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DOI :10.26650/SP2021-899771   IUP :10.26650/SP2021-899771    Tam Metin (PDF)

Pandemide Yas: Dini ve Kültürel Ritüellerini Yerine Getiremeyen Bireylerin Deneyimleri

Eylül Ceren Hekimoğlu, Münevver Zuhal Bilik, Sultan Berfin Uçurum, İrem Erten, Demet Can

COVID-19 pandemisi nedeniyle birçok kayıp yaşanmış ve artan ölüm sayıları nedeniyle pandemiyi kontrol edebilmek için çeşitli kısıtlamalar ve karantinalar ilan edilmiştir. Bu kısıtlamalar ve karantinalar nedeniyle bireyler günlük ve sosyal yaşamlarında birçok değişiklikle karşılaşırken yaşadıkları kayıp sonrasında gerçekleştirdikleri dini ve kültürel ritüelleri de yerine getirememişlerdir. Alanyazında kişilerin yaşadıkları kaybın ardından gerçekleştirmek istedikleri dini ve kültürel ritüelleri gerçekleştirmelerinin, kişilerin yas sürecinde olumlu bir etkiye sahip olduğu ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda bu araştırma, COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde Türk toplumunda COVID-19 nedeniyle kayıp yaşayan ancak kısıtlamalar nedeniyle dini ve kültürel ritüelleri yerine getiremeyen bireylerin bu süreci nasıl deneyimlediklerini araştırmaktadır. Bu amaçla bireylerin öznel deneyimlerinin anlaşılabilmesi için 45-65 yaş arasında, son bir yıl içerisinde COVID-19 nedeniyle bir yakınını kaybetmiş dört katılımcı ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmış ve bu görüşmeler Yorumlayıcı Fenomenolojik Analiz yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Analizin sonucunda beş üst tema oluşturulmuştur: Ritüellerin eksikliğinde olumsuz duygular, Yas sürecini kolaylaştırması açısından ritüellere yapılan atıflar, Kayıpla baş etme yöntemleri, Gerçekleşmeyen ritüellerin telafisi ve Yasaklara rağmen: Ritüelleri gerçekleştirebilmek. Bu temalar Lacanyen psikanalitik bakış açısı ile simgesel, imgesel ve gerçek kavramları bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. Simgesel düzlem özne için dil, kültür ve sosyal ortam olarak tanımlanırken imgesel düzlem öznenin içsel dünyalarında gerçeği anlamlandırdıkları düzlem olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu nedenle dini ve kültürel ritüellerin toplumsal, kültürel ve sosyal işlevi de göz önünde bulundurulduğunda katılımcıların yas sürecinde kayıplarını adlandırma ve kabul etme konusunda simgesel anlamda bir eksiklik yaşadıkları ve kaybı imgesel düzlemde anlamlandırmaya çalıştıkları düşünülmüştür. Bu bağlamda katılımcıların geliştirdikleri alternatif telafi yöntemleri kültürde ve toplumsal düzende, başka bir deyişle simgeselde kendilerine yer bulma çabası olarak yorumlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19, kayıp, yas, ritüeller, Lacanyen Psikanalitik Yaklaşım, simgesel
DOI :10.26650/SP2021-899771   IUP :10.26650/SP2021-899771    Tam Metin (PDF)

Grief During the Pandemic: The Experiences of Individuals Unable to Fulfill Their Religious and Cultural Rituals

Eylül Ceren Hekimoğlu, Münevver Zuhal Bilik, Sultan Berfin Uçurum, İrem Erten, Demet Can

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to many deaths worldwide. Various restrictions and quarantines have been declared to control the number of deaths from the pandemic. Individuals have faced many changes in their daily and social lives due to these restrictions and quarantines. They have also been unable to fulfill their religious and cultural rituals following the experienced losses. The literature has discussed how performing religious and cultural rituals after a loss positively affects the mourning process. This research investigates how individuals in Turkish society who’ve suffered from loss due to COVID-19 during the pandemic but were unable to fulfill their religious and cultural rituals because of restrictions had experienced this process. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with four participants between the ages of 45-65 who’d lost a relative due to COVID-19 in the last year. The interviews were analyzed using the interpretive phenomenological analysis. As a result, five major themes were created: negative emotions in the absence of rituals, attributions to rituals with respect to facilitating mourning, mechanisms for coping with loss, compensation for unfulfilled rituals, and being able to perform rituals despite restrictions. These themes have been interpreted from the Lacanian psychoanalytic perspective in the context of symbolic, imaginary, and real concepts. While the symbolic register involves the language, culture, and social environment, the imaginary involves the register in which the subject makes sense of reality in their inner world. Therefore, when considering the societal and cultural function of religious and cultural rituals, the participants had experienced a symbolic inadequacy in naming and accepting their loss. Instead, they tried to make sense of loss in the imaginary register while mourning. The alternative compensation methods the participants developed were interpreted as an effort to find a place for themselves in culture and society (i.e., in the symbolic order).

Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19, loss, mourning, rituals, Lacanian psychoanalytic approach, symbolic

GENİŞLETİLMİŞ ÖZET


That individuals show various physical and emotional reactions in the face of death is considered normal, and this process is considered a part of mourning. Mourning affects every aspect of an individual’s life and is evaluated in social and individual contexts as a multifaceted process. People’s reactions to loss can range the full spectrum from calm acceptance to pathology. Religious and cultural rituals are essential for allowing an individual to prevent mourning from evolving into a pathological process. Individuals who face an uncontrollable event have been observed to be protected through rituals, and this enables the mourning process to be overcome more easily. For this reason, the literature on mourning and loss needs to be examined, especially with regard to situations in which people are unable to perform cultural and religious rituals after suffering a loss. One of these situations involves the COVID-19 pandemic.

Many deaths have occurred around the world as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The number of deaths has increased, and to control this result of the pandemic, a variety of restrictions and quarantines have been declared. The enacted restrictions and quarantines have interrupted people’s religious and cultural rituals following a loss. For this reason, this study aims to investigate how people have experienced loss under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, where religious and cultural rituals have been restricted.

Method

Within the aim of this research, semi-structured interviews have been conducted with four participants between the ages of 45-65. In addition to the participants’ age as a criterion for inclusion in the study, participants must have lost a relative within the past year due to COVID-19. Interpretative phenomenological analysis has been used to analyze the recorded and deciphered interviews. Superordinate and subordinate themes were formed as a result of the analysis.

Results

The first superordinate theme is negative emotions in the absence of rituals. In this superordinate theme, the participants expressed their feelings of sadness, helplessness, and anger toward not being able to perform the rituals in which they wanted to take part. The second superordinate theme is attributions to the rituals with respect to facilitating mourning and includes three sub-themes: Accepting loss, sharing pain, and fulfilling duty. In this superordinate theme, participants explained what they attribute to rituals. They expressed wanting to share the pain of the loss with their loved ones through rituals and to perform the rituals as a duty. Moreover, they claimed that they are not fully aware of their experiences of loss. Therefore, they thought they could not accept their loss and felt that their lost relative was still alive because they were unable to fulfill the religious and cultural rituals they wanted to perform following their loss. As a result, the interpretation was made that participants’ mourning process can be facilitated by performing rituals. The third superordinate theme of mechanisms for coping with loss has three sub-themes: idealizing loss, naming loss, and talking about loss. The participants tried to cope with their losses by idealizing, by trying to describe, and by talking about their losses. In the fourth superordinate theme of compensating for unfulfilled rituals, the participants stated trying to cope with their loss in various ways such as devaluing the rituals or using online channels to compensate for the unfulfilled rituals. The fifth and last superordinate theme is being able to perform rituals despite restrictions. While the participants stated that the quarantine had restricted their freedom and were thus unable to perform the rituals they wanted to perform, they expressed their desire to perform these rituals for the sake of violating the prohibitions. These five themes have been interpreted in the discussion section in light of the Lacanian psychoanalytic approach.

Discussion

The three essential concepts in Lacanian psychoanalytic theory are real, imaginary, and symbolic registers. According to Lacan, the real register corresponds to an area that cannot be expressed, understood, or symbolized, and the experienced loss is located in the real. According to Lacan, while the symbolic register can moreover be defined as the set of laws and rules that regulate the psychic structure of the subject, rituals therefore take place on the symbolic register. In this context, rituals can be said to have a symbolic function for the participants and help them make sense of their loss and thus accept the loss through symbolization. During the COVID-19 pandemic in particular, the legal decisions that were made can be said to have been dictated to individuals. Therefore, these decisions occur in the imaginary rather than the symbolic register. Moreover, rituals with a symbolic function were unable to be performed due to the restrictions. People who are unable to perform their rituals are also unable to transfer their loss located on the real register over to the symbolic register. Therefore, they experience intense emotions and try to compensate for the inadequacy of rituals in various ways. In this context, the current study points out the importance of the symbolic function, especially with regard to studies on loss and mourning. 


