Understanding the Role of Refugees'  Entrepreneurship Motives and Challenges in  Integration: Evidence From the Food Industry

Çifçi İbrahim; Atsız Ozan

doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-863909

Research Article

DOI :10.26650/JECS2021-863909 IUP :10.26650/JECS2021-863909 Full Text (PDF)

Understanding the Role of Refugees' Entrepreneurship Motives and Challenges in Integration: Evidence From the Food Industry

This study explores the role of refugees' entrepreneurship motives and challenges in their integration into the host country. Based on the food industry, a qualitative research approach was adopted in this study. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with Syrian refugees in two major European cities (i.e., London and Istanbul). The theme coding analysis was performed on the qualitative data, and the analysis processes revealed three main dimensions: entrepreneur integration motives, entrepreneur integration domains, and entrepreneur integration challenges. As a result of the analysis, beyond the previous studies' findings, three interconnected fundamental relations emerged from the main dimensions' sub-categories, which contribute to a better understanding of the role of refugees' entrepreneurship motives and challenges in their integration into the host society: (1) the relation between the market accessing challenge, citizenship desire, and social equality, (2) the relation of cultural proximity and the attitude of host people in building social bridges and, (3) the relation between refugees' mental health problems and resilience in entrepreneurship achievements. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is among the first attempts to reveal the effects of refugees' entrepreneurship motives and challenges in their integration in the context of the food industry.

Keywords: Refugees' entrepreneurship motives, refugees' challenges, refugees' integration, food industry

