The Art-Sanat Journal is an international academic refereed e-journal that is published semi-annually. Original articles and studies in Archaeology, Art History, History of Architecture, Restoration-Conservation and other related areas are considered for publication.

Owner: Istanbul University Research Institute of Turkology (on behalf of Director of the Institution Prof. Dr. Ayşe Zişan Furat)
Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Dr. İbrahim Çeşmeli, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye

Co-Editor-in-Chief
Assist. Prof. Dr. Filiz Ferhatoğlu, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye
Assist. Prof. Dr. Harun Korkmaz, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye

English Language Editor
Assist. Prof. Dr. Filiz Ferhatoğlu, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye
Lecturer Berna Bayram, Kadir Has Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye
Lecturer Elizabeth Mary Earl, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye
Lecturer Kübra Bodur, İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye

Redaction
Assist. Prof. Dr. Filiz Ferhatoğlu, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye

Editorial Board Member
Prof. Dr. T. Engin Akyürek, Koç Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye
Dr. Abdulhamit Anarbaev, Özbekistan Cumhuriyeti Bilimler Akademisi, Taşkent, Özbekistan
Prof. Dr. Stavros Anestidis, Centre for Asia Minor Studies, Athens, Greece
Dr. Dorina Arapi, Universiteti Polis, Tirana, Albania
Dr. Sanna Aro Valjus, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Prof. Dr. Claudia Conforti, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
Prof. Dr. Şebnem Sedef Çokay Kepçe, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye
Prof. Kemal Kutgün Eyüpgiller, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye
Assist. Prof. Embiye Mehmet Kazımova, Şumnu Konstantin Preslavski University, Shumen, Bulgaria
Prof. Dr. Ufuk Kocabaş, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye
Prof. Dr. Marco Nocca, Roma Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi, Roma, İtalya
Prof. Dr. Agah Tarkan Okçuoğlu, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye
Prof. Dr. Nuran Kara Pilehvarian, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye
Dr. Abdusabir Raimkulov, Özbekistan Cumhuriyeti Bilimler Akademisi, Taşkent, Özbekistan
Prof. Dr. Uğur Tanyeli, İstinye Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye
Prof. Dr. Zaza Tsurtsumıa, King Tamar University, Tbilisi, Georgia
Prof. Nuriye Gülsün Umurtak, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye
Prof. Dr. Mehmet Üstünipek, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkiye
Prof. Dr. Giovanna Valenzano, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Prof. Dr. Mine Tanaç Zeren, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Izmir, Turkiye

The aim of Art-Sanat Journal is to support, publish and develop scientific studies related to the art, history of art, archaeology and other art fields of Turkish, Turkic communities and other communities related to Turkic communities.

Academic researches and publications on Archeology, History of Art, History of Architecture, Conservation-Restoration, Museology and performing arts about Turkish, Turkic communities and other communities related to Turkic communities.

Scopus

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO Art & Architecture Source

TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Index

DOAJ

Erih Plus

Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC)

Access to Mideast and Islamic Resources (AMIR)

International Medieval Bibliography (IMB)

SOBIAD Sosyal Bilimler Atıf Dizini

Akademik Araştırmalar Index (Acar index)

Arastirmax

JournalTOCs

ResearchBib

Türk Eğitim İndeksi (TEİ)

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing

The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.

Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.

Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication.

Plagiarism
Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%.

Double Blind Peer-Review
After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.

The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.



All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.


Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.

Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive.

The guidelines of COPE and ICJME are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.

Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (https://www.openarchives.org/). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Art-Sanat Journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing

All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.

All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.

All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.


The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.

-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.

-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.

-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.

-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.

-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.

-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.

-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.

-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.

-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.


It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.

All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the Copyright Agreement Form. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.

All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.

When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.


Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.

Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.

Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.

Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.

Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.

A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.

The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.


Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.

Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.

Short presentations that took place in scientific meetings can be referred if indicated in the article. The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims. Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors. Refused manuscripts and graphics are not returned to the author. The copyright of the published articles and pictures belong to the Journal.


Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.

Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.

Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.

Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.

Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.