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APA

Hekimoğlu, E.C., Bilik, M.Z., Uçurum, S.B., Erten, İ., & Can, D. (2022). Pandemide Yas: Dini ve Kültürel Ritüellerini Yerine Getiremeyen Bireylerin Deneyimleri. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 42(2), 319-364. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2021-899771


AMA

Hekimoğlu E C, Bilik M Z, Uçurum S B, Erten İ, Can D. Pandemide Yas: Dini ve Kültürel Ritüellerini Yerine Getiremeyen Bireylerin Deneyimleri. Psikoloji Çalışmaları. 2022;42(2):319-364. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2021-899771


ABNT

Hekimoğlu, E.C.; Bilik, M.Z.; Uçurum, S.B.; Erten, İ.; Can, D. Pandemide Yas: Dini ve Kültürel Ritüellerini Yerine Getiremeyen Bireylerin Deneyimleri. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, [Publisher Location], v. 42, n. 2, p. 319-364, 2022.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Hekimoğlu, Eylül Ceren, and Münevver Zuhal Bilik and Sultan Berfin Uçurum and İrem Erten and Demet Can. 2022. “Pandemide Yas: Dini ve Kültürel Ritüellerini Yerine Getiremeyen Bireylerin Deneyimleri.” Psikoloji Çalışmaları 42, no. 2: 319-364. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2021-899771


Chicago: Humanities Style

Hekimoğlu, Eylül Ceren, and Münevver Zuhal Bilik and Sultan Berfin Uçurum and İrem Erten and Demet Can. “Pandemide Yas: Dini ve Kültürel Ritüellerini Yerine Getiremeyen Bireylerin Deneyimleri.” Psikoloji Çalışmaları 42, no. 2 (Dec. 2023): 319-364. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2021-899771


Harvard: Australian Style

Hekimoğlu, EC & Bilik, MZ & Uçurum, SB & Erten, İ & Can, D 2022, 'Pandemide Yas: Dini ve Kültürel Ritüellerini Yerine Getiremeyen Bireylerin Deneyimleri', Psikoloji Çalışmaları, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 319-364, viewed 2 Dec. 2023, https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2021-899771


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Hekimoğlu, E.C. and Bilik, M.Z. and Uçurum, S.B. and Erten, İ. and Can, D. (2022) ‘Pandemide Yas: Dini ve Kültürel Ritüellerini Yerine Getiremeyen Bireylerin Deneyimleri’, Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 42(2), pp. 319-364. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2021-899771 (2 Dec. 2023).


MLA

Hekimoğlu, Eylül Ceren, and Münevver Zuhal Bilik and Sultan Berfin Uçurum and İrem Erten and Demet Can. “Pandemide Yas: Dini ve Kültürel Ritüellerini Yerine Getiremeyen Bireylerin Deneyimleri.” Psikoloji Çalışmaları, vol. 42, no. 2, 2022, pp. 319-364. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2021-899771


Vancouver

Hekimoğlu EC, Bilik MZ, Uçurum SB, Erten İ, Can D. Pandemide Yas: Dini ve Kültürel Ritüellerini Yerine Getiremeyen Bireylerin Deneyimleri. Psikoloji Çalışmaları [Internet]. 2 Dec. 2023 [cited 2 Dec. 2023];42(2):319-364. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2021-899771 doi: 10.26650/SP2021-899771


ISNAD

Hekimoğlu, EylülCeren - Bilik, MünevverZuhal - Uçurum, SultanBerfin - Erten, İrem - Can, Demet. “Pandemide Yas: Dini ve Kültürel Ritüellerini Yerine Getiremeyen Bireylerin Deneyimleri”. Psikoloji Çalışmaları 42/2 (Dec. 2023): 319-364. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2021-899771



ZAMAN ÇİZELGESİ


Gönderim19.03.2021
Kabul29.04.2022
Çevrimiçi Yayınlanma09.08.2022

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