References

• 1. Chawla, L.S.; Bellomo, R.; Bihorac, A.; Goldstein, S.L.; Siew, E.D.; Bagshaw, S.M.; Bittleman, D.; Cruz, D.; Endre, Z.; Fitzgerald, R.L.; et al. Acute Kidney Disease and Renal Recovery: Consensus Report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 16 Work group. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 2017, 13, 241-257. google scholar
• 2. Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, et al. Acute renal failure - definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. CritCare 2004;8(4):R204-12. google scholar
• 3. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acutekidneyinjury. CritCare 2007;11(2):R31. google scholar
• 4. Ali T, Khan I, Simpson W, et al. Incidence and outcomes in acute kidney injury: a comprehensive popula-tion-basedstudy. J AmSocNephrol 2007; 18: 1292-1298. google scholar
• 5. Kellum, J. A., Lameire, N., Aspelin, P., Barsoum, R. S., Burdmann, E. A., Goldstein, S. L., ... &Uchino, S. (2012). Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) acute kidney injury working group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney international supplements, 2(1), 1-138. google scholar
• 6. Thakar CV, Christianson A, Freyberg R, et al. Incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in intensive care units: a Veterans Administration study. CritCareMed 2009; 37: 2552-2558. google scholar
• 7. Joannidis M, Metnitz B, Bauer P, et al. Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients classified by AKIN versus RIFLE using the SAPS 3 database. IntensiveCareMed 2009; 35: 1692-1702. google scholar
• 8. Ostermann M, Chang RW. Acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit accordingto RIFLE. CritCareMed 2007; 35: 1837-1843. google scholar
• 9. Rosner, M. H., & Bolton, W. K. (2006). Renal function testing. AmericanJournal of KidneyDiseases, 47(1), 174-183. google scholar
• 10. Swedko, P. J., Clark, H. D., Paramsothy, K., &Akbari, A. (2003). Serum creatinine is an inadequate scre-ening test for renal failure in elderly patients. Archives of internalmedicine, 163(3), 356-360. google scholar
• 11. Levin, A., Stevens, P. E., Bilous, R. W., Coresh, J., De Francisco, A. L., De Jong, P. E., ... &Winearls, C. G. (2013). KidneyDisease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD WorkGroup. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney international supplements, 3(1), 1-150. google scholar
• 12. Hallan, S.I., Gansevoort, R.T., 2013. Moderator’s view: estimation of glomerular filtration rate - the past, present andf uture. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 28, 1404-1406. google scholar
• 13. Glassock, Richard J., and Andrew D. Rule. “The implications of anatomical and functional changes of the aging kidney: with an emphasis on theglomeruli.” Kidney international 82.3 (2012): 270-277. google scholar
• 14. Schaeffner ES, Ebert N, Delanaye P, Frei U, Gaedeke J, Jakob O, Kuhlmann MK, Schuchardt M, Tölle M, Ziebig R, van der Giet M, Martus P: Two Novel Equations to Estimate Kidney Function in Persons Aged 70 Years or Older. Annals of InternalMedicine2012;157:471-481. google scholar
• 15. Bolignano, D., Mattace-Raso, F., Sijbrands, E. J., &Zoccali, C. (2014). The aging kidney revisited: a sys-tematic review. Ageing research reviews, 14, 65-80. google scholar
• 16. Coca SG, Yalavarthy R, Concato J, et al. Biomarkers for the diagnosis and risk stratification of acute kidney injury: a systematic review. KidneyInt 2008;73(9): 1008-16. google scholar
• 17. Waikar SS, Bonventre JV. Biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Nephron Clin Pract 2008;109(4):c192-7. 46. google scholar
• 18. AfC, L. (2020). profile of olderAmericans. US department of healthandhumanservices. google scholar
• 19. Martin, N., Beach, D., &Gil, J. (2014). Ageing as developmental decay: insights from p16INK4a. Trends in molecularmedicine, 20(12), 667-674. google scholar
• 20. TÜİK, 2018. Nüfus Projeksiyonları,2025-2080. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/ google scholar
• 21. Hsu CY, Chertow GM, McCulloch CE, Fan D, Ordonez JD, Go AS: Nonrecovery of kidney function and death after acute on chronic renal failure. Clin J AmSocNephrol 2009;4: 891-898 google scholar
