The Use of Descriptive Verbs in the Kökşetav Copy of Divân-ı Hikmet
Senbek Utebekov, Ali AkarIn this article, the descriptive verbs and the elements used in the descriptive verbs that we encounter in the copy of Divân-ı Hikmet, found in the Kökşetav Literature and Art Museum of Kazakhstan, will be investigated. In particular, compound verbs will be examined in terms of both lexical and aspectual meanings. The lexical meanings of al-, bar-, bėr-, bol-, ḳal-, kėl-, kėt-, blind-, tourdescriptive verbs determined in the text will be listed and these meanings will be exemplified because these verbs have several lexical meanings, which can be used alone, literally and figuratively. Parallel to this, numerical data will be included regarding the frequency of the use of these verbs. In the sections related to the use of the verbs we have identified, some verbs (bol-, shal-, bėr-) that can combine with nouns and form compound verbs will be emphasized. In addition, brief information about the verbs that form complex verbs (bol-) by combining adjective-verbs brought into the main verb will be included. Then,in the functions section, the meanings added by each descriptive verb to the main verb will be examined in detail and comparatively. In particular, the use of adjective-verb suffixes that allow the combination of these verbs with main verbs and the meanings that adjective-verb suffixes add to such compound verbs will be explained.
Divân-ı Hikmet’in Kökşetav Nüshasında Tasvirî Fiillerin Kullanılışı
Senbek Utebekov, Ali AkarBu makalede Divân-ı Hikmet’in Kazakistan’ın Kökşetav Edebiyat ve Sanat Müzesinde bulunan nüshasında karşımıza çıkan tasvirî fiiller ve tasvirî fiillerde kullanılan unsurlar ele alınacaktır. Özellikle bu tür birleşik fiiller hem sözlüksel (leksik) hem de görünüşsel (aspekt) anlamları bakımından incelenecektir. Metinde tespit edilen al-, bar-, bėr-, bol-, ḳal-, kėl-, kėt-, kör-, tur-, yürü- tasvirî fiillerinin sözlüksel anlamları sıralanarak bu anlamlar örneklendirilecektir. Çünkü bu fiillerin tek başına kullanılabilen gerçek ve mecazi olmak üzere birkaç sözlüksel anlamı vardır. Buna paralel şekilde bu fiillerin kullanım sıklığıyla ilgili olarak sayısal verilere de yer verilecektir. Tespit ettiğimiz fiillerin kullanılışıyla ilgili kısımlarda isimlerle kaynaşarak birleşik fiil oluşturabilen bazı fiiller (bol-, ḳal-, bėr-) üzerinde durulacaktır. Bununla birlikte esas fiile getirilen sıfat-fiillerle kaynaşarak karmaşık fiil oluşturan fiillerle (bol-) ilgili kısa bilgilere yer verilecektir. Daha sonra işlevleri kısmında her tasvirî fiilin esas fiile kattığı anlamları, ayrıntılı ve karşılaştırmalı şekilde incelenecektir. Özellikle bu fiillerin esas fiillerle birleşmesini sağlayan zarf-fiil eklerinin kullanımları ve zarf-fiil eklerinin bu tür birleşik fiillere kattığı anlamları açıklanacaktır.
In the Kökşetav copy of Divân-ı Hikmet, the verbs al- “to take”, bar- “to go”, bėr- “to give”, bol- “to be”, ḳal- “to stay”, kėl- “to come”, kėt- “to go”, kör- “to see”, tur- “to stand up”, yürü- “to walk”, are used with their real and figurative meanings and they are also used as auxiliary verbs. Some of them can form a compound verb with both noun and verb. When the mentioned verbs are used as descriptive verbs, the basic verb loses its constructive meaning and adds to the main verb various meanings such as başlama “starting”, süreklilik “continuity”, devam etme “continuing”, bitmişlik “ending”, tezlik “abruptness”, yaklaşma “approaching”, uzaklaşma “moving away”, alışkanlık “habit”, tekrar “repeat”, pekiştirme “reinforcement” yetersizlik “ inadequacy ”.
