DIVERSITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN MODERN MILITARY ORGANIZATION
David R. Segal, Mady Wechsler Segal, Brian J. ReedNations attempt to reproduce their armed forces for the present and future in the way they were constituted in the past. However, the relationship between military service and citizenship—coupled with processes of globalization, migration, wartime mobilization, and the decline of conscription-based mass armies—has created pressures for the extension of the recruitment base to previously excluded or limited groups. The integration of the U.S. military on the bases of ethnicity, race, sex, gender, and sexual orientation exemplifies how obstacles to integration are raised and overcome, producing military forces that reflect the increasingly diverse populations they serve; thus, allowing excluded groups a greater claim to citizenship rights and allowing nations to draw on the human capital that they hold for purposes of national security. In the past, diversity was believed to mitigate against social cohesion and military effectiveness; however, more recently, emphasis has been on task cohesion and the contribution of diversity to effectiveness.
PDF View
References
- Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, UK: Addison-Wesley. google scholar
- Belkin, A., Ender, M., Frank, N., Furia, S., Lucas, G. R., Packard, G., … Segal, D. R. (2014). One year out: An assessment of DADT repeal’s impact on military readiness. In J. E. Parco & D. A. Levy (Eds.), Evolution of government policy towards homosexuality in the US military (pp. 329–373). New York, NY: Routledge. google scholar
- Bendix, R. (1964). Nation-building and citizenship. New York, NY: Wiley. google scholar
- Berube, A. (1990). Coming out under fire. New York, NY: Free Press. google scholar
- Bogart, L. (Ed.). (1969). Social research and the desegregation of the U.S. Army. Chicago, IL: Markham. google scholar
- Cone, R. W. (2013). Soldier 2020. Army, November, 29–32. Retrieved from http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2013/11/documents/cone_nov2013.pdf google scholar
- Dandeker, C., & Segal, M. W. (1996). Gender integration in armed forces: Recent policy developments in the United Kingdom. Armed Forces & Society, 23, 29–47. google scholar
- De Angelis, K., Sandhoff, M., Bonner, K., & Segal, D. R. (2013). Sexuality in the military. In A. Baumle (Ed.), International handbook on the demography of sexuality (pp. 363–382). New York, NY: Springer. google scholar
- Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services. (Dec. 2013). Army SHARP Program Enhancing Commander Accountability DACOWITS Brief. Retrieved from http://dacowits.defense.gov/Portals/48/Documents/Reports/2013/Documents/dacowits%20december%202013%20meeting/December%20Meeting%20Slides.pdf google scholar
- Defense Manpower Data Center. (2013). 2012 workplace and gender relations survey of active duty members. Retrieved from http://www.sapr.mil/public/docs/research/2012_workplace_and_gender_relations_survey_of_active_duty_members-survey_note_and_briefing.pdf google scholar
- Defense Manpower Data Center. (2013). Human Resources Strategic Assessment Program: 2012 workplace and gender relations survey of active duty members. Washington, DC: Department of Defense, Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office. google scholar
- Department of Defense. (2013, January 24). Defense Department Rescinds Direct Combat Exclusion Rule; Services to Expand Integration of Women into Previously Restricted Occupations and Units (Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), News Release No.037–13). Washington, DC: Author). Retrieved from http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=15784 google scholar
- Elders, M. J., Brown, G. R., Coleman, E., Kolditz, T. A., & Steinman, A. M. (2015). Medical aspects of transgender military service. Armed Forces & Society, 41, 199–220. google scholar
- Foner, J. D. (1974). Blacks and the military in American history. New York, NY: Praeger. google scholar
- Franklin, J. H. (1948). From slavery to freedom: A history of American negroes. New York, NY: Knopf. google scholar
- Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, United States House of Representatives. (1993). Policy implications of lifting the ban on homosexuals in the military. Congressional Record, April –May. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. google scholar
- Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate. (1993). Congressional Record. July: 700–705. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994. google scholar
- Iskra, D. (2007). Attitudes towards expanding roles for Navy women at sea: Results of a content analysis. Armed Forces and Society, 33, 203–223. google scholar
- Korb, L. J., Duggan, S. E., & Conley, L. (2010). Implementing the repeal of ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ in the U.S. Armed Forces. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress. google scholar
- Lee, J. L. (2014). The comprehensive review working group and Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell repeal at the Department of Defense. In J. E. Parco & D. A. Levy (Eds.), Evolution of government policy towards homosexuality in the US military (pp. 167–191). New York, NY: Routledge. google scholar
- Lipset, S. M. (1963). The first new nation. New York, NY: Basic Books. google scholar
- Miller, L., & Williams, J. A. (2001). Do military policies on gender and sexuality undermine combat effectiveness? In P. D. Feaver & R. H. Kohn (Eds.), Soldiers and civilians: The civil–military gap and American security (pp. 361–402). Cambridge, UK: MIT Press. google scholar
- Moelker, R., Andres, M., Bowen, G., & Manigart, P. (Eds.). (2015). Military families and war in the 21st century: Comparative perspectives. London and New York: Routledge. google scholar
- Moore, B. L. (1996). To serve my country, to serve my race: The story of the only African American WACs stationed overseas during World War II. New York, NY: New York University Press. google scholar
- Moskos, C. C., & Butler, J. S. (1996). All that we can be. New York, NY: Basic Books. google scholar
