezi Tonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora Tezi Appelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica-tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428. f) Sempozyum Katkısı Krinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B. &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at American Psychological Association meeting, Orlando, FL. g) Online Olarak Erişilen Konferans Bildiri Özeti Çınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Öz]. Akademik Bilişim Konferansında sunulan bildiri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir. Erişim adresi: http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27 h) Düzenli Olarak Online Yayımlanan Bildiriler Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105 i) Kitap Şeklinde Yayımlanan Bildiriler Schneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140). Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0 j) Kongre Bildirisi Çepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. X. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Bolu Diğer Kaynaklara) Gazete Yazısı Toker, Ç. (2015, 26 Haziran). ‘Unutma’ notları. Cumhuriyet, s. 13. b) Online Gazete Yazısı Tamer, M. (2015, 26 Haziran). E-ticaret hamle yapmak için tüketiciyi bekliyor. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.milliyet c) Web Page/Blog Post Bordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/ d) Online Ansiklopedi/Sözlük Bilgi mimarisi. (2014, 20 Aralık). Vikipedi içinde. Erişim adresi: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisi Marcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/ e) Podcast Radyo ODTÜ (Yapımcı). (2015, 13 Nisan). Modern sabahlar [Podcast]. Erişim adresi: http://www.radyoodtu.com.tr/ f) Bir Televizyon Dizisinden Tek Bir Bölüm Shore, D. (Senarist), Jackson, M. (Senarist) ve Bookstaver, S. (Yönetmen). (2012). Runaways [Televizyon dizisi bölümü]. D. Shore (Baş yapımcı), House M.D. içinde. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting. g) Müzik Kaydı Say, F. (2009). Galata Kulesi. İstanbul senfonisi [CD] içinde. İstanbul: Ak Müzik. Yukarıda sıralanan koşulları yerine getirmemiş çalışma kabul edilmez, eksiklerinin tamamlanması için yazara iade edilir. Yayım Komisyonu tarafından kabul edilen yazılar basıma kabul sırasına göre yayımlanır. Baskı tashihleri yazarlar tarafından yapılır.

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:<ul type="disc"> <li>Makalenin türünün belirtilmiş olduğu</li> <li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu</li> <li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi varsa, bunun belirtildiği</li> <li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li> <li>Referansların derginin benimsediği APA 6 edisyonuna uygun olarak düzenlendiği</li> <li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li> </ul>● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5F22F3EC6CAF4ED6A6A8413CE9D9A7BE" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>● Daha önce basılmış materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/481FF55077164CF6AB5AD7D093ECD3B6" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a><ul type="disc"> <li>Makalenin kategorisi</li> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi), e-posta adresleri</li> <li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li> <li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li> <li>Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> </ul>● Makale ana metni<ul type="disc"> <li>Önemli: Ana metinde yazarın / yazarların kimlik bilgilerinin yer almamış olması gerekir.</li> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Öz: 180-200 kelime</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5 adet makale dilinde ve 5 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce geniş özet: 600-800 kelime (İngilizce olmayan makaleler için)</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> <li>Başlıkların doğru numaralandırılması</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5F22F3EC6CAF4ED6A6A8413CE9D9A7BE" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5B9AF08DDDEB46A28A5F861ACE422A0B" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/3FB24BF0483C4CDEAC57D482ADD687E2" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a></li></ul>

Sayı Türü	Regular
Tarih	27.04.2022
Editör(ler)	Salim Ateş Oktar
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