References

Ager, A., & Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: A conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2), 165-191. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen016 google scholar
Aiyar, S., Barkbu, B., Batini, N., Berger, H., Detragiache, E., Dizioli, A., . . . Topalova, P. (2016). The refugee surge in Europe: Economic challenge. IMF staff discussion note, (SDN/16/02). Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/ external/pubs/ft/sdn/2016/sdn1602.pdf google scholar
Alisic, E., & Letschert, R. (2016). Fresh eyes on the European refugee crisis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7(1), 31847. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.31847 google scholar
Alrawadieh, Z., Karayilan, E., & Cetin, G. (2019). Understanding the challenges of refugee entrepreneurship in tourism and hospitality. The Service Industries Journal, 39(9-10), 717-740. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2 018.1440550 google scholar
Altinay, L., & Altinay, E. (2006). Determinants of ethnic minority entrepreneurial growth in the catering sector. The Service Industries Journal, 26(2), 203-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060500369354 google scholar
Ayadurai, S. (2011). Challenges faced by women refugees in initiating entrepreneurial ventures in a host country: Case study of UNHCR women refugees in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 1(3), 85-95. Retrieved from http://www.ajbms.org/journal_abstract.php?c_id=46 google scholar
Atsız, O., & Çifçi, İ. (2021). Exploring the motives for entrepreneurship in the meal-sharing economy. Current Issues in Tourism. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1908239 google scholar
Bahcekapili, C., & Cetin, B. (2015). The impacts of forced migration on regional economies: the case of Syrian refugees in Turkey. International Business Research, 8(9), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v8n9p1 google scholar
Bakker, L., Dagevos, J., & Engbersen, G. (2017). Explaining the refugee gap: A longitudinal study on labour market participation of refugees in the Netherlands. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(11), 1775-1791. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1251835 google scholar
Bansak, K., Hainmueller, J., & Hangartner, D. (2016). How economic, humanitarian, and religious concerns shape European attitudes toward asylum seekers. Science, 354, 217-222. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2147 google scholar
Barbelet, V., & Wake, C. (2017). The lives and livelihoods of Syrian refugees in Turkey and Jordan. London, UK: Humanitarian Policy Group. google scholar
Basu, A., & Goswami, A. (1999). Determinants of South Asian entrepreneurial growth in Britain: A multivariate analysis. Small Business Economics, 13, 57-70. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/ pdf/10.1023/A:1008025628570.pdf google scholar
Baycan-Levent, T., & Nijkamp, P. (2009). Characteristics of migrant entrepreneurship in Europe. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 21, 375-7397. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620903020060 google scholar
Berns, J. A. (2017). Killing two birds with one stone exploring refugee entrepreneurial intent in the Netherlands. (Master Thesis, International Management, Radboud University Nijmegen-School of Management, Netherlands). Retrieved from https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/handle/123456789/4089?locale-attribute=en google scholar
Betts, A., & Collier, P. (2015). Help refugees help themselves: Let displaced Syrians join the labor market. Foreign Affairs, 94(6), 84-92. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/43946544 google scholar
Betts, A., Ali, A., & Memisoglu, F. (2017). Local politics and the Syrian refugee crisis: Exploring responses in Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan. University of Oxford: Refugee Studies Centre Report. Retrieved from https:// www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/local-politics-and-the-syrian-refugee-crisis-exploring-responses-in-turkey-lebanon-and-jordan google scholar
Bevelander, P. (2016). Integrating refugees into labor markets. IZA World of Labor: Retrived from https://doi.org/ 10.15185/izawol.269 google scholar
Beycan-Levent, T., & Nijkamp, P. (2009). Characteristics of immigrant entrepreneurship in Europe. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 21(4), 375-397. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620903020060 google scholar
Bird, M., & Wennberg, K. (2016). Why family matters: The impact of family resources on immigrant entrepreneurs’ exit from entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 31, 687-704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusvent.2016.09.002 google scholar
Bizri, R. M. (2017). Refugee-entrepreneurship: A social capital perspective. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development. 29(9-10), 847-868. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2017.1364787 google scholar
Bloach, A. (2000). Refugee settlement in Britain: the impact of policy on participation. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26(1), 75-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/136918300115651 google scholar
Bogic, M., Njoku, A., & Priebe, S. (2015). Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 15(1), 1-41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-015-0064-9 google scholar
Bonacich, E. (1973). A theory of middleman minorities. American Sociological Review, 38(5), 583-585. https://doi. org/10.2307/2094409 google scholar
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa google scholar
Brown, R., & Donson, M. (2008). Fresh talent or cheap labour? Accession state migrant labour in the Scottish economy. Scottish Affairs, 64, 37-52. Retrieved from https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/ scot.2008.0034?src=recsys google scholar
Campbell, E. H. (2006). Urban refugees in Nairobi: Problems of protection, mechanisms of survival, and possibilities for integration. Journal of Refugee Studies, 19(3), 396-413. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fel011 google scholar
Carpio, X. V., & Wagner, M. (2015). The impact of Syrians refugees on the Turkish labour market. Policy Research Working Paper 7402, World Bank Group: Social Protection and Labor Global Practice Group, Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/22659 google scholar
Cheung, S. Y., & Phillimore, J. (2014). Refugees, social capital and labour market integration in the UK. Sociology, 48(3), 518-536. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038513491467 google scholar
Chrysostome, E. (2010). The success factors of necessity immigrant entrepreneurs: in Search of a model. Thunderbird International Business Review, 52(2), 137-152. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20320 google scholar