- Mullen, B., & Copper, C. (1994). The relation between group cohesiveness and performance. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 210–227. google scholar
- O’Keefe, E., & Cohen, J. (2011, March 17). Most Americans back women in combat roles, poll says. Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/16/AR2011031603861.html google scholar
- Okros, A., & Scott, D. (2015). Gender identity in the Canadian Forces. Armed Forces & Society, 41, 243–256. google scholar
- Parco, J. E., Levy, D. A., & Spears, S. R. (2015). Transgender military personnel in the post-DADT era. Armed Forces & Society, 41, 221–242. google scholar
- Patten, E., & Parker, K. (2011). Women in the U.S. Military: Growing share, distinctive profile. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2011/12/22/women-in-the-u-s-military-growing-share-distinctive-profile/ google scholar
- Rostker, B. D., Hosek, S., Winkler, J. D., Vaiana, M. E., Leuschner, K., Zakaras, L., … Haddad, A. (1993). Sexual orientation and U.S. Military personnel policy: Options and assessment. Washington, DC: RAND. Retrieved from http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG1056.pdf google scholar
- Ryan, J. W. (2013). Samuel A. Stouffer and the GI Survey. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. google scholar
- Sandhoff, M., & Segal, M. W. (2013). Women in the U.S. military: The evolution of gender norms and military requirements. In D. M. Kennedy (Ed.), The modern American Military (pp. 273–294). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. google scholar
- Sandhoff, M., Segal, M. W., & Segal, D. R. (2010). Gender issues in the transformation to an allvolunteer force: A transnational perspective. In S. Cohen (Ed.), The new citizen armies: Israel’s Armed Forces in comparative perspective (pp. 111–131). New York, NY: Routledge. google scholar
- Segal, D. R. (1986). Recruiting for Uncle Sam: Citizenship and military manpower policy. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. google scholar
- Segal, D. R. (2010, August 30). Research on homosexuals in the military (Presentation to the Comprehensive Review Working Group). The Pentagon. google scholar
- Segal, D. R., & Kestnbaum, M. (2002). Professional closure in the military labor market: A critique of pure cohesion. In L. J. Matthews (Ed.), The future of the army profession (pp. 441–458). New York, NY: McGraw–Hill. google scholar
- Segal, D. R., & Segal, M. W. (2004). America’s military population. Population Bulletin, 59, 1–40. google scholar
- Segal, M. W. (1995). Women’s military roles cross–nationally: Past, present, and future. Gender & Society, 9, 757–775. google scholar
- Stouffer, S. A., Suchman, E. A., DeVinney, L. C., Star, S. A., & Williams, R. W. Jr. (1949). The American soldier: Adjustment during army life. Princeton University Press. google scholar
- U.S. Department of Defense. (2010). Report of the comprehensive review of the issues associated with a repeal of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell.” Washington, DC: Author. google scholar
- Winslow, D. (1999). Rites of passage and group bonding in the Canadian Airborne. Armed Forces & Society, 25, 429–457. google scholar
Citations
Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format
EXPORT
APA
Segal, D.R., Segal, M.W., & Reed, B.J. (2015). DIVERSITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN MODERN MILITARY ORGANIZATION. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 3(31), 45-63. https://doi.org/10.16917/sd.74818
AMA
Segal D R, Segal M W, Reed B J. DIVERSITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN MODERN MILITARY ORGANIZATION. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology. 2015;3(31):45-63. https://doi.org/10.16917/sd.74818
ABNT
Segal, D.R.; Segal, M.W.; Reed, B.J. DIVERSITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN MODERN MILITARY ORGANIZATION. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, [Publisher Location], v. 3, n. 31, p. 45-63, 2015.
Chicago: Author-Date Style
Segal, David R., and Mady Wechsler Segal and Brian J. Reed. 2015. “DIVERSITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN MODERN MILITARY ORGANIZATION.” İstanbul University Journal of Sociology 3, no. 31: 45-63. https://doi.org/10.16917/sd.74818
Chicago: Humanities Style
Segal, David R., and Mady Wechsler Segal and Brian J. Reed. “DIVERSITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN MODERN MILITARY ORGANIZATION.” İstanbul University Journal of Sociology 3, no. 31 (Dec. 2024): 45-63. https://doi.org/10.16917/sd.74818
Harvard: Australian Style
Segal, DR & Segal, MW & Reed, BJ 2015, 'DIVERSITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN MODERN MILITARY ORGANIZATION', İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, vol. 3, no. 31, pp. 45-63, viewed 22 Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.16917/sd.74818
Harvard: Author-Date Style
Segal, D.R. and Segal, M.W. and Reed, B.J. (2015) ‘DIVERSITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN MODERN MILITARY ORGANIZATION’, İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 3(31), pp. 45-63. https://doi.org/10.16917/sd.74818 (22 Dec. 2024).
MLA
Segal, David R., and Mady Wechsler Segal and Brian J. Reed. “DIVERSITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN MODERN MILITARY ORGANIZATION.” İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, vol. 3, no. 31, 2015, pp. 45-63. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.16917/sd.74818
Vancouver
Segal DR, Segal MW, Reed BJ. DIVERSITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN MODERN MILITARY ORGANIZATION. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology [Internet]. 22 Dec. 2024 [cited 22 Dec. 2024];3(31):45-63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.16917/sd.74818 doi: 10.16917/sd.74818
ISNAD
Segal, DavidR. - Segal, MadyWechsler - Reed, BrianJ.. “DIVERSITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN MODERN MILITARY ORGANIZATION”. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology 3/31 (Dec. 2024): 45-63. https://doi.org/10.16917/sd.74818