• 22. Bellomo, R., Kellum, J. A., &Ronco, C. (2012). Acute kidney injury. The Lancet, 380(9843), 756-766. google scholar
• 23. Saran, R., Robinson, B., Abbott, K. C., Agodoa, L. Y., Albertus, P., Ayanian, J., ... &Shahinian, V. (2017). US renal data system 2016 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Ame-rican journal of kidney diseases, 69(3), A7-A8. google scholar
• 24. Chao, C. T., Lin, Y. F., Tsai, H. B., Wu, V. C., &Ko, W. J. (2013). Acute kidney injury network staging in geriatric postoperative acute kidney injury patients: shortcomingsandimprovements. Journal of theAmeri-can College of Surgeons, 217(2), 240-250. google scholar
• 25. Schmitt, R., Coca, S., Kanbay, M., Tinetti, M. E., Cantley, L. G., &Parikh, C. R. (2008). Recovery of kid-neyfunctionafteracutekidneyinjury in theelderly: a systematicreviewand meta-analysis. AmericanJournal of KidneyDiseases, 52(2), 262-271. google scholar
• 26. Wald, R., Quinn, R. R., Luo, J., Li, P., Scales, D. C., Mamdani, M. Met al. University of Toronto Acute Kidney Injury Research Group. (2009). Chronic dialysis and death among survivors of acute kidney injury requiring dialysis. Jama, 302(11), 1179-1185. google scholar
• 27. Macedo, E., Bouchard, J., & Mehta, R. L. (2008). Renal recovery following acut ekidney injury. Current opinion in criticalcare, 14(6), 660-665. google scholar
• 28. Infante, B., Franzin, R., Madio, D., Calvaruso, M., Maiorano, A., Sangregorio, F., ... &Stallone, G. (2020). Molecular mechanisms of AKI in the elderly: from animal models to therapeutic intervention. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(8), 2574. google scholar
• 29. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, Manzi J, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van LF, Levey AS: Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA 2007;298:2038-2047. google scholar
• 30. Long, D.A.; Mu, W.; Price, K.L.; Johnson, R.J. Blood Vessels and the Aging Kidney. Nephron. Exp. Neph-rol. 2005, 101, 95-99 google scholar
• 31. Zappitelli, M. Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury. Semin. Nephrol. 2008, 28, 436446 google scholar
• 32. Hoste, E.A.J.; Kellum, J.A.; Selby, N.M.; Zarbock, A.; Palevsky, P.M.; Bagshaw, S.M.; Goldstein, S.L.; Cerda, J.; Chawla, L.S. Global EpidemiologyandOutcomes of AcuteKidneyInjury. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 2018, 14, 607-625 google scholar
• 33. Yokota, L.G.; Sampaio, B.M.; Rocha, E.P.; Balbi, A.L.; SousaPrado, I.R.; Ponce, D. AcuteKidneyInjury in ElderlyPatients: NarrativeReview on Incidence, Risk Factors, andMortality. Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis. 2018, 11, 217-224 google scholar
• 34. Silva, F.G. Theagingkidney: A review—Part I. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 2005; 37:185-205. google scholar
• 35. Bax, L., van der Fraaf, Y., Rabelink, A.J., Algra, A., Beutler, J.J., Mali, W.P.; SMART StudyGroup. Influen-ce of atherosclerosis on age-related changes in renal size and function. Eur. J. Clin. Invest 2003; 22:34-40. google scholar
• 36. Newbold KM, Sandison A, Howie AJ: Comparison of size of juxtamedullary and outer corti-cal glomeruli in normal adult kidney. VirchowsArch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 420: 127-129, 1992pmid:1549901 google scholar
• 37. Nyengaard JR, Bendtsen TF: Glomerular number and size in relation to age, kidney weight, and body surface in normal man. Anat Rec 232: 194-201, 1992 mid:1546799) google scholar
• 38. Jeffrey BH, Joseph GO, Mary T, Stephanie S, Kevin PH, Sanjay A. Hazzard’sGeriatric Medicine and Gerontology. 6th ed. USA: McGrawHill; 2009. google scholar
• 39. Rowe J, Andres R, Tobin J, Norris AH, Shock NW. The effect of age on creatinine clearance in men: A crosssectional and longitudinal study. J Gerontol 1976; 31: 155-63. google scholar
• 40. A. Denic, J.C. Lieske, H.A. Chakkera, E.D. Poggio, M.P. Alexander, P. Singh, W.K. Kremers, L.O. Ler-man, A.D. RuleThesubstantialloss of nephrons in healthy human kidneys with aging J. Am. Soc. Neph-rol., 28 (2017), pp. 313-320 . google scholar
• 41. Davies D, Shock N. Age changes in glomerularfiltration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and tubula rexcretory capacity in adultmales. J Clin Invest 1950; 29: 496-507. google scholar
