Research Article

DOI :10.26650/eor.20241331423 IUP :10.26650/eor.20241331423 Full Text (PDF)

Clinical and demographic profile of oral lichen planus in Sri Lanka : a retrospective study

Samadara Siriwardena, Kalani Hettiarachchi, Ruwan Jayasinghe

Purpose: Several relatively large series from developed countries have extensively described the demographic and clinical characteristics of oral lichen planus (OLP). However, such descriptions from developing countries are rare. This study aimed to investigate the differences in these aspects within a cohort of Sri Lankan patients affected by OLP.

Materials and Methods: Cases diagnosed with OLP between 1999 and 2019 were retrieved. Demographic data, clinical presentation, main complaints, age, sex, lesion sites, and histological information, were collected from the database. Cases with lichenoid reactions and incomplete data were excluded. Instances with multiple biopsies were treated as single cases. Frequencies were compared using chi-square statistics.

Results: The database identified a total of 3734 cases. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.6, indicating an overall female predominance. The youngest patient reported was 1 year and 2 months old, presenting with brownish pigmentations on the right side of the buccal mucosa. The highest number of cases were observed in the 41-50-year age group, followed by the 51-60-year age group. The most common clinical type was the reticular type, followed by atrophic and erosive types. 200 patients presented with blackish pigmentations in the oral mucosa, experiencing a burning sensation without evidence of the typical reticular background. The plaque type was more common on the dorsal surface of the tongue, showing a statistically significant association (p<0.05). Ninety cases exhibited dysplastic changes ranging from mild to moderate degrees, accounting for 2.4% of the total sample.

Conclusion: While the malignancy rate is not significantly high enough to reduce morbidity and mortality from cancer arising on OLP lesions, regular follow-up and examinations are recommended for early diagnosis of malignant transformation.

Keywords: Oral lichen planus, reticular, dysplasia, prevalence, pigmented lesion

DOI :10.26650/eor.20241331423 IUP :10.26650/eor.20241331423 Full Text (PDF)

Sri Lanka'da oral liken planusun klinik ve demografik profili: retrospektif bir çalışma

Samadara Siriwardena, Kalani Hettiarachchi, Ruwan Jayasinghe

Amaç: Gelişmiş ülkelerdeki nispeten geniş birkaç seride oral liken planusun (OLP) demografik ve klinik özelliklerini kapsamlı bir şekilde tanımlanmıştır. Ancak gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yapılmış bu tür çalışmalar oldukça enderdir. Bu çalışma, OLP'den etkilenen Sri Lankalı hastalardan oluşan bir kohortun özelliklerini incelemeyi amaçlamıştır.

Gereç ve Yöntem: 1999-2019 yılları arasında OLP tanısı alan olgulara ulaşıldı. Veritabanından demografik veriler, klinik görünüm, ana şikayetler, yaş, cinsiyet, lezyon bölgeleri ve histolojik bilgiler toplandı. Likenoid reaksiyonları olan ve eksik verileri olan vakalar hariç tutuldu. Çoklu biyopsi vakaları tek vaka olarak değerlendirildi. Sıklıklar ki-kare istatistikleri kullanılarak karşılaştırıldı.

Bulgular: Veritabanında toplam 3734 vaka tespit edildi. Erkek-kadın oranı 1:1.6 olduğundan genel olarak kadın hastalarda daha sık rastlanan bir durum olarak belirlendi. Bildirilen en genç hasta 1 yıl 2 aylıktı ve yanak mukozasının sağ tarafında kahverengimsi pigmentasyonları bulunmaktaydı. En fazla vaka 41-50 yaş grubunda görüldü, bunu 51-60 yaş grubu takip etti. En sık görülen klinik tip retiküler tip olup bunu atrofik ve eroziv tipler izlemekteydi. 200 hasta oral mukozada siyahımsı pigmentasyonlarla başvurdu ve tipik retiküler arka plan belirtisi olmaksızın yanma hissi yaşadığını belirtti. Plak tipinin dilin dorsal yüzeyinde daha yaygın olduğu ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki gösterdiği görüldü (p<0,05). Doksan vakada hafiften orta dereceye kadar değişen displastik değişiklikler görüldü ve bu toplam hastaların %2,4'ünü oluşturdu.

