“Yudumluk” ile “Tema ve Çeşitlemeler” için Çalışma ve Yorum Önerileri
Bu makalede Ekrem Zeki Ün’ün eğitimci yönü ve besteciliğinin yanı sıra eğitim yaklaşımları gibi özelliklerine değinilmiş, bestecinin solo keman için yazdığı “Yudumluk” ve “Tema ve Çeşitlemeler” adlı eserleri incelenerek bu eserlere çalışma önerileri getirilmiştir. Literatür taraması yoluyla edinilen bulgulara yer verilen bu makaleyle günümüzde yeterince tanınmayan bir besteci olan Ekrem Zeki Ün’ün eserlerinin genç kemancıların repertuvarlarına kazandırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada “Yudumluk” ve “Tema ve Çeşitlemeler”in Ekrem Zeki Ün’ün keman yaklaşımının bir yansıması olarak gelişmiş bir yay tekniği gerektirdiği, ilk dönem Türk bestecilerinin sıklıkla kullandığı çok sayıda modal öge barındırdığı, içerisinde Türk müziğinde sıkça karşılaşılan poliritmik ve aksak metrik yapıların önemli bir yer tuttuğu gözlenmiştir. Ekrem Zeki Ün’ün kimi zaman kullandığı komalı sesler ile müziğinde mikrotonal unsurlara da yer verdiği görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak solo keman eserlerinden “Yudumluk” ve “Tema ve Çeşitlemeler”in icracıdan hem teknik hem de sanatsal açıdan çok sayıda yeterlilik beklediği ve bu eseri çalışacak öğrencileri ve icracıları geliştirici çok sayıda özellik taşıdığı sonucuna varılmıştır.
Suggestions on the Interpretation and Practice of “Yudumluk” and “Tema ve Çeşitlemeler"
This article summarizes Ekrem Zeki Ün’s attributes as a violin teacher and composer. The works of the composer for solo violin, “Yudumluk” and “Theme and Variations” are examined and suggestions are made regarding the study of these works. This article aims to familiarize the repertoire of young violinists with the works of Ekrem Zeki Ün. “Yudumluk” and “Theme and Variations” both require an advanced bow technique as a reflection of Ekrem Zeki Ün’s violin approach. The works also contain numerous modal elements frequently used by Turkish composers as well as syncopated rhythm and polyrhythmic structures, which are frequently encountered in Turkish music. In addition, it has been observed that Ekrem Zeki Ün occasionally used microtonal elements in his music. In view of these elements, the solo violin works “Yudumluk” and “Theme and Variations” are expected to have many strengths, both technically and artistically.
When one discusses violin education in Turkey, Ekrem Zeki Ün is the first name to be mentioned. As the third generation of violinists in his family, he was a devoted teacher and composer as well as a prominent musical figure in Turkish art and music life. He was one of the first Turkish violinists to perform important violin concertos with orchestras around Turkey, introducing them to the Turkish public. Like his grandfather Santuri Hilmi Bey, who played an important part when Fasl-ı Cedid was established as well as his father Osman Zeki Bey, who was the first concertmaster of Turkey, Ün continued the family tradition of participating in new musical establishments in his native land. He was assigned as director of the Musiki Muallim Mektebi (School of Music Education), which was established by the order of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Ekrem Zeki Ün taught violin and viola classes at İstanbul University State Conservatory and conducted the Istanbul University Student Orchestra for several years. İzzet Nezih Albayrak, Seyfettin Asal, Burhan Duyal Sedat Ediz, and Enver Kopelman are among his students who also applied themselves to music education. Ün devoted himself to composition from his early years. Despite living concurrently with the generation of composers called the Turkish Fifths (Ulvi Cemal Erkin, Cemal Reşit Rey, Ahmet Adnan Saygun, Hasan Ferit Alnar, Necil Kazım Akses), he was unfortunately not included among them. This did not interfere with or disturb his composing. He composed both small and large works, such as suites, sonatas, and concertos for different instruments and groups. In this study, Ekrem Zeki Ün’s attributes as a violin teacher and composer are researched. This paper provides comments on interpreting and suggestions on practicing his solo violin compositions “Yudumluk” and “Theme and Variations.” Yudumluk; a suite of five short movements for solo violin, is suitable for both professional and young violinists in the early years of their studies. As a piece that contains many traditional Turkish folk tunes, comas, and rhythms, “Yudumluk” can create a bridge between Western methods of violin education and Turkish music. “Giriş-Introduction” starts with quiet slurred notes and develops with indications of double stops within the lyrical theme. This movement allows the interpreter to work on the basic right-hand motion as well as good tone production. “Alp Ertunga,” which is the second movement of the suite, is rather fast and rhythmical. The comas developing within the melody will help to improve the coordination of left and right arms while playing sixteen notes with accents. “Dede Korkut’tan Masal-Fairytale from Dede Korkut” is the middle movement of the suite. This movement should be performed at a mild speed with a soft but resonated sound. Sustained vibrato is preferably used with combinations of finger-wrist and arm vibrato for a fulfilling sound. “Suss Dinle Rüzgarı” (Shhh Listen to the Wind) creates an image of a leaf flying and dropping in the wind. Therefore, the notation will need to be performed with equal string changes toward the melodic direction. Trills must end on time rhythmically and the performer must reach the theme without adding any accents to the approaching melody. “Oy Giresun” is the last movement of the suite. Its irregular rhythmical structure gives the feeling of the regional folkloric dance. Left-hand spiccatos and right-hand staccatos, which are indicated, will improve the technical abilities of the performer within a joyful rhythmical structure. “Tema ve Çesitlemeler” (Theme and Variations) is a solo violin piece that demands many technical and artistic abilities from the performer. Octaves, trills, and sudden dynamic changes within rhythmical surprises are indicated. Therefore, studying and performing this piece requires stable technique varieties with extended concentration. Ekrem Zeki Ün was a valuable violin teacher and composer. He served his country by channeling his knowledge and talent to benefit both his students and future performers of his work. In conclusion, Ekrem Zeki Ün’s solo violin compositions “Yudumluk” and “Theme and Variations” improve both technical and musical skills of the interpreter. In order to introduce these valuable compositions to the young generation of violinists, a literature search was done for this article. The scores of “Yudumluk” and “Theme and Variations” can be found in the library of the Istanbul University State Conservatory.