• 42. Hill GS, Heudes D, Jacquot C, Gauthier E, Bariety J: Morphometric evidence for impairment of renal autoregulation in advanced essential hypertension. KidneyInt2006;69:823-831. google scholar
• 43. Hollenberg NK, Adams DF, olomon HS, Rashid ABDU, Abrams HL, Merrill JP: Senescence and the Renal Vasculature in Normal Man. CircRes 1974;34:309-316. google scholar
• 44. O’Sullivan, E. D., Hughes, J., &Ferenbach, D. A. (2017). Renal aging: causes and consequences. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 28(2), 407-420. google scholar
• 45. Rosner, M. H. (2009). Acute kidney injury in the elderly: pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. Aging Health, 5(5), 635-646. google scholar
• 46. Chronopoulos, A.; Cruz, D.N.; Ronco, C. Hospital-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury in the Elderly. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 2010, 6, 141-149 google scholar
• 47. Mooradian, A.D. Evidence-Based Management of Diabetes in OlderAdults. DrugsAging 2018, 35, 10651078. google scholar
• 48. Da Silveira Santos, C.G.; Romani, R.F.; Benvenutti, R.; RibasZahdi, J.O.; Riella, M.C.; Mazza do Nasci-mento, M. Acute Kidney Injury in Elderly Population: A Prospective Observational Study. Nephron 2018, 138, 104-112. google scholar
• 49. Shah, B.R.; Hux, J.E. Quantifyingthe Risk of Infectious Diseases for People with Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003, 26, 510-513 google scholar
• 50. Davison, B.A.; Metra, M.; Cotter, G.; Massie, B.M.; Cleland, J.G.F.; Dittrich, H.C.; Edwards, C.; Filip-patos, G.; Givertz, M.M.; Greenberg, B.; et al. Worsening Heart Failure Following Admission for Acute Heart Failure: A Pooled Analysis of the PROTECT and RELAX-AHF Studies. JACC Heart Fail. 2015, 3, 395-403 google scholar
• 51. Shirakabe, A.; Hata, N.; Kobayashi, N.; Okazaki, H.; Matsushita, M.; Shibata, Y.; Uchiyama, S.; Sawatani, T.; Asai, K.; Shimizu, W. Worsening Renal Failure in Patients with Acute Heart Failure: The Importance of Cardiac Biomarkers. ESC Heart Fail. 2019, 6, 416-427. google scholar
• 52. Feest TG, Round A, Hamad S (1993) Incidence of severe acute renal failure in adults: results of a commu-nity based study. BrMed J 306:481-483 google scholar
• 53. Cheung CM, Ponnusamy A, Anderton JG (2008) Management of acute renal failure in the elderly patient: a clinician’s guide. Drugs Aging 25:455-476 google scholar
• 54. Aymanns C, Keller F, Maus S, Hartmann B, Czock D (2010) Review on pharmacokinetics and pharmaco dynamics and the aging kidney. Clin J Am So cNephrol 5:314-327 google scholar
• 55. Chao, C.-T.; Tsai, H.-B.; Wu, C.-Y.; Lin, Y.-F.; Hsu, N.-C.; Chen, J.-S.; Hung, K.-Y. Cumulative Cardio-vascular Polypharmacy Is Associated With the Risk of Acute Kidney Injury in Elderly Patients. Medicine 2015, 94, e1251. google scholar
• 56. Mallappallil, M.; Sabu, J.; Friedman, E.A.; Salifu, M. What Do We Know about Opioids and the Kidney? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 223. google scholar
• 57. Chau, D.L.; Walker, V.; Pai, L.; Cho, L.M. Opiates and Elderly: Use and Side Effects. Clin. Interv. Aging 2008, 3, 273-278. google scholar
• 58. Heyman, S.N.; Rosenberger, C.; Rosen, S. Regional Alterations in Renal Haemodynamics and Oxygena-tion: A Role in Contrast Medium-Induced Nephropathy. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2005, 20 (Suppl. S1), i6-i11. google scholar
• 59. Bagshaw, S.M.; Uchino, S.; Bellomo, R.; Morimatsu, H.; Morgera, S.; Schetz, M.; Tan, I.; Bouman, C.; Macedo, E.; Gibney, N.; et al. Septic Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007, 2, 431-439. google scholar
• 60. Valentijn, F.A.; Falke, L.L.; Nguyen, T.Q.; Goldschmeding, R. Cellular Senescence in the Aging and Di-seased Kidney. J. Cell Commun. Signal. 2018, 12, 69-82 google scholar
• 61. Rosner, M. H., La Manna, G., &Ronco, C. (2018). Acute kidney injury in the geriatric population. In Acute Kidne yInjury-Basic Research and Clinical Practice (Vol. 193, pp. 149-160). KargerPublishers. google scholar
• 62. Waikar SS, Bonventre JV: Creatinine kinetics and the definition of acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:672-679. google scholar