Colic-Peisker, V., & Tilbury, F. (2006). Employment niches for recent refugees: Segmented labour market in twenty-first century Australia. Journal of Refugee Studies, 19(2), 203-229. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fej016 google scholar
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage. google scholar
Dagnelie, O., Mayda, A., & Maystadt, J. F. (2019). The labor market integration of refugees in the United States: Do entrepreneurs in the network help? European Economic Review, 111, 257-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. euroecorev.2018.10.001 google scholar
Dana, L. P., & Morris, M. (2007). Towards a Synthesis: A model of immigrant and ethnic entrepreneurship. In L. P. Dana (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship (pp. 803-811). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. google scholar
Davidson, G. R., & Carr, S. (2010). Forced migration, social exclusion and poverty: Introduction. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 4(01), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1375/prp.4.1.1 google scholar
Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 301-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00097-6 google scholar
Dawson, C., & Henley, A. (2012). “Push” versus “pull” entrepreneurship: An ambiguous distinction? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 18(6), 697-719. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551211268139 google scholar
Desidero, M. V. (2016). Integration refugees into host country labor markets: Challenges and policy options. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Enstitute. google scholar
Dhaliwal, S. (2008). Business support and minority ethnic businesses in England. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 6(2), 230-246. Retrieved from https://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/178666/2/FMEB_UK.pdf google scholar
Dincer, F. I., Karayilan, E., & Cifci, M. A. (2017). Refugee crisis (RC) after the Arab Spring (AS) and its impacts on Turkish tourism industry: The case of Istanbul. Journal of Tourismology, 3(1), 2-13. Retrieved from https:// dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuturizmoloji/issue/36494/415190 google scholar
Dumper, H. (2002). Missed opportunities. A skills audit of refugee women in London from the teaching, nursing. London: Grater London Authority. google scholar
Edwards, A. (2016). UNHCR viewpoint: ‘Refugee’ or ‘migrant’ - Which is right? UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency. Retrieved from https:/https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2016/7/55df0e556/unhcr-viewpoint-refugee-migrant-right.html. google scholar
Ellis, B. H., Abdi, S., Lazarevic, V., White, M., Lincoln, A., Stern, J., & Horgan, J. (2015). Relation of psychosocial factors to diverse behaviors and attitudes among Somali refugees. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86 (4), 393-408. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000121 google scholar
Elo, S., & Kyngas, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of AdvancedNursing, 62(1), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x google scholar
European Commission. (2019). Forced displacement: refugees, asylum-seekers and internally displaced people (IDPs). An official website of the European Union. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/echo/what-we-do/ humanitarian-aid/refugees-and-internally-displaced-persons_en google scholar
Farmaki, A., & Christou, P. (2019). Refugee migration and service industries: Advancing the research agenda. The Service Industries Journal, 39(9-10), 668-683. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1435643 google scholar
Fong, R., Busch, N., Armour, M., Heffron, L., & Chanm, A. (2007). Pathways to self-sufficiency: Successful entrepreneurship for refugees. Journal ofEthnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 16(1-2), 127-159. https:// doi.org/10.1300/J051v16n01_05 google scholar
Franenkel, J., & Wallen, N. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education (7th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Publication. google scholar
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery ofgrounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine Publishing. New York. google scholar
Gummersson, E. (2000). Qualitative methods in research management (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage. google scholar
Harb, M., Kassem, A., & Najdi, W. (2018). Entrepreneurial refugees and the city: Brief encounters in Beirut. Journal ofRefugee Studies, 32(1), 23-41. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey003 google scholar
Harima, A., Periac, F., Murphy, T., & Picard, S. (2020). Entrepreneurial opportunities of refugees in Germany, France, and Ireland: Multiple embeddedness framework. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00707-5 google scholar
Hayes, S., & Endale, E. (2018). ‘’Sometimes my mind, it has to analyze two things”: Identity development and adaptation for refugee and new newcomer adolescents. Peace and Conflict: Journal ofPeace Psychology, 24, 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000315 google scholar
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede Model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014 google scholar
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software for the mind (3th Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. google scholar
Hynie, M. (2018). Refugee integration: Research and policy. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 24(3), 265-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pac0000326 google scholar
Ismail, S.S. (2020). Collectivism and uncertainty avoidance in narrative oral histories of resettled Syrian refugees, (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University, Minnesota, US). Retrieved from https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/ cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10647&context=dissertations. google scholar
Jones, T., Ram, M., Edwards, P., Kiselinchev, A., & Muchen, L. (2014). Mixed embeddedness and new migrant enterprise in the UK. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 26(5-6), 500-520. https://doi.org/10.1080/0 8985626.2014.950697 google scholar
Kachkar, O. A. (2019). Refugee entrepreneurship: Empirical quantitative evidence on microenterprises in refugee camps in Turkey. Journal ofImmigrant & Refugee Studies, 17(3), 333-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.20 18.1479913 google scholar
Kirkwood, J. (2009). Motivational factors in a push-pull theory of entrepreneurship. Gender in Management, An International Journal, 24(5), 346-364. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542410910968805 google scholar
Levie, J. (2007). Immigration, in-migration, ethnicity and entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom. Small Business Economics, 28(2), 143-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9013-2 google scholar
