Follow-Up and Community Care of the Child With a Chronic Disease

EnglishTürkçe

CHAPTER


DOI :10.26650/B/CH32.2024.010.032   IUP :10.26650/B/CH32.2024.010.032    Full Text (PDF)

Follow-up and Community Care of the Child with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Esin Karakılıç Özturan, Şükran Poyrazoğlu

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by the inadequacy to meet the increased requirement of insulin secretion due to insulin resistance, resulting in a relative insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. Incidences of type 2 DM in childhood and adolescence periods has been gradually increasing in recent years. Therefore, type 2 DM screening is recommended in children and adolescents with obesity, who have one or more risk factors for diabetes (e.g., who have a family history of type 2 DM in a first- or second-degree relative, a mother with a history of gestational DM, or signs of the insulin resistance on physical examination or other condition related with insulin resistance, and are from an ethnic background with a high prevalence of type 2 DM) after the onset of puberty or 10 years of age (whichever is earlier). Prolonged exposure to diabetes-related metabolic abnormalities leads to more aggressive micro- and macro-vascular complications in the long term. Healthy nutrition and regular physical activities support the improvement in blood sugar control and weight loss in children and adolescents with obesity and type 2 DM. Healthy lifestyle changes should aim to affect all family members, and parents should be encouraged to support children during the school period for healthy behaviors and to contact relevant authorities for obesity prevention programs in schools. Additionally, limiting screen time improves sleep hygiene and helps weight loss. Patients and their families should be properly informed about emergencies, comorbidities, treatment followups, and possible side effects. Follow-ups should be aimed to increase treatment adherence by correctly defining and solving the problems, and answering questions.


Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, childhood, healthy nutrition, physical activity, diabetes follow-up
DOI :10.26650/B/CH32.2024.010.032   IUP :10.26650/B/CH32.2024.010.032    Full Text (PDF)

Ti̇p 2 Di̇abetes Melli̇tus Olan Çocuğun İzlemi̇ ve Toplumda Bakımı

Esin Karakılıç Özturan, Şükran Poyrazoğlu

Tip 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), insülin direncine bağlı olarak, artan insülin sekresyonu ihtiyacına yetersiz kalındığında ortaya çıkan göreceli bir insülin eksikliği ve hiperglisemi tablosudur. Çocukluk ve ergenlik çağında insidansı son yıllarda giderek artmaktadır. Bu nedenle obezitesi olan çocuk ve ergenlerde bir veya daha fazla risk faktörü (ailesinde birinci veya ikinci derece akrabasında tip 2 diabetes mellitus öyküsü olanlar, annesinde gestasyonel diyabet (GDM) öyküsü bulunanlar veya fizik muayenede insülin direnci belirtileri gösterenler, insülin direnci ile ilişkili olan ve tip 2 DM prevalansının yüksek olduğu etnik kökenden olmak gibi) bulunması durumunda 10 yaş veya ergenliğin başlangıcından itibaren (erken ergenlik mevcutsa) Tip 2 diabetes mellitus taraması önerilmektedir Diyabete bağlı metabolik anormalliklere uzun süreli maruziyet, mikro ve makrovasküler komplikasyonlara yol açmaktadır. Sağlıklı beslenme ve düzenli fiziksel aktivite; obezite ve Tip 2 diabetes mellitusü olan çocuk ve ergenlerde kan şekeri kontrolünde iyileşmeyi ve kilo vermeyi desteklemektedir. Sağlıklı yaşam önerilerinin tüm aile bireylerini kapsaması, okul döneminde ailelerin çocukları desteklemesi ve koruyucu programlar için ilgili kuruluşlarla iletişimin teşvik edilmesi hedeflenmelidir. Ek olarak ekran sürelerinin kısaltılması uyku hijyenini artırır ve kilo vermede yardımcı olur. Çocuklar ve aileler acil durumlar, komorbiditeler ve tedavi izlemleri ve gelişebilecek yan etkiler hakkında doğru bilgilendirilmeli, sorunların doğru tanımlanıp çözülerek, soruların ise cevaplanarak tedaviye uyumun artırılması amaçlanmalıdır. 


Keywords: Tip 2 diabetes mellitus, çocukluk çağı, sağlıklı beslenme, fiziksel aktivite, diyabet izlemi