The verb al- “to take”: It occurs in sixty-five places in DHK and this verb has meanings such as “to hold, to take; to be delivered to yourself, to be transmitted; to seize, to win; to accept; break; to purchase; to bring. This verb, which is used in nineteen places in the DHK, adds a meaning of competence to the main verb by using it with {-A} and {- (I) p} gerundium suffixes.
The verb bar- “to go”: It occurs in thirty-nine places in DHK and this verb has meanings such as “to arrive, to go; to understand something thoroughly; to accept”. This verb is used in three places in DHK as a descriptive verb, and combines with the main verb through {- (I) p} and {-y} gerundium suffixes and adds both “ continuum” and “telicity” to the main verb.
The verb bėr- “to give”: This verb, which is mentioned in sixty-two places in DHK, has meanings such as “to give, convey, to present; working and striving to achieve the goal; to give importance, to admire “etc. It appears with its lexical meanings and as auxiliary verbs. This verb sometimes verbalizes nouns and is sometimes combined with the main verbs through the gerundium suffix {-A}. In this case, although the verb bėr- mostly preserves its own meanings, in some cases it adds the meaning of “quickness” to the main verb.
The verb bol- “to be”: It is used quite frequently in DHK and this verb conveys meanings such as “duty, position, etc. fulfill; pass from one state to another state; to have; to lose; to join; to come, to reach, to enter; to come true; to fit, to be approved”. However, it can form a compound verb with both nouns and verbs. Part of the compound verb formed with the verb bol- combines with the main verb via {-Ar}, some of the participle suffixes via{-mAs} and via the gerundium {-Ip}. This verb adds the meaning of sufficiency to the main verb and states that the action has been fully completed.
The verb ḳal- “to stay”: It takes place in forty-eight places in DHK and this verb has lexical meanings such as “not being able to reach, not being there; to live; to be found”. The verb forms compound verbs which have noun origins such as ḥayrān, nişān, yaḫşı, tirig, maḥrūm and the main verb through {-y}, {- (I) p}, {- (U) bAn} gerundium suffixes. In these compounds, the verb ḳal- states that the main verb is both continuing and in the process of ending, and sometimes it means quickness.
The verb kėt- “to go”: In the DHK, the verb has meanings such as “heading towards a place, taking a road; to lose, to push; to go out, to walk away; to die”. This verb is combined with the main verb through the gerundium suffix {-(I)p}in a few examples and is used in the task of making a descriptive verb. In this case, it reports that withdrawal and action take a long time, and in some cases the action ends in a dynamic manner.
The verb kėl- “to come”: It takes place in seventy-three places in DHK and it has several meanings such as “to come, to approach; to be heard; to have experienced any situation; to access, to reach ”etc. Parallel to this, it is used in thirty-two places in the task of forming descriptive verbs. In this case, it is combined with the basic verbs via gerundium suffixes {-A} and {-Ip}.
The verb kör- “to see”: It occurs one hundred and fifteen times in DHK and it has meanings such as “to see; to be witness; to understand, to grasp, to anticipate; to meet, to meet; to endure”. This verb, which is used in the descriptive verb task in five examples, is combined with the main verb through the gerundium suffixes {-A}, {-(I)p}. In this case, this verb sometimes adds the meaning of continuity and sometimes quickness to the main verb. However, it expresses the certainty of the order or the persistence of the request.
The verb tur- “to stand up”: As in various periods of Turkish language, it is quite common in DHK and it appears with various meanings like “to stand up; to wake up; staying still; to live; to behave, to take a certain attitude towards a person or something ” etc.. This verb is combined with the main verb through gerundium suffixes {-A}, {-y}, {-(I)p}. In this case, the structures indicate that the action takes a long time. However, the structure {-y} tur-, unlike the structure {-A} tur, declares priority meaning with the effect of the gerundium suffix that comes after it. But the gerundium{-Ip} tur- means continuity, habit and repetition.
The verb yür- ~ yürü- “to walk”: In DHK, it is mentioned as yür- “to walk” in fifty-five places, and yürü- “to walk” in two places. This verb has meanings such as “to progress, to walk; living in a certain way; to be found”. However, it is combined with the main verbs via gerundium suffixes {-A}, {-y}, {-U}, {- (I)p}, {- (U)bAn}. These structures generally mean that they have started and not yet ended and also mean habits.
