A Comparative Examination of European Countries and the Ottoman State in the Context of Visual Arts and Music (Between the 18th and 20th Centuries)
Fatma Zehra KarışmanArt, which has emerged in various forms in different cultures throughout human history, is widely acknowledged to be a component of the cultural heritage of societies. In this study, civilizations are compared to one another based on key era elements. The elements of comparison are identified as visual arts such as painting-sculpturearchitecture, and music for European countries and the Ottoman Empire between the 18th and 20th centuries. Each civilization is examined within its own structure first, followed by a comparison. As a result of these comparisons, it is determined that in terms of visual arts, intellectual movements in Europe and religion in the Ottoman Empire were decisive; in Europe, while escaping from the traditional and always trying to discover the newer in music, the Ottoman Empire tried to preserve its traditional music for a long time; as of the 17th century, interactions in terms of visual arts and music began to be seen between Europe and the Ottoman Empire, which endured breaks and pauses. The data used in the study were obtained through a survey of the literature and analyzed using inductive and descriptive approaches. The examination of civilizations and the comparison of data acquired are restricted to sources obtained through the literature.
Avrupa Ülkeleri ile Osmanlı Devleti’nin Görsel Sanatlar ve Müzik Bağlamında Karşılaştırmalı İncelemesi (XVIII.-XX. Yüzyıllar Arası)
Fatma Zehra Karışmanİnsanlık tarihi boyunca farklı kültürlerde çeşitli biçimlerde ortaya çıkan sanatın aynı zamanda toplumların kültürel mirasının bir parçası olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Bu araştırmada; medeniyetler, bulundukları çağ içerisinde birbirleri ile belirli unsurlar çerçevesinde mukayese edilmektedir. Mukayese unsurları XVIII-XX. yüzyıllar arasında Avrupa ülkeleri ve Osmanlı Devleti için resim-heykel-mimari gibi görsel sanatlar ve müzik olarak belirlenmiştir. Her medeniyet önce kendi bünyesinde incelendikten sonra birbirleri arasında mukayese kısmına geçilmektedir. Bu karşılaştırmalar görsel sanatlar hususunda Avrupa’da düşünce akımlarının, Osmanlı’da ise din unsurunun belirleyici olduğu; Avrupa’da müzik konusunda geleneksel olandan kaçış ve hep daha yeniyi keşfetme çabaları gözlemlenirken Osmanlı’nın geleneksel müziğini uzun zaman korumaya çalıştığı; XVII. yüzyıl itibariyle kırılmalar duraklamalar yaşayan Osmanlı Devleti ile Avrupa arasında görsel sanatlar ve müzik açısından etkileşimlerin görülmeye başladığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada kullanılan veriler literatür taraması yöntemi ile elde edilip tümevarım ve betimsel analiz yöntemleriyle işlenmiştir. Medeniyetlerin incelenmesi ve elde edilen verilerin mukayesesi literatür sonucu ulaşılan kaynaklarla sınırlıdır.
This research aims to determine whether there were any similarities or differences in the visual arts of painting, architecture, sculpture, and music between the 18th and 20th centuries. In addition, another purpose of the research is to reveal whether there was artistic interaction between the two civilizations during the aforementioned dates.
The main problem statement for this research is determined as follows: Are there any similarities or differences in visual arts and music between European countries and the Ottoman Empire between the 18th and 20th centuries, and if so, what are they?
In order to reach the findings of this research on whether there are similarities or differences between European countries and the Ottoman Empire in terms of visual arts and music between the 18th and 20th centuries, the following sub-problem issues were addressed:
What were the characteristics of visual arts, and music in Europe and the Ottoman Empire throughout the the 18th century? During this century, was there any artistic interaction between European nations and the Ottoman Empire?
What were the characteristics of visual arts, and music in Europe and the Ottoman Empire throughout the the 19th century? During this century, was there any artistic interaction between European nations and the Ottoman Empire?
What were the characteristics of visual arts, and music in Europe and the Ottoman Empire throughout the the 20th century? During this century, was there any artistic interaction between European nations and the Ottoman Empire?
This research is considered to be important for both the fields of music history and art history as it serves as a source and determines the situation. Although there are many sources related to art history and music history in the literature, this study is also important because it compares the aesthetic qualities of two civilizations that were in different geographies at the same periods in a certain historical interval.
This research is limited by the following limitations:
The countries that were on the European continent and the Ottoman Empire from the 18th to the 20th centuries.
The characteristics of visual arts and music culture of European countries and the Ottoman Empire during these centuries,
Painting, architecture and sculpture from visual arts,
The resources identified and accessible as a result of the literature review.
This study, which used qualitative research methods used, has the characteristics of descriptive research and is based on general survey model. The research data collected through literature review and document analysis techniques were analyzed using inductive and descriptive methodologies.
For this research, first of all, a literature review was conducted in libraries, especially in the Islamic Research Center Library of the Turkish Religious Foundation in Istanbul. As a result of these searches, a large number of books and encyclopedias and encyclopedia articles were found on topics such as European history, Ottoman history, art history, music history, European art, Ottoman art, Ottoman music, Western music. Afterwards, national and international publications were searched in various databases and data related to the research topic were acquired from the sources such as articles and papers. In addition, the database of the National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education was also searched and academic theses dealing with the research topic were examined. The data collected from all these sources was analyzed using inductive and descriptive approaches, yielding study findings.
In this study, the development of European countries and the Ottoman Empire in terms of visual arts and musical elements between 18th and 20th centuries was first examined within each century and then comparisons were made between the two civilizations. As a result of these comparisons, it has been determined that in terms of visual arts, intellectual movements in Europe and religion in the Ottoman Empire were determinant; in Europe, while escaping from the traditional and always trying to discover the newer in music, the Ottoman Empire tried to preserve its traditional music for a long time; as at the end of the seventeenth century, interactions between the Ottoman Empire and Europe, which experienced breaks and pauses, began to be seen in terms of visual arts and music.
