Effects of Microbiota on Human Health

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CHAPTER


DOI :10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.008   IUP :10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.008    Full Text (PDF)

Does It Affect Protective Immunity Against Microbiota, Vaccines and Pathogens?

Mustafa Oral Öncül, Zerrin Aktaş

Global immunization programmes prevent an estimated 2–3 million deaths per year and markedly reduce disease morbidity. Vaccines are administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously, orally or intradermally. An increasing number of studies is supporting the evidence that gut microbiota, along with other interplaying variables, is able to modulate both humoral and cellular responses to infection and vaccination. Some vaccines have been reported to exhibit poor immunogenicity and a limited capacity to induce mucosal and cell mediated immunity effects. It is difficult to group vaccines that exhibit poor immunogenicity because immune responses to vaccines can be affected by numerous factors. For example early life immune responses to vaccines have been reported to be characterized by age dependent limitations of the magnitude of the responseImmune responses to vaccination can vary among individuals in the human population. One factor associated with this vaccine response variation is the microbiota composition. The human gut microbiota is composed of trillions of commensal microorganisms that can impact host physiology by metabolizing dietary components and synthesizing multiple metabolites that interact with host cells, including immune cells.The gut microbial community develops during early life together with the most extensive collection of immune cells in the body, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, where they can influence the development of each other However, the effects of the microbiome on the immune system go beyond acting locally in the intestine. Bacterial fragments and metabolites can translocate across the intestinal barrier, entering the circulation and reaching distant organs, including the lungs, where they can influence immune cells.


Keywords: Microbiota, Microbial adjuvants, vaccine effectiveness, microbiota effect
DOI :10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.008   IUP :10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.008    Full Text (PDF)

Mi̇krobi̇yota, Aşılar ve Patojenlere Karşı Koruyucu Bağışıklığı Etki̇ler Mi̇?

Mustafa Oral Öncül, Zerrin Aktaş

Küresel aşılama programları yılda tahmini 2-3 milyon ölümü önlemekle birlikte, hastalık morbiditesini önemli ölçüde azaltmaktadır. Aşılar kas içine, deri altına, ağızdan veya deri içine uygulanır. Giderek artan sayıda çalışma, diğer etkileşimli değişkenlerle birlikte bağırsak mikrobiyotasının enfeksiyon ve aşılamaya karşı hem humoral hem de hücresel tepkileri modüle edebildiğine dair kanıtları desteklemektedir. Bazı aşıların zayıf immünojenite ve sınırlı mukozal ve hücre aracılı immünite etkilerini indükleme kapasitesi sergiledikleri rapor edilmiştir. Zayıf immünojenite sergileyen aşıları gruplandırmak zordur, çünkü aşılara karşı immün yanıtlar birçok faktörden etkilenmektedir. Örneğin, aşılara verilen erken yaşam bağışıklık yanıt tepkileri ve tepkinin büyüklüğünün yaşa bağlı sınırlamaları ile karakterize edildiği rapor edilmiştir. Aşılamaya karşı bağışıklık yanıtları, insan popülasyonundaki bireyler arasında farklılık gösterebilir. Bu aşı tepkisi değişimiyle ilişkili faktörlerden birisi mikrobiyota bileşimidir. İnsan bağırsağı mikrobiyotası, diyet bileşenlerini metabolize ederek ve bağışıklık hücreleri de dahil olmak üzere, konakçı hücrelerle etkileşime giren, çoklu metabolitleri sentezleyerek konakçı fizyolojisini etkileyebilen trilyonlarca ortakçı mikroorganizmadan oluşur. Bağırsak mikrobiyal topluluğu, yaşamın erken dönemlerinde en kapsamlı bağışıklık sistemi koleksiyonuyla birlikte gelişir ve vücuttaki hücreler, bağırsakla ilişkili lenfoid doku, birbirlerinin gelişimini etkilerler. Ayrıca mikrobiyomun bağışıklık sistemi üzerindeki etkileri, bağırsakta lokal yanıt olarak kalmasının ötesine geçer. Bakteri fragmentleri ve metabolitler bağırsak bariyerini geçerek dolaşıma girebilir ve bağışıklık hücrelerini etkileyebilecekleri akciğerler de dahil olmak üzere uzak organlara ulaşabilir.


Keywords: Mikrobiyota, Mikrobiyal adjuvanlar, aşı etkinliği, mikrobiyota etkisi

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