• 63. Soni, S.S.; Cruz, D.; Bobek, I.; Chionh, C.Y.; Nalesso, F.; Lentini, P.; de Cal, M.; Corradi, V.; Virzi, G.; Ronco, C. NGAL: A Biomarker of Acute Kidney Injury and Other Systemic Conditions. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 2010, 42, 141-150. google scholar
• 64. Shlipak, M.G.; Sarnak, M.J.; Katz, R.; Fried, L.F.; Seliger, S.L.; Newman, A.B.; Siscovick, D.S.; Steh-man-Breen, C. Cystatin C and the Risk of Death and Cardiovascular Events among Elderly Persons. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 352, 2049-2060. google scholar
• 65. Parikh, C.R.; Abraham, E.; Ancukiewicz, M.; Edelstein, C.L. Urine IL-18 Is an Early Diagnostic Marker for Acute Kidney Injury and Predicts Mortality in the Intensive Care Unit. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2005, 16, 3046-3052. google scholar
• 66. Siew, E.D.; Ware, L.B.; Gebretsadik, T.; Shintani, A.; Moons, K.G.M.; Wickersham, N.; Bossert, F.; Ikiz-ler, T.A. Urine Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Moderately Predicts Acute Kidney Injury in Critically ill Adults. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2009, 20, 1823-1832. google scholar
• 67. Han, W.K.; Wagener, G.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, S.; Lee, H.T. Urinary Biomarkers in the Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury after Cardiac Surgery. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2009, 4, 873-882. google scholar
• 68. Park, H.S.; Kim, J.W.; Lee, K.R.; Hong, D.Y.; Park, S.O.; Kim, S.Y.; Kim, J.Y.; Han, S.K. Urinary Neut-rophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin as a Biomarker of Acut eKidneyInjury in Sepsis Patients in the Emergency Department. Clin. Chim. Acta 2019, 495, 552-555. google scholar
• 69. Khwaja, A. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Acute Kidney Injury. Nephron. Clin. Pract. 2012, 120, c179-c184. google scholar
• 70. Fiaccadori, E.; Regolisti, G.; Cademartiri, C.; Cabassi, A.; Picetti, E.; Barbagallo, M.; Gherli, T.; Cas-tellano, G.; Morabito, S.; Maggiore, U. Efficacy and Safety of a Citrate-Based Protocol for Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis in AKI Using Standard Dialysis Equipment. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2013, 8, 1670-1678. google scholar
• 71. Uchino, S.; Kellum, J.A.; Bellomo, R.; Doig, G.S.; Morimatsu, H.; Morgera, S.; Schetz, M.; Tan, I.; Bouman, C.; Macedo, E.; et al. Acute Renal Failure in Critically Ill Patients: A Multinational, Multicenter Study. JAMA 2005, 294, 813-818. google scholar
• 72. Pascual, J.; Liano, F.; Ortuno, J. The Elderly Patient with Acute Renal Failure. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1995, 6, 144-153. google scholar
• 73. Bagshaw, S.M.; Laupland, K.B.; Doig, C.J.; Mortis, G.; Fick, G.H.; Mucenski, M.; Godinez-Luna, T.; Svenson, L.W.; Rosenal, T. PrognosisforLong-Term Survival and Renal Recovery in Critically Ill Patients with Severe Acute Renal Failure: A Population-Based Study. Crit. Care 2005, 9, R700-R709 google scholar
• 74. Li, Q.; Zhao, M.; Du, J.; Wang, X. Outcomes of Renal Function in Elderly Patients with Acute Kidney Injury. Clin. Interv. Aging 2017, 12, 153-160. google scholar
• 75. Bhandari S, Turney JH: Survivors of acute renal failure who do not recover renal function. QJM 1996;89:415-421. 55 google scholar
• 76. Schiffl H: Renal recovery from acute tubular necrosis requiring renal replacement therapy: a prospective study in critically ill patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:1248-1252. google scholar
• 77. Liano F, Felipe C, Tenorio MT, et al: Long term outcome of acute tubular necrosis: a contribution to its natural history. Kidney Int2007;71:679-686. google scholar
• 78. Schmitt R, Coca S, Kanbay M, Tinetti ME, Cantley LG, Parikh CR: Recovery of kidney function after acu-te kidney injury in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2008;52:262-271. google scholar
• 79. James, M.T.; Ghali, W.A.; Tonelli, M.; Faris, P.; Knudtson, M.L.; Pannu, N.; Klarenbach, S.W.; Manns, B.J.; Hemmelgarn, B.R. Acute Kidney Injury Following CoronaryAngiography Is Associated with a Long-Term Decline in Kidney Function. Kidney Int. 2010, 78, 803-809. google scholar