Sonuç: Malignite oranı, OLP lezyonlarından köken alan kanserden kaynaklanan morbidite ve mortaliteyi azaltacak kadar anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olmasa da, malign dönüşümün erken tanısı için düzenli takip ve muayeneler önerilmelidir.

Keywords: Oral liken planus, retiküler, displazi, prevalans, pigmente lezyon

References

1. Andrea E, Reyes E, Kamal E. Oral Lichen Planus: A review of clinical features, etiologies, and treatments, Dentistry Review 2022; 22: 100007 google scholar
2. Al-Hashimi I, Schifter M, Lockhart PB, Wray D, Brennan M, Migliorati CA, et al. Oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007; 103 Suppl: S25.e1-12. google scholar
3. Li C, Tang X, Zheng X, Ge S, Wen H, Lin X, et al. Global Prevalence and Incidence Estimates of Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol 2020; 156:172-81. google scholar
4. Pritam KM, Jayanti GH, Mandakini SM, Jyoti DB. Clinical profile of 108 cases of oral lichen planus. J Oral Sci 2016; 58: 43-7. google scholar
5. Fumihiko T, Jinkyo S, Atsushi U, Yu O, Toshimitsu O, Yumi M, et al. Malignant transformation of oral lichen planus: a retrospective study of 565 Japanese patients. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21 :298. google scholar
6. Idrees M, Kujan O, Shearston K, Farah CS. Oral lichen planus has a very low malignant transformation rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis using strict diagnostic and inclusion criteria. J Oral Pathol Med 2021; 50: 287-98. google scholar
7. Lauritano D, Arrica M, Lucchese A, Valente M, Pannone G, Lajolo C, et al. Oral lichen planus clinical characteristics in Italian patients: a retrospective analysis. Head Face Med 2016; 26: 18 google scholar
8. Munde AD, Karle RR, Wankhede PK, Shaikh SS, Kulkurni M. Demographic and clinical profile of oral lichen planus: A retrospective study. Contemp Clin Dent 2013; 4: 181-5. google scholar
9. Bermejo-Fenoll A, Sânchez-Siles M, Lopez-Jornet P, Camacho-Alonso F, Salazar-Sânchez N. A retrospective clinicopathological study of 550 patients with oral lichen planus in south-eastern Spain. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 39: 491-6 google scholar
10. Xue JL, Fan MW, Wang SZ, Chen XM, Li Y, Wang L. A clinical study of 674 patients with oral lichen planus in China. J Oral Pathol Med 2005; 34: 467-72. google scholar
11. Gönül M, Gül U, Kaya I, Koçak O, Cakmak SK, Kılıç A, et al. Smoking, alcohol consumption and denture use in patients with oral mucosal lesions.J Dermatol Case Rep 2011; 5: 64-8. google scholar
12. Ingafou M, Leao JC, Porter SR, Scully C. Oral lichen planus: A retrospective study of 690 British patients. Oral Dis 2006; 12: 463-8. google scholar
13. Shikha, Gupta S, Mahajan A, Ambika, Garg R, Ghosh S. Childhood oral lichen planus: a case series with review of literature. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2022; 23: 341-53. google scholar
14. Andreasen JO. Oral lichen planus. 1. A clinical evaluation of 115 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1968; 25: 31-42. google scholar
15. Gandolfo S, Richiardi L, Carrozzo M, Broccoletti R, Carbone M, Pagano M, et al. Risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma in 402 patients with oral lichen planus: A follow-up study in an Italian population. Oral Oncol. 2004;40:77-83. google scholar
16. Carbone M, Arduino PG, Carrozzo M, Gandolfo S, Argiolas MR, Bertolusso G, et al. Course of oral lichen planus: A retrospective study of 808 northern Italian patients. Oral Dis 2009; 15:235-43. google scholar
17. Cawson RA and Odel EW. Essentials of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine. 9th ed. Churchill Livingstone. Edinburgh. 2017 google scholar
18. Anjum R, Singh J, Kudva S. A Clinicohistopathologic Study and Probable Mechanism of Pigmentation in Oral Lichen Planus. World J Dent 2012; 3: 330-4. google scholar
19. Chitturi RT, Sindhuja P, Parameswar RA, Nirmal RM, Reddy BV, Dineshshankar J, et al. A clinical study on oral lichen planus with special emphasis on hyperpigmentation. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015; 7: S495-8. google scholar
20. Mergoni G, Ergun S, Vescovi P, Mete Ö, Tanyeri H, Meleti M. Oral postinflammatory pigmentation: an analysis of 7 cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2011; 16: e11-4. google scholar
21. Gonzâlez-Moles MÂ, Warnakulasuriya S, Gonzâlez-Ruiz I, Ayen Â, Gonzâlez-Ruiz L, Ruiz-Âvila I, et al. Dysplasia in oral lichen planus: relevance, controversies and challenges. A position paper. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2021; 26: e541-8. google scholar
22. Medawela RMS, Ratnayake DRDL, Jayasooriya PR, Siriwardena BSMS, Tilakaratne WM, Jayasinghe RD. Malignant transformation of Oral Lichen Planus: The first two cases reported in Sri Lanka and literature review. SLDJ 2017; 47: 29-37. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format