Lewis, H. (2010). Community moments: Integration and transnationalism at “Refugee” parties and events. Journal ofRefugee Studies, 23(4), 571-588. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feq037 google scholar
Lyon, F., Sepulveda, L., & Syrett, S. (2007). Enterprising refugees: Contributions and challenges in deprived urban areas. Local Economy, 22(4), 362-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/02690940701736769 google scholar
Mamgain, V., & Collins, K. (2003). Off the boat, now off to work: Refugees in the labour market in Portland, Maine. Journal ofRefugee Studies, 16(2), 113-146. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/16.2.113 google scholar
Mawson, S., & Kasem, L. (2019). Exploring the entrepreneurial intentions of Syrian refugees in the UK. International Jourmal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 25 (5), 1128-1146. https://doi.org/10.1108/ IJEBR-02-2018-0103 google scholar
Meister, A. D., & Mauer, R. (2019). Understanding refugee entrepreneurship incubation-an embeddedness perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. 25 (5), 1355-2554. https://doi. org/10.1108/IJEBR-02-2018-0108 google scholar
Obschonka, M., Hahn, E., & Bajwa, N. (2018). Personal agency in newly arrived refugees: The role of personality, entrepreneurial cognitions and intentions, and career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 105, 173184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.01.003 google scholar
Oduntan, O. O. (2017). Information behavior of refugees: viewing refugee integration through an information science lens. Bulletin of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 43(3), 63-69. Retrieved from https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/59990/ google scholar
Olsen, C., El-Bialy, R., Mckelvie, M., & Rauman, P. (2016). “Other” troubles: Deconstructing perceptions and changing responses to refugees in Canada. Journal ofImmigrant and Minority Health, 18(1), 58-66. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10903-014-9983-0 google scholar
Patton, M. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage. google scholar
Phillimore, J., & Goodson, L. (2005). Problem or opportunity? Asylum seekers, refugees, employment and social exclusionindeprived urban areas. Urban Studies, 43(10), 1715-1736. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980600838606 google scholar
Redstone-Akresh, I. (2006). Occupational mobility among legal immigrants to the United States. International Migration Review, 40(4), 854-884. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00046.x google scholar
Sandberg, S., Immonen, R., & Kok, S. (2019). Refugee entrepreneurship: Taking a social network view on immigrants with refugee backgrounds starting transnational businesses in Sweden. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 36(1-2), 216 - 24. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2019.096967 google scholar
Sanders, J. M., & Nee, V. (1996). Immigrant self-employment: the family as social capital and the value of human capital. American Sociological Review, 61(2), 231-249. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096333 google scholar
Sebestyen, G., Dyjas, B., & Kuyumcu, M. (2018). Establishing the formal economic identity of Syrian refugees in Turkey: The case of Gaziantep. Journal of Turkish Social Sciences Research, 3(2), 71-87. Retrieved from http:// tursbad.hku.edu.tr/tr/download/article-file/562684 google scholar
Shepherd, D. A., Saade, F., & Wincent, J. (2019). How to circumvent adversity? Refugee-entrepreneurs’ resilience in the face of substantial and persistent adversity. Journal of Business Venturing, 35 (4), 105940. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.06.001 google scholar
Shneikat, B., & Alrawadieh, Z. (2019). Unraveling refugee entrepreneurship and its role in integration: empirical evidence from the hospitality industry. The Service Industries Journal, 39 (9-10), 741-761. https://doi.org/10.1 080/02642069.2019.1571046 google scholar
Sikolia, D., Biros, D., Mason, M., & Weiser, M. (2013). Trustworthiness of grounded theory methodology research in information systems. MWAIS 2013 Proceedings, 16. Retrieved from http://aisel.aisnet.org/mwais2013/16 google scholar
Simsek, D. (2018). Integration processes of Syrian refugees in Turkey: ‘Class-based integration’. Journal ofRefugee Studies, 33(3), 537-554. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey057 google scholar
Stevens, M. R. (2016). The collapse of social networks among Syrian refugees in urban Jordan. Contemporary Levant, 1(1), 51-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/20581831.2016.1153358 google scholar
Strang, A., & Ager, A. (2010). Refugee integration: Emerging trends and remaining agendas. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4), 589-607. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feq046 google scholar
Tang, J., Kacmar, K., & Busenitz, L. (2012). Entrepreneurial alertness in the pursuit of new opportunities. Journal ofBusiness Venturing, 27, 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2010.07.001 google scholar
Teixeira, C., & Li, W. (2009). Immigrant and refugee experiences in North American cities. Journal ofImmigrant & Refugee Studies, 7(3), 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562940903150030 google scholar
Waldinger, R., Aldrich, H., & Ward, R. (1990). Ethnic entrepreneurs: Immigrant business in industrial societies. London: Sage. google scholar
Wauters, B., & Lambrecht, J. (2006). Refugee entrepreneurship in Belgium: Potential and practice. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2(4), 509-525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-006-0008-x google scholar
Wauters, B., & Lambrecht, J. (2008). Barriers to refugee entrepreneurship in Belgium: Towards an explanatory model. Journal ofEthnic and Migration Studies, 34(6), 895-915. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830802211190 google scholar
Wilson, K. L., & Portes, A. (1980). Immigrant enclaves: An analysis of the labor market experiences of Cubans in Miami. American Journal of Sociology, 86(2), 295-319. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2778666 google scholar
Yap, S., Byrne, A., & Davisdson, S. (2010). From refugee to good citizen: A discourse analysis of volunteering. Journal of Refugee Studies, 24(1), 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feq036 google scholar
Zighan, S. (2020). Challenges faced by necessity entrepreneurship, the case of Syrian refugees in Jordan. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-09-2020-0168. google scholar
Zopiatis, A., Constanti, P., & Theocharous, A. (2014). Migrant labor in hospitality: The Cyprus experience. International Journal ofHospitality Management, 37, 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.11.002 google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format