A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.

The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.


Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.

Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.

The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Editor in chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.

Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.

- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?

- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?

- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?

- Are the methods described comprehensively?

- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?

- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?

- Is the language acceptable?

Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.

A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.

The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.


Writing Rules

Publication Principles and Writing Rules of Art-Sanat Journal

Art-Sanat Journal is an electronic journal with international academic referees which is published twice a year (January and July). In Art-Sanat Journal, published openly on DergiPark Open Journal Systems; only original, scientific and scholarly articles on Archeology, Art History, Architecture History, Conservation-Restoration, Museology and Performing Arts about Turks and communities related with Turks are accepted.

To contact, our e-mail address is art-sanat@istanbul.edu.tr. (Direct messaging on DergiPark site is inactive. If you have any inquiries, please send an e-mail to the aforementioned address.)

Our web pages are             https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/en/journal/art-sanat/home

                                               https://dergipark.org.tr/iuarts

The languages of Art-Sanat Journal are Turkish and English. The articles which are sent to the Journal are analyzed by the editor and the board of publishing, then forwarded to three academic referees and should at least two of them approve, they are then published. The writers of the articles are not disclosed to the referees.

Copyright:

All rights reserved by Art-Sanat Journal. The publication rights of the published articles belong to Art-Sanat Journal. The author has the legal and scientific responsibility for the contents of the articles. The visual materials (figures, photographs, pictures, drawings, plans, etc.) used in the articles should not be used without reference and the author has to obtain permission for the copyrighted material. The legal responsibility for these issues belongs to the authors. The sources for the visuals must certainly be openly stated and permission to use the copyrighted material must be obtained. In case a visual belong to the author, a statement in which the copyright belongs to the author is declared should be added under each visual.

The articles submitted for publication in the Art-Sanat Journal should neither have been published elsewhere nor have been submitted to another journal. The IThenticate (Plagiarism Prevention Program) is used to ensure plagiarism control for each submission.

If an article is based on an acheological excavation, the head of the excavation, the excavation team, the institution(s) that support the excavation and project code name/number or official permit date and number must be stated in the footnote section. If the article is written by someone else than the head of the excavation, the permit obtained from the head of the excavation must be uploaded to the system and also stated in the footnote section. If the article is about some artifacts that are displayed in a museum, the date and number of the official permit of the study obtained from the related museum directory must be stated in the footnote section. Any study about historical sites, such as ruins, requires an official permit from the public autorities and institutions involved.

General Information:

In case the article is generated using a master’s or doctorate thesis, an asterisk (*) should be added at the end of the article heading, then the details concerning the thesis’ author, name, in which university it was written, the names of the institution, department and the advisor must be stated in the footnote section.

If the article is supported by any project including BAP and funded financially from any source, after the “Conclusion” part, there must be a “Financial Support” section with the information about type and the code of the project, stating that the study received financial support.

As of 2020, “Permission from the Ethical Board” must be obtained and attached to the study if the article is written utilizing one or any combination of applications such as surveys, interviews, conversation, focus group study, observatios, experimenting etc.

The articles submitted to Art-Sanat Journal must be in Microsoft Word format.

Under the title of the article, the author's name and surname should be included. After the name of the author, the asterisk (*) should be used as a footnote sign and the job title, the institution and the e-mail address of the author and the submission date of the article should be specified at the bottom of the first page. ORCID number should also be written under the author’s name. Articles with multiple writers should include each author’s ORCID number. If you do not have an ORCID number please register: https://orcid.org/.

Articles should have Turkish and English titles, abstracts (150-200 words) and 3-5 keywords. 
After the English abstract, the Turkish articles should contain an English extended summary of 800-1000 words. The English articles should contain a Turkish extended summary of 800-1000 words.

The articles should consist of “Introduction”, numbered subheadings, “Conclusion” (Evaluation and Conclusion are two separate sections) and “Bibliography/References”. The visuals should be placed in a suitable way between paragraphs (F.1).

