Research Article


DOI :10.26650/arcp2019-5119   IUP :10.26650/arcp2019-5119    Full Text (PDF)

Formal Ontologies and Description Logics

Dilek Yargan

The history of ontology reveals various methodologies that examine being. Traditional ontology studies being qua being and categorizes it. Formal ontology determines the categories that are common to all entities and classifies them with formal languages using these categories as well. However, for over thirty years, formal ontologies have been studied and built outside of philosophy. The reason why ontology is separated from philosophy and becomes an interdisciplinary study is due to our need to make classifications and standardization in data and information management in accordance with reality. What lies behind this requirement is the exponential growth of data and the impossibility of analyzing it neither by humans nor by existing methods. For instance, dozens of studies are published every minute, and then scientists cannot follow all these developments with classical techniques. Therefore, the desire that machines should be involved in the processes of sharing and producing knowledge is far higher than ever. This desire, thus, has led us to develop new models for knowledge production. It has been experienced that the standardization of knowledge is essential in the construction of models; for, significant differences were found between taxonomic structures, concept definitions, and different granularity levels in the knowledge representations of various working groups, and even the integration of data was not possible. At this point, the selection, classification, and standardization of knowledge have been guaranteed by using ontological principles and methods. In this article, within information systems, we will introduce the formal ontologies, the formal theory covering the broadest knowledge of the field by selecting, classifying and standardizing it by using the principles and methods of philosophical ontologies. We will mention that we use description logics, a family of formal languages with the expressive power of natural language and high-performance reasoning algorithms, to represent this theory in machines. In essence, this article will introduce formal ontologies and description logics in the realm of knowledge representation.

DOI :10.26650/arcp2019-5119   IUP :10.26650/arcp2019-5119    Full Text (PDF)

Formel Ontolojiler ve Betimleyici Mantıklar

Dilek Yargan

Ontoloji tarihine baktığımızda varlığın çeşitli metotlarla incelendiğini görürüz. Geleneksel ontoloji, varlığı varlık olması bakımından inceler ve onu çeşitli kategoriler altında sınıflandırır. Formel ontoloji, tüm varlıklarda ortak olan kategorileri belirler ve varlığı formel dillerle bu kategorileri de kullanarak sınıflandırır. Bununla beraber, otuz yılı aşkın zamandır formel ontolojiler felsefe dışında araştırılıyor ve kuruluyor. Ontolojinin felsefeden ayrılıp, disiplinler arası bir çalışma olmasının nedeni veri ve bilgi yönetiminde gerçekliğe uygun sınıflandırmalar ve standardizasyon yapma gereksinimimizdendir. Bu gereksinimin ardında verinin üssel hızla artışı ve bunun ne insanlar ne de mevcut yöntemler tarafından analizinin imkansızlığı bulunmaktadır. Örneğin, günümüzde her dakika onlarca çalışma yayınlanmaktadır, bilim insanları tüm bu gelişmeleri klasik yöntemlerle takip edememektedir. Bu nedenle, bilgi paylaşım ve üretme süreçlerine makinelerin dahil edilmesi arzusu her zamankinden çok daha fazladır. Bu arzu ise bilginin işlenebilmesi için bizleri yeni modeller geliştirmeye sevk etmiştir. Modellerin oluşturulmasında bilginin standartlaştırılmasının şart olduğu deneyimlenmiştir. Zira, farklı çalışma gruplarının bilgi temsillerindeki taksonomik yapılar, kavram tanımları, alandaki inceleme derinlikleri arasında ciddi farklılıklarla karşılaşılmış, verilerin entegrasyonu dahi mümkün olamamıştır. Bu noktada, ontolojik ilkeler ve yöntemler kullanılarak bilginin seçilmesi, sınıflandırılması ve standartlaştırılması sağlanmıştır. Bu yazımızda, enformasyon sistemleri içinde, felsefi ontolojilerin ilke ve yöntemlerini kullanarak, seçmek, sınıflandırmak ve standartlaştırmak suretiyle alana ait bilgiyi en geniş şekilde kapsayan formel teoriyi olan formel ontolojileri tanıtacağız. Doğal dilin ifade etme gücüne ve yüksek performanslı uslamlama algoritmalarına sahip formel diller ailesi olan betimleyici mantıkları, bu teoriyi makinelerde temsil etmek için kullandığımıza değineceğiz. Ezcümle, bu yazımız, formel ontolojileri ve betimleyici mantıkları bilgi temsili özelinde tanıtacaktır. 


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APA

Yargan, D. (0001). Formal Ontologies and Description Logics. Archives of Philosophy, 0(51), 271-281. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5119


AMA

Yargan D. Formal Ontologies and Description Logics. Archives of Philosophy. 0001;0(51):271-281. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5119


ABNT

Yargan, D. Formal Ontologies and Description Logics. Archives of Philosophy, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 51, p. 271-281, 0001.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Yargan, Dilek,. 0001. “Formal Ontologies and Description Logics.” Archives of Philosophy 0, no. 51: 271-281. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5119


Chicago: Humanities Style

Yargan, Dilek,. Formal Ontologies and Description Logics.” Archives of Philosophy 0, no. 51 (Dec. 2024): 271-281. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5119


Harvard: Australian Style

Yargan, D 0001, 'Formal Ontologies and Description Logics', Archives of Philosophy, vol. 0, no. 51, pp. 271-281, viewed 23 Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5119


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Yargan, D. (0001) ‘Formal Ontologies and Description Logics’, Archives of Philosophy, 0(51), pp. 271-281. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5119 (23 Dec. 2024).


MLA

Yargan, Dilek,. Formal Ontologies and Description Logics.” Archives of Philosophy, vol. 0, no. 51, 0001, pp. 271-281. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5119


Vancouver

Yargan D. Formal Ontologies and Description Logics. Archives of Philosophy [Internet]. 23 Dec. 2024 [cited 23 Dec. 2024];0(51):271-281. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5119 doi: 10.26650/arcp2019-5119


ISNAD

Yargan, Dilek. Formal Ontologies and Description Logics”. Archives of Philosophy 0/51 (Dec. 2024): 271-281. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5119



TIMELINE


Submitted03.12.2019
Last Revision08.12.2019
Accepted09.12.2019

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