EXPORT

APA

Siriwardena, S., Hettiarachchi, K., & Jayasinghe, R. (2024). Clinical and demographic profile of oral lichen planus in Sri Lanka : a retrospective study. European Oral Research, 0(0), -. https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20241331423

AMA

Siriwardena S, Hettiarachchi K, Jayasinghe R. Clinical and demographic profile of oral lichen planus in Sri Lanka : a retrospective study. European Oral Research. 2024;0(0):-. https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20241331423

ABNT

Siriwardena, S.; Hettiarachchi, K.; Jayasinghe, R. Clinical and demographic profile of oral lichen planus in Sri Lanka : a retrospective study. European Oral Research, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 0, p. -, 2024.

Chicago: Author-Date Style

Siriwardena, Samadara, and Kalani Hettiarachchi and Ruwan Jayasinghe. 2024. “Clinical and demographic profile of oral lichen planus in Sri Lanka : a retrospective study.” European Oral Research 0, no. 0: -. https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20241331423

Chicago: Humanities Style

Siriwardena, Samadara, and Kalani Hettiarachchi and Ruwan Jayasinghe. “Clinical and demographic profile of oral lichen planus in Sri Lanka : a retrospective study.” European Oral Research 0, no. 0 (Nov. 2024): -. https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20241331423

Harvard: Australian Style

Siriwardena, S & Hettiarachchi, K & Jayasinghe, R 2024, 'Clinical and demographic profile of oral lichen planus in Sri Lanka : a retrospective study', European Oral Research, vol. 0, no. 0, pp. -, viewed 22 Nov. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20241331423

Harvard: Author-Date Style

Siriwardena, S. and Hettiarachchi, K. and Jayasinghe, R. (2024) ‘Clinical and demographic profile of oral lichen planus in Sri Lanka : a retrospective study’, European Oral Research, 0(0), pp. -. https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20241331423 (22 Nov. 2024).

MLA

Siriwardena, Samadara, and Kalani Hettiarachchi and Ruwan Jayasinghe. “Clinical and demographic profile of oral lichen planus in Sri Lanka : a retrospective study.” European Oral Research, vol. 0, no. 0, 2024, pp. -. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20241331423

Vancouver

Siriwardena S, Hettiarachchi K, Jayasinghe R. Clinical and demographic profile of oral lichen planus in Sri Lanka : a retrospective study. European Oral Research [Internet]. 22 Nov. 2024 [cited 22 Nov. 2024];0(0):-. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20241331423 doi: 10.26650/eor.20241331423

ISNAD

Siriwardena, Samadara - Hettiarachchi, Kalani - Jayasinghe, Ruwan. “Clinical and demographic profile of oral lichen planus in Sri Lanka : a retrospective study”. European Oral Research 0/0 (Nov. 2024): -. https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20241331423

TIMELINE

Submitted	23.07.2023
Accepted	29.10.2023
Published Online	30.10.2024

LICENCE

Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.

European Oral Research