EXPORT

APA

Çifçi, İ., & Atsız, O. (2021). Understanding the Role of Refugees' Entrepreneurship Motives and Challenges in Integration: Evidence From the Food Industry. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 0(64), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-863909

AMA

Çifçi İ, Atsız O. Understanding the Role of Refugees' Entrepreneurship Motives and Challenges in Integration: Evidence From the Food Industry. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2021;0(64):1-19. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-863909

ABNT

Çifçi, İ.; Atsız, O. Understanding the Role of Refugees' Entrepreneurship Motives and Challenges in Integration: Evidence From the Food Industry. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 64, p. 1-19, 2021.

Chicago: Author-Date Style

Çifçi, İbrahim, and Ozan Atsız. 2021. “Understanding the Role of Refugees' Entrepreneurship Motives and Challenges in Integration: Evidence From the Food Industry.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0, no. 64: 1-19. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-863909

Chicago: Humanities Style

Çifçi, İbrahim, and Ozan Atsız. “Understanding the Role of Refugees' Entrepreneurship Motives and Challenges in Integration: Evidence From the Food Industry.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0, no. 64 (Apr. 2024): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-863909

Harvard: Australian Style

Çifçi, İ & Atsız, O 2021, 'Understanding the Role of Refugees' Entrepreneurship Motives and Challenges in Integration: Evidence From the Food Industry', Journal of Economy Culture and Society, vol. 0, no. 64, pp. 1-19, viewed 26 Apr. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-863909

Harvard: Author-Date Style

Çifçi, İ. and Atsız, O. (2021) ‘Understanding the Role of Refugees' Entrepreneurship Motives and Challenges in Integration: Evidence From the Food Industry’, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 0(64), pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-863909 (26 Apr. 2024).

MLA

Çifçi, İbrahim, and Ozan Atsız. “Understanding the Role of Refugees' Entrepreneurship Motives and Challenges in Integration: Evidence From the Food Industry.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society, vol. 0, no. 64, 2021, pp. 1-19. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-863909

Vancouver

Çifçi İ, Atsız O. Understanding the Role of Refugees' Entrepreneurship Motives and Challenges in Integration: Evidence From the Food Industry. Journal of Economy Culture and Society [Internet]. 26 Apr. 2024 [cited 26 Apr. 2024];0(64):1-19. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-863909 doi: 10.26650/JECS2021-863909

ISNAD

Çifçi, İbrahim - Atsız, Ozan. “Understanding the Role of Refugees' Entrepreneurship Motives and Challenges in Integration: Evidence From the Food Industry”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0/64 (Apr. 2024): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-863909

Issue 642021, P. 1-19

TIMELINE

Submitted	18.01.2021
Accepted	20.04.2021
Published Online	12.08.2021

LICENCE

Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.

Journal of Economy Culture and Society