References

  • 1. Druet C, Tubiana-Rufi N, Chevenne D, Rigal O, Polak M, Levy-Marchal C. Characterization of insulin secretion and resistance in type 2 diabetes of adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:401-4. google scholar
  • 2. Mayer-Davis EJ, Dabelea D, Lawrence JM. Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002-2012. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 301. google scholar
  • 3. Andes LJ, Cheng YJ, Rolka DB, Gregg EW, Imperatore G. Prevalence of prediabetes among adolescents and young adults in the United States, 2005-2016. JAMA Pediatr 2019: e194498. google scholar
  • 4. Zeitler P, Hirst K, Pyle L, Linder B, Copeland K, Arslanian S, et al. TODAY Study Group. A clinical trial to maintain glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 2247-56. google scholar
  • 5. Pinhas-Hamiel O, Zeitler P. Acute and chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. Lancet 2007; 369: 1823-31. google scholar
  • 6. American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care 2023;46: S19-40. google scholar
  • 7. Copeland KC, Zeitler P, Geffner M, Guandalini C, Higgins J, Hirst K, et al. Characteristics of adolescents and youth with recent-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY cohort at baseline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 159-67. google scholar
  • 8. Shah SA, Zeitler PS, Wong J, Pena AS, Wicklow B, Arslanian S, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatric Diabetes 2022; 23: 872-902. google scholar
  • 9. Nguyen TT, Keil MF, Russell DL, Pathomvanich A, Uwaifo GI, Sebring NG, et al. Relation of acanthosis nigricans to hyperinsulinemia and insulin sensitivity in overweight African American and white children. J Pediatr 2001; 138: 474 - 80. google scholar
  • 10. Dietz WH Jr, Gross WL, Kirkpatrick JA Jr. Blount disease (tibia vara): another skeletal disorder associated with childhood obesity. J Pediatr 1982; 101:735-7. google scholar
  • 11. Manoff EM, Banffy MB, Winell JJ. Relationship between body mass index and slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop 2005; 25: 744 -6. google scholar
  • 12. Mayer SB, Jeffreys AS, Olsen MK, McDuffie JR, Feinglos MN, Yancy WS Jr. Two diets with different haemoglobin A1c and antiglycaemic medication effects despite similar weight loss in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16: 90-3. google scholar
  • 13. National Centre for Immunisation Research & Surveillance (NCIRS) Fact sheet. Diabetes and vaccines 2009. Erişim: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.ncirs.org.au/sites/defa-ult/files/2018-12/diabetes-and-vaccines-fact-sheet.pdf. google scholar
  • 14. Chahal H, Fung C, Kuhle S, Veugelers PJ. Availability and night-time use of electronic entertainment and communication devices are associated with short sleep duration and obesity among Canadian children. Pediatr Obes 2013; 8: 42-51. google scholar
  • 15. Ash T, Taveras EM. Associations of short sleep duration with childhood obesity and weight gain: summary of a presentation to the National Academy of Science’s Roundtable on Obesity Solutions. Sleep Health 2017; 3:389-92. google scholar
  • 16. Barlow SE; Expert Committee. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics 2007;120: S164-92. google scholar
  • 17. Robinson TN. Reducing children’s television viewing to prevent obesity: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999; 282: 1561-7. google scholar
  • 18. Lane A, Harrison M, Murphy N. Screen time increases risk of overweight and obesity in active and inactive 9-year-old Irish children: a cross sectional analysis. J Phys Act Health 2014; 11: 985-91. google scholar
  • 19. Dabelea D, Rewers A, Stafford JM, Standiford DA, Lawrence JM, Saydah S, et al. Trends in the prevalence of ketoacidosis at diabetes diagnosis: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Pediatrics 2014; 133: 938-45. google scholar
  • 20. Glaser N, Fritsch M, Primyambada L, Rewers A, Cherubini V, Estrada S, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Pediatric Diabetes October 2022; 23: 835-56. google scholar
  • 21. Scarpello JHB. Optimal dosing strategies for maximizing the clinical response to metformin in type 2 diabetes. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2001; 1:28-36. google scholar
  • 22. El-Mir MY, Nogueira V, Fontaine E, Averet N, Rigoulet M, Leverve X. Dimethylbiguanide inhibits cell respiration via an indirect effect targeted on the respiratory chain complex I. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 223-8. google scholar
  • 23. Lacher M, Hermanns-Clausen M, Haeffner K, Brandis M, Pohl M. Severe metformin intoxication with lactic acidosis in an adolescent. Eur J Pediatr 2005; 164: 362-5. google scholar
  • 24. American Diabetes Association. 14. Children and adolescents: standards of medical care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care 2018; 46: S230-53. google scholar
  • 25. Singh AK, Kumar A, Karmakar D, Jha RK. Association of B12 deficiency and clinical neuropathy with metformin use in type 2 diabetes patients. J Postgrad Med 2013; 59: 253-7. google scholar
  • 26. Aditi Khokhar A, Umpaichitra V, Chin VL, Perez-Colon S. Metformin Use in Children and Adolescents with Prediabetes. Pediatr Clin North Am 2017; 64: 1341-53. google scholar
  • 27. Tamborlane WV, Barrientos-Perez M, Fainberg U, Frimer-Larsen H, Hafez M, Hale PM, Ellipse Trial Investigators et al. Liraglutide in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2019;381: 637-46. google scholar
  • 28. Akbay Pırıldar Ş. Dahiliye ve psikiyatri V. Diyabette Depresyon ve Anksiyete Bozuklukları, Birinci baskı, İstanbul, Okuyan Us Yayınları, 2003. google scholar
  • 29. Schwimmer JB, Burwinkle TM, Varni JW. Health-related quality of life of severely obese children and adolescents. JAMA 2003; 289: 1813-9. google scholar
  • 30. Gustafson TB, Sarwer DB. Childhood sexual abuse and obesity. Obes Rev 2004; 5: 129 -35. google scholar


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.