Each of the visual material must be in jpeg format with a resolution of at least 300 dpi (images with a poor image quality will not be used). For the visual materials used in the article, numbering should be done with the abbreviation bold F. (F.1., F.2., F.3., etc.). The description of the visual material should be specified below the material in parentheses. If visual material belongs to the author, it should be indicated.

Article should be written in Times New Roman, 12 pt., 1.5 line spacing, before 6NK-after 6NK spacing and both side justified. Footnotes should be written in Times New Roman, 10 pt., 1 line spacing and both side justified. Words that need to emphasized should be written in italic. The Quotations less than five lines should be written in quotation marks in the same paragraph and the quotations longer than five lines should be written separately 1 cm inside from left and right sides of page, blocked and in 8 pts. The article should not exceed 10.000 words, the visuals used in the article should not be more than the number of text pages and also maximum 25 images are allowed. The visuals which are directly related to the subject should be preferred with reference to comparison images. Images should be numbered in the text and used in the relevant place.

Reference Style and Format

Art-Sanat complies with Chicago Style of Manual 16th Edition for footnotes, referencing and quoting.

Authors who would send proposals to the journal are kindly invited to follow the examples given below when writing the footnotes and compiling the bibliography. These examples are borrowed from the Chicago Style of Manual (http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-1.html).

Further information and numerous examples about the “notes and bibliography” system are available at the 14th and 15th chapters of the Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition).

Examples:

FF first footnote, NF next/short footnotes, B bibliography

The Books (one author)

FF  Laurie Bauer, A Glossary of Morphology (Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 2004), 55.

NF Bauer, A Glossary of Morphology, 55.

B  Bauer, Laurie. A Glossary of Morphology. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 2004.

The Books (two authors)

FF   A. Nazarov Bakhtiyar and Denis Sinor, Essays on Uzbeks History, Culture and Language,  Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1993), 55.

NF   Bakhtiyar and Sinor, Essays on Uzbeks History, Culture and Language, 55.

B     Bakhtiyar,  A. Nazarov and Denis Sinor. Essays on Uzbeks History, Culture and Language. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1993.


The Books (Three authors)

FF E. R. Tenişev, A. M. Şçerbak and D. M. Nasilov, V.M Nadelyayev, Drevnetyurkskiy Slovar, XXXVIII, (Leningrad:  Leningradskoe Otdelenir, 1969), 60.

NF Tenişev, Şçerbak and Nasilov, Nadelyayev, Drevnetyurkskiy Slovar, 25.

Tenişev, E.R., A.M. Şçerbak and D.M. Nasilov, V.M Nadelyayev, Drevnetyurkskiy Slovar. XXXVIII. Leningrad:  Leningradskoe Otdelenir, 1969.

For four or more authors, each of them is cited in the bibliography, only the first author’s name is cited in footnotes and “et al.” is added next to it, which stands for “and the others”.

The abbreviation op. cit. which is used in some referencing styles is not used in the Chicago Style.

If there is an editor/translator in addition to the author

If there is an editör or a translator then one should cite it as “ed.” or “trans.” in footnotes; as for the bibliography “Edited by” or “Translated by”.

FF  Peter B. Golden, An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples, trans. Osman Karatay, (America: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1992), 36.

NF Golden, An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples, 36.

Golden, Peter B. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. Translated by Osman Karatay. America: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1992.

Volumes

FF  Robert Dankoff and James Kelley, Mahmûd al-Kashgarî, Compendium of the Turkic Dialects-Dîwân Lugât at-Turk, (Harvard: University Printing Office, 1985), 4: 100.

NF Robert Dankoff and James Kelley, Mahmûd al-Kashgarî, Compendium of the Turkic Dialects-Dîwân Lugât at-Turk, 4: 90.

B Dankoff, Robert and James Kelley, Mahmûd al-Kashgarî, Compendium of the Turkic Dialects-Dîwân Lugât at-Turk. 4 vols. Harvard: University Printing Office, 1985. 

A chapter/section in a book

FF Beatrice Forbes Manz, “Timur”, The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 90-120.

NF Manz, “Timur”, 90-120.

B Manz, Beatrice Forbes.  “Timur”, The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane, 90-120. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1989.

If the book is published in multiple formats, the one that is used is cited. URL is given for the online books that are cited. The access date can be added on prefence. If the page number is missing, either the title of chapter or another number can be added.  

FF Peter Golden, An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples (America: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1992), Accessed September 18, 2019.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281319978_An_Introduction_to_the_History_of_the_Turkic_Peoples

NF Golden, An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples, 206.

B Golden, Peter. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. America: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1992. Accessed September 18, 2019.  
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281319978_An_Introduction_to_the_History_of_the_Turkic_Peoples

Journal article, copyright

FF John E. Woods, “The Rise of Tīmūrid Historiography”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 46/2 (1987), 81-108.

NF Woods, “The Rise of Tīmūrid Historiography”, 81-108.

Woods, John E. “The Rise of Tīmūrid Historiography”,  Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 46/2 (1987), 81-108.

Journal article, translation

FF  Michiko Kakutani, ”Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” trans. Zadie Smith, Review of Swing Time, New York Times, (2016), 69-90.

NF Kakutani, ”Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” 69-90.

B  Kakutani, Michiko. ”Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Translated by Zadie Smith, Review of Swing Time. New York Times. 2016: 69-90.

Newspaper article, published

FF Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker, April 17, 2017, 2.

NF Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,”, 2.

B Mead, Rebecca. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker, April 17, 2017.

Newspaper article/report, electronic

If the author of an article or report is not specified, then the citation should begin with the title of article/report.

FF “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times, March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

NF “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” 

B “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times, March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Book Review

FF Michiko Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” Review of Swing Time, by Zadie Smith, New York Times, 7 (2016), 67.

NF Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” 67.

 Kakutani, Michiko. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time, by Zadie Smith. New York Times, November 7, 2016.

Thesis

FF Cynthia Lillian Rutz, “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues,” (PhD diss., University of Chicago. 2013), 90.
NF
 Rutz, “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues,” 90.

 Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013.

Encyclopedia entry

FF Ahmet Temir, “Mongol (or Turko-Mongol) Khanate,” Encyclopedia of Turks, v. 8, (Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Publications, 2002), 416-432.

NF Temir, Mongol (or Turko-Mongol) Khanate”, 416-432.

B Temir, Ahmet. “Mongol (or Turko-Mongol) Khanate.” Encyclopedia of Turks. 8: 416-432. Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Publications, 2002. 

Unpublished anouncement

FF Erdal İnönü and Harun Doğan, “Some Discoveries that are Named After Turkish Scientists” (The anouncement that was presented in the II. National Symposium of History of Science and Philosophy Work Group, Assos, 18-20th June 2004).

NF İnönü and Doğan, “Some Discoveries.”

B İnönü, Erdal and Harun Doğan. “Some Discoveries that are Named After Turkish Scientists.” The anouncement that was presented in the II. National Symposium of History of Science and Philosophy Work Group, Assos, 18-20th June 2004.

Manuscript

FF Salih b. Nasrullah, Ghayat al-itqan fi tabdir badan al-insan, İstanbul, Süleymaniye Library, Ayasofya 3682, 26a.

NF Salih b. Nasrullah, Ghayat al-itqan, Ayasofya 3682, 23b.

Salih b. Nasrullah, Ghayat al-itqan fi tabdir badan al-insan, Istanbul, Süleymaniye Library, Ayasofya 3682, 1a-311a, Copy date 10 Rebiülevvel 1135 (19th December 1722).

Archive document

FF The Ottoman Archives of the Directorate of State Archives (BOA), Cevdet Askeriye (C.AS.) 71/3352, 9 Şevval 1211 (April 07, 1797).

NF OADSA, C.AS. 71/3352.

B The Ottoman Archives of the Directorate of State Archives (BOA). Cevdet Askeriye (C. AS) 71/3352, 9 Şevval 1211 (April 07, 1920).

FF Topkapı Palace Museum Archives (TPMA), E. 3202-2=597-2-7.

NF TPMA, E. 3202-2=597-2-7.

B Topkapı Palace Museum Archives (TPMA). E. 3202-2=597-2-7.

Website

FF Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

NF “About Yale: Yale Facts.”

B Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

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